A STUDY OF ASPHALT MIXTURES REINFORCED WITH COCONUT FIBERS IN BRAZIL

Camila Nascimento Padilha Silva *

Masters Student in Transportation Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Street
Voluntrios da ptria, Number 01, Apartment 711, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil.camila_padilha15@hotmail.com

Kssyla vila Costa

Masters Student in Transportation Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Antnio Carlos Rodrigues Guimares

Major Military Engineer teacher, IME - Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

ABSTRACT: This paper has the objective to study the use of the coconut fiber as an alternative material for
large-scale constructions. In this study are presented the laboratory characterization of these fibers, as your
superficial structure by the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the dimensions of them, they were
calculated using the computer program Axion Vision 4.4 adapted to the Optical Microcopy, Energy Dispersive
Spectroscopy (EDS) and the tensile strength using the equipment EMIC. Have been studied two types of asphalt
mixtures composed of aggregates usually used in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and reinforced with the addition of
coconut fibers originated from processing unit Polo Biotechnical of Rio de Janeiro. The first mix is cold asphalt
premixed mixtures (PMF) was where they obtained good results on the mechanical behavior from tensile
strength (RT) and Resilient Module (MR). The other is a mix asphalt concrete type CBUQ. It is discussed the
advantages of use of coconut fiber in asphalt mixtures.

KEY WORDS: Coconut fiber, asphalt mixture, asphalt premixed mixtures, asphalt concrete, tensile strength,
Resilient Module

1. INTRODUCTION

The use of alternative materials, unconventional or industrial waste is increasingly common in asphalt pavement.
This happens both by the scarcity of conventional aggregates, especially in densely populated urban areas, as the
abundance of waste and other alternative materials, combined with the need to reduce environmental liabilities in
order to work sustainably.

This paper presents a study on the use of alternative aggregates in paving, after all expand the range of available
traditional solutions has been the biggest challenge for technicians and researchers working in road paving. In
Brazil we have been able to see several studies with the use of waste or industrial byproducts and these appear as
a promising alternative technique at low cost. However, this requires laboratory and field trials, in order to
achieve the engineering standards required by the technical standards.

In this context, a new construction material emerges for the use in asphaltic coatings, in case of use of low-
volume roads, this is the residue commonly found in coastal towns called "coconut fiber". [1] studied the
addition of fibers in a asphalt mixture, type Stones Mastic Asphalt (SMA).

The natural fibers of coconut used in this work were provided by the City of Rio de Janeiro, as there is plenty of
this material in the region and this is the body responsible for proper waste disposal, so preoccupied with
environmental issues, the municipal body tried to study an alternative use for such waste.

Taking advantage of the resources available in the city of Rio de Janeiro and in order to reduce costs and
contribute to regional sustainability, the objective of the paper was studying the influence of the addition of coir
fibers on the mechanical behavior of two asphalt mixtures.
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The first mix is cold asphalt premixed mixture in which used varied contents of fibers and there was were they
obtained good results on the mechanical behavior from tensile strength and Resilient Module. The other is a mix
asphalt concrete type CBUQ molded from the optimum fiber content found previously. It is discussed the
advantages of use of coconut fiber in asphalt mixtures. An important reference in premixed studies is the work of
[2].

2. CHARACTERIZATION OF FIBER

In the development of research, studies have been conducted about the chemical and microstructural
characterization of a coconut fiber. For microstructural characterization was performed analyzes of the fibers
through the Scanning Electron Microscope and chemical composition obtained by a chamber of X-ray detectors
coupled to SEM, called Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. The EDS provides in terms of qualitative and
quantitative, the chemical components present in coconut fibers.

Physical characterization was obtained by analyzing six samples of coconut fiber filaments, to the knowledge of
its dimensions, through the Axion Vision 4.4 computer program adapted to the Optical Microscope. After their
known dimensions, these same filaments were referred for testing Tensile strength at EMIC equipment,
according to [3] (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Test of tensile strength in equipment EMIC

The coconut fibers has it's length about three centimeters and for this test, was done a adapt the EMIC
equipment, since the fibers need to be long enough to kink in each claw. Since the claw, only fixed the ends of
the fiber, the test 01 was discarded because it can been seen that in Figure 2, it broke exactly at the point of
attachment.

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 Figure 2. Test of tensile strength of coconut fiber

2.1 Mix type cold mixed

For the mixture were used granite stone aggregates and asphalt emulsion cationic slow rupture. The particle
loading test indicated that the emulsion is cationic and Table 1 shows results of other tests to
characterize the emulsions.

