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Problem statement
The skeletal structure of a roof system (18.0m long and 7.2m wide) is as shown in Figure 1 below.
The truss is made up of Howe Truss configuration spaced at 3m intervals. It is desired to specify the
appropriate angle sections that will safely carry the anticipated loading using Eurocode design code
(Specified steel grade S 275).
Figure 2: Idealised 2D model of the roof truss system for manual analysis
Self weight of long span aluminium roofing sheet (0.55mm gauge thickness) = 0.019 KN/m2
Weight of purlin (assume CH 150 x 75 x 18 kg/m) = (18 x 3m)/(1.2 x 3) = 15 kg/m2 = 0.147 KN/m2
Therefore the nodal permanent load (GK) = 0.536 KN/m2 × 1.2m × 3m = 1.9296 KN
Category of roof = Category H – Roof not accessible except for normal maintenance and repairs
(Table 6.9 EN 1991-1-1:2001)
Therefore the nodal variable load (QK) = 0.75 KN/m2 × 1.2m × 3m = 2.7 KN
Wind Load
When the wind is blowing from right to left, the resultant pressure coefficient on the windward and
leeward slopes with positive internal pressure (cpe) is taken as −0.9
Vertical component pev = qe cos θ = 1.35 × cos 36.869 = 1.08 kN/m2 acting upwards ↑
Therefore the nodal wind load (WK) = 1.08 KN/m2 × 1.2m × 3m = 3.888 KN
The nodal dead load from section 1.0 is now placed on the nodes of the trusses. It should be realised
that at the first and last nodes, the loads are halved because the inter-nodal load distance will be 1.2/2.
The loading is shown in Figure 3 below.
Support Reactions
7.2R1 – (0.965 × 7.2) – (1.93 × 6) – (1.93 × 4.8) – (1.93 × 3.6) – (1.93 × 2.4) – (1.93 × 1.2) = 0
.
R1 = .
= 5.79 KN
Let ∑ 𝐹 =
Since there are no horizontal loads, then there are no horizontal reactive forces
JOINT 1
.
𝜃 = tan− = 36.869
.
Let ∑ 𝑭 = 𝟎
5.79 – 0.956 + F1-2 (sin 𝜃) = 0
− .
F1-2 = si = −8.0568 KN (COMPRESSION)
.
Let ∑ 𝑭 = 𝟎
F1-2 (cos 𝜃) + F1-3 = 0
JOINT 3
Let ∑ 𝑭 = 𝟎
F3 – 2 = 0 (NO FORCE)
Let ∑ 𝑭 = 𝟎
F3 – 5 − F3 – 1 = 0
F3 – 1 = F3 – 5 = 6.445 KN (TENSION)
JOINT 2
.
𝜙 = tan− = 36.869 = 𝜃
.
Let ∑ 𝑭 = 𝟎
−1.93 + F2 - 4(sin 𝜃) – F2 – 3 − F2 - 5(sin 𝜃) - F2 - 1(sin 𝜃) = 0
Let ∑ 𝑭 = 𝟎
JOINT 5
Let ∑ 𝑭 = 𝟎
F5 - 2(sin ϕ) + F5 – 4 = 0
-1.608 (sin . ) + F5 – 4 = 0
F5 – 4 = 0.9646 KN (TENSION)
Let ∑ 𝑭 = 𝟎
− F5 – 3 − F5 – 2 (cos ϕ) + F5 – 7 = 0
− . − (−1.608 (cos . )) + F5 – 7 = 0
F5 – 7 = 5.1586 KN (TENSION)
JOINT 4
.
𝛼 = tan− = 56.309°
.
Let ∑ 𝑭 = 𝟎
−1.93 – F4 – 2 (sin 𝜃) – F4 – 5 – F4 – 7 (sin 𝛼) + F4 – 6(sin 𝜃) = 0
Let ∑ 𝑭 = 𝟎
F4 - 7 = − 2.319 KN (COMPRESSION)
F4 - 6 = −4.8398 KN (COMPRESSION)
JOINT 6
Let ∑ 𝑭 = 𝟎
− F4 - 6(cos 𝜃) + F6 - 8 (cos 𝜃) = 0
Let ∑ 𝑭 = 𝟎
F6 – 7 = 3.8777 KN (TENSION)
By symmetry of load and structure, what is happening at the left hand side is what is happening at the
right hand side. The summary of the result for analysis of dead load is given in Table 1.0 below.
