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Preliminary Course
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v
m1 m2 Z =
Ep = G
r
I Ir
r
F
Io
v 2x
v1 d
M m 5 log( )
10
v 2
IA
r
E
IB
r
3
R T
2
m1
1
Energy=VIt L
v
P=VI m0 h
m
v2 mv
1 2
v av c
Vout
t
r t 0
Vin
r V
v
v 2
a 1
t c 2
av
V0
r r A0
r
a
vu
F =BIl V+ V-
av
t
r F II Speed of light Constants
c 3 X 108 ms-1
F ma
r k 1 2 in vacuum
l d
r Acceleration g 9.81 ms-2
1 2 Fd
Ek mv due to gravity
2
r r nBIAcos
p mv Universal Gravitation G 6.67 X 10-11 Nm2 kg-2
r v n
Impulse F t p p
Electric constant k 9 X 109 NC-1m-1
v n
s s
v 1
sin i
( 1 n 2 )
Snells Law
8.2.4
v1 = speed in first medium
v2 = speed in second medium
A light ray travelling at 3
X 108 m/s in air enters a v sin i sin r v sin i
1 2
v 2
sin r sin i = angle in first medium
sin r = angle in second medium
pool of water at 45 to the
normal. If it slows down v sin r
2
v 1
Angles are always to 2.4 X 108 m/s, what is 2.4 10 8 sin 45
38
measured to the normal its angle in the water? 3 10 8
E
F Electric Field E = Electric field (N/C, V/m) What is the force exerted F
E F qE 2 10 6 X 5 10 3 0.01N
q 8.3.2 F = Force (N) on a 2 X 10-6 C charge q
q = charge (C) moving in an electric field
of size 5 X 103 V/m?
V Ohms Law R = resistance () What is the current V V 18
R R I 3A
I 8.3.2 V = voltage (V) through a 6 resistor I R 6
I = current (A) when a voltage of 18 V is
applied across it?
Energy=VIt Electrical Energy (J) How much energy is Energy=VIt=240X2X3X60(sec)
Energy V = voltage (V) delivered to an electric =86400=86.4kJ
8.3.4 I = current (A) kettle if a current of 2A is
T = time (s) used for 3 minutes
plugged into the mains
(240V)?
P=VI Electrical P = power (W) What current is required P 2400
P VI I 10 A
Power V = voltage (V) by a 2400W electric heater V 240
8.3.4 I = current (A) plugged into the mains
(240V)?
Formula Name Comments Typical Problem Typical Answer
r Average vav = average velocity (m/s) How much distance is r
v av v av r v av t 16 4 60 384m
t Velocity r = distance covered (m) covered by a car travelling t
8.4.1 t = time (s) for 4 mins at an average
speed of 16 m/s?
V Average aav = average acceleration (ms-2) A train accelerates from 12 V 18 12
a av a av 0.5ms 2
t Acceleration v = change in velocity (m/s) m/s to 18 m/s in 12 s. t 12
8.4.2 What is the value of this
t = change in time (s)
acceleration?
F ma Newtons
Second Law
F = sum of all forces (N)
m = mass (kg)
8.4.2
a = acceleration (ms-2)
1 2 Kinetic Ek = kinetic energy (J) A ball possesses 10 J of 1 2E 2 10
Ek mv E k mv 2 m 2 k 2 5kg
2 Energy m= mass (kg) energy. What is its mass if 2 v 2
r r 8.4.3 v = speed (m/s) it is moving at 2 m/s?
p mv
Momentum P = momentum (Ns, kgm/s) What is the momentum of p mv 1400 6 8400 kgms 1
8.4.4 m = mass (kg) 1400 kg car moving at 6
r
v = velocity (m/s) m/s?
Impulse F t Impulse Impulse = change in momentum A ball of mass 0.5 kg Impulse p f p i m(v f v i ) 0.5( 2 (2))
8.4.4 (Ns, kgm/s) travelling at 3 m/s hits Impulse 2
wall and bounces back at Impulse Ft F 20 N
t 0.1
the same speed. If it is in
contact with the wall for
0.1 s, what is the force
exerted by the wall?
m1m2 Universal F = force (N) What is the gravitational m1 m 2 6.67 10 11 X 2 X 6 X 10 24
FG 2 Gravitation G = universal gravitation force between the Earth F G 19.6 N
d d2 (5.8 10 6 m) 2
8.5.4 constant (6.67 X 10-11 Nm2 kg-2) (m=6X1024 kg) and 2 kg
m1 = mass of body 1 (kg) ball given that the radius
m2 = mass of body 2 (kg) of the Earth is 5.8X106 m
d = separation between the two
bodies (m)
r3
GM Keplers Third r = radius of motion (m) What is the period of a r3 GM 4 2 r 3 4 2 X 5 X 10 8
Law T = period of motion (s) 1012 kg comet that orbits at T 17203s
T 2
4 2
T 2
4 2 GM 6.67 X 10 11 X 10 12
8.5.4 G = universal gravitation 5 X 108 m?
constant (6.67 X 10-11 Nm2 kg-2)
M = mass of system (kg)
How to Use the Formulas for Stage 6 Physics
HSC Course (Core)
Formula Name Comments Typical Problem Typical Answer
mm Gravitational Ep = Potential energy What is the m1 m 2 6.67 X 10 11 X 100 X 100
Ep =- G 1 2 Ep G 3.3 X 10 12 J
r Potential Energy G = universal gravitation constant gravitational potential r 2000
9.2.1 (6.67 X 10-11 Nm2 kg-2) energy between two
m1 = mass of body 1 (kg) 100 kg masses
m2 = mass of body 2 (kg) through a distance of
r = separation between the two 2000 m?
r
bodies from infinity to r (m)
r
F mg Gravitational F = force (N) What is the weight of F mg 100 X 9.81 98.1N
Force M = mass (kg) a 100 kg person?
9.2.1 g = gravitational constant at the
surface of the Earth 9.81 ms-2
2 2
v x ux Newtons Laws ux = initial speed in x direction (m/s) What is the maximum Let up be positive.
v u 2ayy
2 2 of Motion vx = final speed in x direction (m/s) height of a projectile At max. height, vy=0, thus
y y
9.2.2 uy = initial speed in y direction (m/s) launched at 45 to the 0 u v2 2a g yy u 2 sin 2 45 2 X 9.81yy
x u xt vy = final speed in y direction (m/s) horizontal at 50 m/s? u 2 sin 2 45 50 2 X sin 2 45
1 a = constant acceleration (ms-2) y
y uy t ay t 2 2 X 9.81 19.6
2 x, y = change in displacement (m)
t = time (s)
r GM
3
Keplers third r = radius of motion (m) What is the period of r3 GM 4 2 r 3 4 2 X 5 X 10 8
law T = period of motion (s) a 1012 kg comet that T 17203s
T 4
2 2
T 2
4 2 GM 6.67 X 10 11 X 1012
9.2.2 G = universal gravitation constant orbits at 5 X 108 m?
(6.67 X 10-11 Nm2 kg-2)
M = mass of system (kg)
v 2
Relativistic Lv = apparent length (m) What is the apparent v2 (0.9c ) 2
L L 1 Length Lo = rest length (m) length of a spaceship L v L0 1 150 1 65.4m
c c2 c2
v 0 2