Table 1. Characterization of emulsions

Parameter Unit Value
Grading % 0,22
Saybolt-Furol Viscosity SSF 23,20
Residue Content % 62,00

Firstly was made a pilot experiment of the mechanical behavior of the asphalt mixture were molded specimens
with different levels of binder and materials, their characteristics are shown in Table 2. The general idea was to
obtain values of tensile strength of these mixtures.

Table 2. Physical characteristics of the specimens molded in the first stage

Fiber Emulsion Weight in Weight in Bulk
SPECIMENS Content(%) (mL) air (g) the water Density
(g)
CP 1- cinza 0,5 190 1290,5 711 2,23
CP 2- moda 0,5 210 1248,9 697,1 2,23
CP 3- cinza 1 220 1306,4 696,8 2,22
CP4-amarela 2 230 1267,8 698,5 2,23

In the second stage were molded specimens with fixed coconut fiber content of 0.5% relative to the total weight
of the asphalt mix without fiber, and varying amounts of emulsion asphalt. In addition to the volumes of the
mixture were made tests tensile strength and resilient modulus. The interval of ligands (between 14 and 16%)
was adopted by the experience of laboratory technician, whereas when it is about alternative aggregate, hasnt a
specific rule to obtain a good overlay of aggregates and without excess.

The specimens were molded using cylinders Marshall and considering 75 blows per side with Marshall
Compactor. There after the samples were tested for tensile strength by diametral compression and resilient
modulus. Both assays were performed at 25 .

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In the third stage, were molded specimens considering fiber content between 0, 3% and 0, 7% in order to verify
if the increase in the percentage of fibers could generate a significant increase in the tensile strength of the
mixture, which in the previous steps proved to be low.

2.2 Type mix HMA

For asphalt mixture type HMA were used granite stone aggregates (crushed 0, crushed 1 and fillers), asphalt
binder AC 50/70 and coconut fibers, these provided by the Polo's Biotechnology Rio de Janeiro (Bio-Rio).

The percentage of coconut fiber was defined based on the content in the mixture obtained premixed cold,
amounting to 0.3%. So were tested various specimens to determine the optimum binder content, which stood at
5.7%.

Prepared the trace of asphalt mixture, were molded nine specimens for testing of Resilience Module, Tensile
Strength and determination of voids by RICE method according to [4].

3. RESULTS

First presents the results of characterization of the fibers and then, the mix type premixed cold and
finally the results of HMA blend.

Microstructural characterization performed on the SEM of the coconut fiber used in this study is shown in Figure
3.

Figure 3. Image of coconut fiber obtained by SEM

As Figure 3 shows that coconut fibers possess characteristics filamentous and slightly porous which can prevent
bleeding of the asphalt binder. According to [1], the fiber doesnt influence the performance of the mixture after
compaction, although they permit the use of higher binder content, which retards the oxidation and separation of
aggregates in asphalt mixture.

The chemical characteristics of coconut fibers obtained by EDS are shown in Table 3

Table 3: Chemical components of coconut fibers by means of EDS

Sample 01 Sample 02 Sample 03
Element Percentage Element Percentage Element Percentage
Mg 2,03 Mg - Mg 1,69
Al 1,83 Al - Al -
Si 67,88 Si 78,75 Si 63,82
Cl 10,14 Cl 6,1 Cl 13,98
K 13,86 K 8,31 K 17,79
Ca 4,26 Ca - Ca -
Cu - Cu 6,84 Cu -
Na - Na - Na 2,71

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According to Table 3 one can see differences between the results, since there were three trials in order to obtain
representative samples. Thus, it was observed that this material has average composition of 70.15% silicon
oxide, 13.32% of potassium oxide and 10.17% chlorine oxide, which are its main constituents.

Tais elementos so esperados em diversas fibras naturais. Entretanto, o elevado teor de cloro pode estar
relacionado etapa de lavagem no processo de desfibrao do mesocarpo do coco. To know the physical
characteristics we used six strands of coconut fibers (Figure 4), these, analyzed on computer program Axion
Vision 4.4 as shown in Table 4.

Figure 4. Dimensions of the strands of coconut fibers

Table 4. Dimensions of the filaments of the fibers coconut calculated Axion Vision 4.4
Dimensions Area
Filament
(m) (m)
01 318,18 999
02 363,67 1142
03 163,94 515
04 368,16 1156
05 339,01 1064
06 121,22 999

According to Figure 4 and Table 4 one can see the variation in thickness of coconut fiber filaments analyzed.
This difference in the dimensions of the fibers can cause heterogeneity of the asphalt mixture. After obtaining
the size of coconut fiber filaments analyzed, these were referred for testing the tensile strength.