Following the steps in section 2.1, the following result as shown in Table 2.0 can be obtained;
Following the steps in section 2.1 also, the following result for the wind load as shown in Table 3.0
can be obtained;
Fu = γGjGk + γQkQk
LOAD CASE 2: DEAD LOAD + IMPOSED LOAD + WIND LOAD acting simultaneously
We use a partial factor for the accompanying variable actions of wind loads equal to γWkψ0 = 1.5 ×
0.6 = 0.9 (for the value of ψ0, refer to Table A1.1 of BS EN 1990: 2002(E) (Eurocode, 2002b).
Therefore the ultimate design force in the member is;
Fu = γGjGk + γQkQk + γWkψ0Wk = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk + 0.9Wk.
NEd = 1.35(6.445) + 1.5(8.992) − 0.9(12.894) = 10.584 KN (TENSILE)
Therefore, all bottom chord members should be able to resist an axial tensile load of 22.189KN and a
possible reversal of stresses with a compressive load of 12.896 KN
Section classification
𝜀=√𝐹 =√ = 0.9244
𝑦
𝑁𝐸 .
= = 0.0824 < 1 Therefore section is ok for uniform compression.
𝑁𝐶, .
Since the member is pinned at both ends, critical buckling length is the same for all axis; Lcr =
1200mm
𝐿 𝑟
Slenderness ratio 𝜆 =
𝑟𝑖 𝜆
𝜆= = 0.9216
× .
Buckling curve b is appropriate for all angle sections according to Table 6.2 of Eurocode 3
Φ = 0.5 [ + 𝛼(𝜆 − . ) + 𝜆 ]
Φ = 0.5 [ + . . − . + . ] = 1.0473
𝒳=
Φ+ √Φ − 𝜆
𝒳 = = 0.6473 < 1
. +√ . − .
𝒳𝑦 𝐴𝐹𝑦 . × . × ×
Therefore Nb,Rd = = = 101286.2675 N = 101.286 KN
𝛾
𝑁𝐸 .
= = 0.127 < 1 Therefore section is ok for buckling
𝑁 , .
LOAD CASE 2: DEAD LOAD + IMPOSED LOAD + WIND LOAD acting simultaneously
We use a partial factor for the accompanying variable actions of wind loads equal to γWkψ0 = 1.5 ×
0.6 = 0.9 (for the value of ψ0, refer to Table A1.1 of BS EN 1990: 2002(E) (Eurocode, 2002b).
Therefore the ultimate design force in the member is;
Fu = γGjGk + γQkQk + γWkψ0Wk = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk + 0.9Wk.
NEd = 1.35(−8.0568) + 1.5(−11.241) + 0.9(16.187) = -13.169 KN (COMPRESSIVE)
Therefore, all the top chord members should be able to resist an axial tensile load of 16.2237KN and a
compressive load of 27.738 KN
. × × −
Nt,Rd = .
× = 102.3 KN
. × . × × −
Also check; × = 115.17 KN
.
𝑁 .
𝑁,
= .
= 0.158 < 1.0 (Section is ok for tension resistance)
Section classification
𝜀=√𝐹 =√ = 0.9244
𝑦
𝑁𝐸 .
= = 0.177 < 1 Therefore section is ok for uniform compression.
𝑁𝐶, .
Since the member is pinned at both ends, critical buckling length is the same for all axis Lcr =
1500mm
𝐿
Slenderness ratio 𝜆 = 𝑟 𝜆𝑟
𝑖
𝜆= = 1.152
× .
Buckling curve b is appropriate for all angle sections according to Table 6.2 of Eurocode 3
Φ = 0.5 [ + 𝛼(𝜆 − . ) + 𝜆 ]
Φ = 0.5 [ + . . − . + . ] = 1.325
𝒳=
Φ+ √Φ − 𝜆
𝒳 = = 0.5051 < 1
. +√ . – .
