EMC510S

ELECTRICAL MACHINES 216

TRANSFORMERS
LECTURE 4
DETERMINATION OF
TRANSFORMER
PARAMETERS
3/2010
2/2010 TRANSFORMERS - K. Kanyimba
 6. TRANSFORMER OPEN-CIRCUIT
AND SHORT-CIRCUIT TESTS

The transformer quantities of resistance and reactance,

including losses, can conveniently be measured by an
open-circuit test and a short-circuit test.
The transformer open-circuit and short-circuit tests also
enable the efficiency and the voltage regulation to be
calculated without actually loading the transformer and
with an accuracy far higher than is possible by direct
measurement of input and output powers and voltages.
Also, the power required to carry out these tests is very
small compared with the full-load output of the transformer.

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 TRANSFORMER OPEN-CIRCUIT
AND SHORT-CIRCUIT TESTS (CONT.)

6.1. OPEN-CIRCUIT TEST

The transformer is connected as in Figure 6.1 to a supply
at the rated voltage and frequency, namely the voltage
and frequency given on the nameplate.
The ratio of the voltmeter readings, Vp/Vs, gives the ratio of
the number of turns (Np/Ns).
The ammeter gives the no-load current (Ip = INL).
The primary current on no-load is usually less than 5 per
cent of the full-load current, so that the I2R loss is less than
1/400 of the primary I2R loss on full-load and is therefore
negligible compared with the core loss.
Hence the watt-meter reading, W, approximates the core
loss of the transformer.

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 OPEN-CIRCUIT TEST (CONT.)

Figure 6.1. Open-circuit test on a transformer.

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 OPEN-CIRCUIT TEST (CONT.)

The exact equivalent circuit of a real (practical) transformer.

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 OPEN-CIRCUIT TEST (CONT.)

Figure 6.2. Transformer open-circuit test equivalent circuit.

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 OPEN-CIRCUIT TEST (CONT.)

NB:
Vs' = Es' = Ep = Vp
From the open-circuit test,
the measured quantities
are:
Vp-oc, Ioc, Poc and Vs-oc.
where
Vp=Vp-oc, INL=Ioc , NL=oc
and
Figure 6.3. Phasor diagram for Vp-oc
Figure 6.2. =
Vs-oc

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 OPEN-CIRCUIT TEST (CONT.)

From the measured quantities:

Poc
Poc = Voc I oc cos oc oc = cos 1
eqn. 6.1.
Voc I oc
V p2
Voc2 Voc2
Pc = = = Poc Rc =
Rc Rc Poc eqn. 6.2.

I NL l = I NL cos NL = I oc cos oc = I oc l eqn. 6.3.

I NL m = I NL sin NL = I oc sin oc = I oc m eqn. 6.4.

Vp Voc Vp Voc
Rc = = and Xm = =
I NL l I oc l I NL m I oc m
eqns. 6.5.
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 From the Measured Quantities
in the OC Test (cont.)

Also

S oc = Voc I oc eqn.6.6.
Poc
oc = cos
1
S
eqn.6.7.
oc
Qoc = 2
S oc Poc2 eqn.6.8.
Voc Voc2
and X mp = = eqn.6.9.
I oc m Qoc

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 TRANSFORMER OPEN-CIRCUIT
AND SHORT-CIRCUIT TESTS (CONT.)

6.2. SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST

The secondary is short-circuited through a suitable
ammeter as shown in Figure 6.4 and a low voltage is
applied to the primary circuit. This voltage should, if
possible, be adjusted to circulate full-load currents in the
primary and secondary circuits.
Assuming this to be the case, the I2R loss in the
windings is the same as that on full-load.
On the other hand, the core loss is negligibly small, since
the applied voltage and therefore the flux are only about
one-twentieth to one-thirtieth of the rated voltage and flux,
and the core loss is approximately proportional to the
square of the flux.
Hence the power registered on watt-meter W
approximates the I2R loss in the windings.
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 SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST (CONT.)

Figure 6.4. Short-circuit test on a transformer.

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 SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST (CONT.)

The exact equivalent circuit of a real (practical) transformer.

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 SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST (CONT.)

The equivalent circuit of the transformer of Figure 6.4 is

shown in Figure 6.5.
Figure 6.6(a) shows the same equivalent circuit with the
leakage and winding resistance components combined.
Figure 6.6(b) shows the phasor diagram of the equivalent
circuit of Figure 6.6(a).

Figure 6.5. Transformer short-circuit test equivalent circuit.

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 SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST (CONT.)

(a) Rep = Rp + Rs and

Xep = Xp + Xs (b) Phasor diagram for the
Transformer short-circuit circuit of (a).
test equivalent circuit
referred to the primary side. Figure 6.6.

From the short-circuit test, the measured quantities are:

Vsc, Ip-sc, Psc and Is-sc, where Vp=Vsc, Ip= Is = Ip-sc = Isc .

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 SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST (CONT.)

From the short-circuit test:

Psc
Pcu = I Rep = Psc = I Rep Rep = R p + R = 2 ...eqn.6.5.
2
p
2
sc
'
s
I sc
2
V Vsc
or Rep = R p + Rs =
' sc
...eqn.6.6. also Z e = ...eqn.6.7.
Psc I sc

and X e = X p + X s' = Z e2 Re2 ...eqn.6.8.

Psc
From Psc = Vsc I sc cos sc sc = cos
1
...eqn.6.9.
Vsc I sc
from which Re = Z e cos sc and X e = Z e sin sc eqns.6.10

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 SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST (CONT.)

If the transformer is available, Rp and Rs can be measured

and equation 6.6 can then be verified. However, there is
no simple way to separate the two leakage reactances.
The same is also true for the winding resistances if the
transformer is unavailable. If the resistances have to be
segregated, it will be assumed that the transformer has
been designed in such a way that the power loss on the
high-voltage side is equal to the power loss on the
low-voltage side. This is called the optimum design
criterion and under this criterion
1
I R p = I Rs R p = Rs = Rep
2
p
2
s
2
eqn. 6.11.
Similarly, it can be assumed that
2
1
X p = 2Xs = X ep eqn. 6.12.
2

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 TRANSFORMER OPEN-CIRCUIT AND
SHORT-CIRCUIT TESTS (CONT.)

Home Work 2:
Study Example 4.8 on page 236 of the prescribed text
book.

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 TRANSFORMER OPEN-CIRCUIT AND
SHORT-CIRCUIT TESTS (CONT.)
Exercises:
4.13. The following data were obtained when a 25-kVA,
2300/460-V, 50-Hz transformer was tested:

Determine the approximate equivalent circuit as viewed from

(a) the high voltage side and (b) the low-voltage side. Also
draw the exact equivalent circuit of the transformer.

4.14. A 25-kVA, 4000/400-V, 60-Hz transformer has the

following parameters: Rp=18, Xp=25, Rs=180m,
Xs= 250m, Rcp=15k and Xmp=25k. If the open-circuit and
short-circuit tests are performed on this transformer, on the
primary side, what are the readings of the instruments in
each case?
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