The result for the filament 01 was discarded because it was used to calibrate the equipment, being necessary
change speed. The highest tensile strength observed was 170.57 MPa for a filament diameter 121,22 m and
the smaller reading observed was 47,27 MPa for a filament diameter 339.01 m. These results were expected
as compared with several natural fibers in other literatures. [5] found a tensile strength between 131 and 175

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MPa for diameters between 100 and 450 m, while in studies by [6] were obtained values of tensile strength
between 100 and 200 MPa for diameters between 100 and 400 m. The values of strain in each filament
obtained are shown in Figure 5.5.

Figure 5. Relationship tensile stress versus strain for the strands of coconut fibers used in this paper

The results of the three steps of mixing pre-mixed cold type are shown in Tables 5, 6 and 7.

Table 5. Physical characteristics of the specimens molded in the second stage

Fiber Emulsion Dry Weight Immersed Wet Weight
SPECIMENS Density
Content (%) (g) (g) Weight (g) (g)
CP 1- 14% 0,50 164,00 1177,50 648,60 1190,30 2,23
CP 2-14% 0,50 164,00 1076,00 589,30 1082,40 2,21
CP 3-14% 0,50 164,00 1103,20 605,50 1192,60 2,22
CP 4-15% 0,50 180,00 1130,40 605,80 1134,40 2,15
CP 5-15% 0,50 180,00 1103,20 594,10 1114,40 2,17
CP 6-15% 0,50 180,00 1091,20 591,30 1097,00 2,18
CP 7-16% 0,50 192,00 1105,10 592,10 1108,90 2,15
CP 8- 16% 0,50 192,00 1096,40 592,10 1100,00 2,17
CP 9-16% 0,50 192,00 1071,80 579,30 1080,30 2,18

Table 6. Stability results and fluency for specimens with different fiber contents
SPECIMENS Fiber Hmd Dmd Reading K(*) Fluency
Content (cm) (cm) (mm)
(%)
CP 3 0,3 6,96 10,26 50 3,52 18
CP 4 0,3 7,03 10,33 60 3,52 19
CP 7 0,4 7,18 10,21 60 3,52 20
CP 8 0,4 7,30 10,22 55 3,52 20
CP 11 0,5 7,31 10,19 75 3,52 19
CP 12 0,5 7,38 10,37 65 3,52 19
CP 15 0,7 7,32 10,31 30 3,52 17
CP 16 0,7 7,43 10,37 35 3,52 17
(*) K is the calibration constant of the equipment.

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 Table 7. Values of tensile strength of the specimens molded in the first stage
SPECIMENS (%) Emulsion Hmd Dmd(cm) Reading K(*) RT
(g) (cm) (Kgf) (MPa)
CP2 tipo 1 0,5 190 7,70 10,24 70 3,52 0,20
CP4 tipo II 2 210,00 8,12 10,07 40,00 3,52 0,14
CP 5 tipo II 1 230,00 7,82 10,14 45 3,52 0,14

By way of comparison of the results, were used as reference values obtained by [7]. The results obtained by the
author for different types of PMF varied between 0.12 and 0.39 MPa, being usually employed in the paving
mixture, without the addition of slate had RT of 0.33 MPa. Thus, it can be said that although the values found for
samples RT listed in Table 7 are considered lows, they are consistent for a study mixing type pre-mixed cold.

Table 8 presents the results of tensile strength obtained for the specimens molded in the second stage of the
study, was considered a content type II fibers fixed 0.5% and varied levels of binder.

Table 8. Values of tensile strength of the specimens molded in the second stage
SPECIMENS Fiber Hmd Dmd Reading K(*) RT (MPa)
Content
(%)
CP1 14% 0,5 7,37 10,14 95 3,52 0,29
CP2 14% 0,5 6,54 10,20 85 3,52 0,29
CP3 14% 0,5 6,80 10,21 80 3,52 0,26
CP4 15% 0,5 6,89 10,31 70 3,52 0,22
CP5 15% 0,5 6,77 10,33 60 3,52 0,19
CP6 15% 0,5 6,69 10,19 55 3,52 0,18
CP7 16% 0,5 6,80 10,13 45 3,52 0,15
CP8 16% 0,5 6,74 10,24 50 3,52 0,16
CP9 16% 0,5 6,75 10,19 45 3,52 0,15
(*) K is the calibration constant of the equipment

At this stage it was possible to notice a significant influence of the content of the emulsion over the tensile
strength in the specimens pre-mixed cold. The specimens molded with levels 14% emulsion showed values of
RT twice bigger than specimens molded with 16%.