𝒳𝑦 𝐴𝐹𝑦 . × . × ×
Therefore Nb,Rd = = = 79035.5225 N = 79.0355 KN
𝛾
𝑁𝐸 .
= = 0.351< 1 Therefore section is ok for buckling
𝑁 , .
Fu = γGjGk + γQkQk
LOAD CASE 2: DEAD LOAD + IMPOSED LOAD + WIND LOAD acting simultaneously
We use a partial factor for the accompanying variable actions of wind loads equal to γWkψ0 = 1.5 ×
0.6 = 0.9 (for the value of ψ0, refer to Table A1.1 of BS EN 1990: 2002(E) (Eurocode, 2002b).
Therefore the ultimate design force in the member is;
Fu = γGjGk + γQkQk + γWkψ0Wk = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk + 0.9Wk.
NEd = 1.35(3.877) + 1.5(5.391) − 0.9(7.763) = 6.334 KN (TENSILE)
Compression resistance
Thickness of section t = 6 mm. Since t < 16mm, Design yield strength Fy = 275 N/mm2 (Table 3.1
EC3)
Section classification
𝜀=√𝐹 =√ = 0.9244
𝑦
𝑁𝐸 .
= = 0.1244 < 1 Therefore section is ok for uniform compression.
𝑁𝐶, .
Since the member is pinned at both ends, critical buckling length is the same for all axis; Lcr =
2700mm
𝐿 𝑟
Slenderness ratio 𝜆 =
𝑟𝑖 𝜆
𝜆= . × .
= 3.48717
Buckling curve b is appropriate for all angle sections according to Table 6.2 of Eurocode 3
Φ = 0.5 [ + 𝛼(𝜆 − . ) + 𝜆 ]
Φ = 0.5 [ + . . − . + . ] = 7.13899
𝒳=
Φ+ √Φ − 𝜆
𝒳 = = 0.0748 < 1
. +√ . – .
𝒳𝑦 𝐴𝐹𝑦 . × . × ×
Therefore Nb,Rd = = = 4669.39 N = 4.669 KN
𝛾
𝑁𝐸 .
= = 1.663 > 1 Therefore section is NOT OK for buckling resistance
𝑁 , .
𝜆= × .
= 2.0737
Buckling curve b is appropriate for all angle sections according to Table 6.2 of Eurocode 3
Φ = 0.5 [ + 𝛼(𝜆 − . ) + 𝜆 ]
Φ = 0.5 [ + . . − . + . ] = 5.9372
𝒳=
Φ+ √Φ − 𝜆
𝒳 = = 0.0869 < 1
. +√ . – .
𝒳𝑦 𝐴𝐹𝑦 . × . × ×
Therefore Nb,Rd = = = 13597.6775 N = 13.597 KN
𝛾
𝑁𝐸 .
= = 0.5712 < 1 Therefore section is ok for buckling
𝑁 , .
Fu = γGjGk + γQkQk
LOAD CASE 2: DEAD LOAD + IMPOSED LOAD + WIND LOAD acting simultaneously
We use a partial factor for the accompanying variable actions of wind loads equal to γWkψ0 = 1.5 ×
0.6 = 0.9 (for the value of ψ0, refer to Table A1.1 of BS EN 1990: 2002(E) (Eurocode, 2002b).
Therefore the ultimate design force in the member is;
Fu = γGjGk + γQkQk + γWkψ0Wk = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk + 0.9Wk.
NEd = 1.35(− 2.319) + 1.5(− 3.238) + 0.9(4.662) = -3.7918 KN (COMPRESSIVE)
With a maximum length of 2163mm, a little consideration will show that UA 50 X 50 X 6 will
satisfy all the necessary limit state requirements.
4.0 Conclusion
The analysis and design for the section members have been successfully carried as shown in the
calculations above. Whenever the wind load effect is greater than the live load effect, one should
always watch out for possible reversal of stresses during load combinations. The design has shown
that the provision of UA 50 X 50 X 6 for the entire roof truss will be adequate.