In the third stage of testing carried out, in which the fiber content ranged from 0, 3% to 0, 7%, it was found that
higher levels of stability were obtained for the specimens with a content of 0, 5% fiber (20,98 MPa and
17,75MPa).

The first comparison that can be made is to the standard required by [8] where the specimens compacted with 75
blows must have a minimum stability of 24, 52 MPa. Comparing with the results it is observed that only one
specimen with 0.5% fiber, served the specification.

The creep results were compared with those obtained by [7]. In this work, the creep values to PMF with and
without slate, ranged between 13 and 19 mm. showing that the values for PMF with coconut fiber showed
slightly higher.

The resilient modulus values for these specimens are shown in Table 9. The results obtained for resilient
modulus vary from 2917 MPa for the mix obtained with 0.3% fiber and 1,151 MPa for to 0.4% fiber. These
results indicate values compatible with those available in the literature for such mixtures, as can be seen in [7].
The values are generally low compared with type asphalt concrete mixtures, and indicate the use in pavements
low traffic volume.

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 Table 9. Values of resilient modulus strengths of the specimens molded in the third stage
SPECIMENS FORCE Resilient Module
(Kgf) Displacement (mm) Resilient
(MPa)
CICLO 1 50,53 0,0014 2917
CP 1 (0,3% of fiber) CICLO 2 54,20 0,0017 2529
CICLO 3 53,95 0,0017 2556
CICLO 1 52,97 0,0026 1593
CP 2 (0,3% of fiber) CICLO 2 52,35 0,0024 1708
CICLO 3 50,89 0,0023 1713
CICLO 1 54,63 0,0035 1248
CP 5 (0,4% of fiber) CICLO 2 53,40 0,0037 1151
CICLO 3 52,24 0,0036 1159
CICLO 1 52,46 0,0024 1730
CP 6 (0,4% of fiber) CICLO 2 52,21 0,0024 1696
CICLO 3 52,29 0,0024 1729
CICLO 1 55,09 0,0028 1521
CP 9 (0,5% of fiber) CICLO 2 52,46 0,0026 1552
CICLO 3 52,52 0,0029 1371
CICLO 1 52,74 0,0021 1919
CP 10 (0,5% of fiber) CICLO 2 52,30 0,0022 1777
CICLO 3 52,87 0,0021 1899
CICLO 1 52,91 0,0030 1342
CP 13 (0,7% of fiber) CICLO 2 52,84 0,0030 1326
CICLO 3 52,92 0,0032 1258
CICLO 1 53,79 0,0027 1499
CP 14 (0,7% of fiber) CICLO 2 55,05 0,0024 1683
CICLO 3 52,24 0,0023 1674

We can observe in Table 9 the specimens 1 and 2 with different values of resilient modulus for the same fiber, a
reasonable hypothesis is that this value depends on the modeling of the specimens, ie, the arrangement of the
fibers within specimens, it has been found that the mixing of fibers may form a matted which seems to influence
the value of the module.

The specimens molded of the asphalt mix, type concrete asphalt, were sent to the resilient modulus test and
tensile strength test of the asphalt mix, the results are presented in Table 10.

Table 10. Results of resilient modulus and tensile strength of the asphalt mixture containing coconut fibers
Resilient Modulus Tensile Strength
N SPECIMENS
(MPa) (MPa)
01 7419 1,88
02 - -
03 - -
04 6302 1,69
05 7957 1,85
06 9738 2,27
07 9719 1,85
08 7107 1,99
09 7662 2,05
Mdia 7986 1,94

With the samples 2 and 3, shown in Table 10, it was not possible to obtain results of MR and RT, because they
presented rupture soon after compaction. According to the results presented in Table 10 it can be seen that the
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modules resilience and tensile strength of the asphalt mixture, containing coconut fiber are high, if considered
the usual values for type asphalt concrete mixtures.

These same aggregates were used in the work [9] with the same binder content but without fibers, and the results
are shown in Table 11. Comparing the results of Tables 10 and 11 it can be seen that the asphalt mixtures
containing coconut fibers had higher RT and MR values.

Tabela11. Results of resilient modulus and tensile strength of the asphalt mixture containing conventional
aggregates
Resilient Modulus Tensile Strength
N ESPECIMENS
(MPa) (MPa)
01 6349 1,23
02 7252 1,38
03 6919 1,24
Mdia 6840 1,28

It should be noted that the results presented in Table 11, using binder type 30/45, that is, an asphalt binder that
provides greater stiffness in the mixture, which can cause an increase in the modulus of resilience. However,
when the analyzed results of MR's of specimens containing coconut fiber prepared with CAP 50/70 compared to
the samples made with conventional aggregates, note that these results were higher. The average of MR of the
specimens with coconut fiber was 7986 MPa, a value greater than the average MR of specimens traditional that
was 6840 MPa.

To check the effect of increasing the modulus values resilient and tensile strength was conducted a test to
determine the void volume of the mixture, the RICE method. The results of the theoretical maximum density
(Gmm) and the void volume are shown in Table 12.

Table 12. Results of the theoretical maximum density of asphalt mixture containing coconut fibers
Theorical maximum Density Volume of Voids
N SPECIMENS
(Gmm) (%)
01 2,42 2,38
02 - -
03 - -
04 - -
05 2,39 1,33
06 2,37 0,14
07 2,42 2,95
08 2,40 1,77
09 2,39 1,42
Mdia 2,41 2,13

In Table 12 it is possible to observe a significative variation in the void volume of the mixture. According to
standard [10] laying down the procedures for the execution of flexible pavements, the limits for the volume of
voids are 3-5% for zones B and C of National Department of Transports Infrastructure (DNIT).

The values obtained in the test did not complied the specification of the standard, all results were below 3%,
which may have caused greater stiffening of the mixture and subsequent increase in resilient modulus and tensile
strength, as shown in Figures 6 and 7 .

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 Resilient Modulus (MPa)

void volume (%)

Figure 6. Behavior of MR in relation to the void volume of the mixture containing coconut fiber
Resilient Modulus (MPa)

void volume (%)

Figure 7. Behavior of RT in relation to the void volume of the mixture containing coconut fiber

According to Figures 6 and 7 one can observe a tendency to increase in modulus of resilience and on the tensile
strength, the smaller the void volume of the asphalt mixture and vice versa. However, the same was not observed
in the specimen 07, since it had the highest volume of voids to 2.95% and the highest resilient modulus 9719
MPa and low tensile strength to 1.85 MPa.

This different behavior in each specimen can be explained by the fact that the fibers form a tangle within the
specimen by having different thicknesses and are very lightweight, so are arranged in different ways during
compaction.

The specimen 06 had the lowest air voids 0.14% and consequently showed high values of MR and RT with 8738
MPa and 2.27 MPa. These results further support the claim that adding coconut fibers in asphalt mixture
improves the performance of the mixture.

4. CONCLUSIONS

The results of mechanical strength obtained for mixtures containing asphalt type PMF coconut fibers showed
satisfactory behavior in case of use in the roads of low traffic volume, or auxiliary pathways, such as bike lanes
or sidewalks.

From the analyzed results it was concluded that coconut fibers have little porous microstructural characteristics
preventing runoff from binder and contributing to the hardening of the asphalt mix, their physical characteristics,
tensile strength, are similar to other fibers analyzed, in other literatures. The main constituents of these fibers are
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silicon oxide, potassium oxide, oxides of chlorine, but may also present magnesium, aluminum, copper, calcium
and sodium.

The results of resilient modulus and tensile strength, of the HMA asphalt mixture type containing coconut fibers,
were above the values obtained with conventional aggregates. The higher MR and RT observed, in specimens
with coconut fiber were 9719 MPa and 9738 MPa and 2.05 MPa and 2, 27 MPa, respectively, while the higher
MR and RT obtained in conventional aggregates were 7252MPa and 6919 MPa and 1, 38 MPa and 1.24 MPa.

From the results obtained with the test RICE, observed that the volume of voids in blends with coconut fibers are
below the established norm, which resulted in higher asphalt mixture stiffness and consequent increase in
resilient modulus and tensile strength.

The standard DNIT 031/2004 establishes a boundary between 3% and 5% voids in mix asphalt. However, this
limit was not met in the mixtures containing coconut fibers, in which all values was obtained below the
regulated. It is noteworthy that the specimen 07 had the highest void content of 2.95% and higher resilient
modulus of 9719 MPa and tensile strength equal to 1.85 MPa, while the specimen obtained 01 void volume of 2
38% and resilient modulus and tensile strength 7419MPa 1.88.

The addition of coconut fiber in asphalt mixtures not only serves as a reduction of the passive environmental, but
also how to improve the performance of such mixtures. In this context, it is necessary the continuous study about
the addition of coconut fibers in asphalt mixtures, in order to improve their performance.
.
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