Physica B 407 (2012) 41234131

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Physica B
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/physb

Nonlocal vibration of coupled DLGS systems embedded on

Visco-Pasternak foundation
A. Ghorbanpour Arani a,b,n, A. Shiravand a, M. Rahi a, R. Kolahchi a
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
b
Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University of Kashan, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o abstract

Article history: In this paper, vibration analysis of the coupled system of double-layered graphene sheets (CS-DLGSs)
Received 22 May 2012 embedded in a Visco-Pasternak foundation is carried out using the nonlocal elasticity theory of
Received in revised form orthotropic plate. The two DLGSs are coupled by an enclosing viscoelastic medium which is simulated
19 June 2012
as a Visco-Pasternak foundation. Considering the Von Karman nonlinear strain-displacement-relations,
Accepted 23 June 2012
the motion equations are derived using the Hamiltons principle. Differential quadrature method
Available online 28 June 2012
(DQM) is applied to obtain the frequency ratio for various boundary conditions. The detailed parametric
Keywords: study is conducted, focusing on the combined effects of the nonlocal parameter, aspect ratio, graphene
Nonlocal vibration sheets size, boundary conditions and the elastic and viscoelastic medium coefcients on the frequency
Coupled DLGS systems
ratio of CS-DLGSs. In this coupled system, two case of DLGSs vibration are investigated and compared
Visco-Pasternak medium
with each other: (1) In-phase vibration (2) Out-of-phase vibration. The results indicate that the
DQM
frequency ratio of the CS-DLGSs is more than the single-layered graphene sheet (SLGS). The results are
in good agreement with the previous researches.
& 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction mechanical modeling of these structures, the higher-order

In early 2007, the United Nations reported that nanotechnol-
ogy, which then accounted for approximately 0.1% of the global
manufacturing economy, would grow to 14% of the market by
2014. Nanotechnology is a eld of applied science concerned with
the control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nm (nm).
At the particle size of 1 to 100 nm, nano-scale materials may have
different molecular organizations and properties than the same
chemical substances in a larger size. Nano-sized chemicals can
have different properties due to [1]:
1- Increased relative surface area per unit mass, which can
increase physical strength and chemical reactivity
2- In some cases, the dominance of quantum effects at the
nanometer size, which changes basic material properties
Vibration analysis of isotropic and orthotropic plates using
the classical theory of elasticity (generalized Hooks law) is
stated for various theory of plates in many books [2,3]. In
recent years, a large amount of research works have been
carried out on the vibration of the nano-plates. In order to the
n
Corresponding author at: Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University
of Kashan, Kashan 87317-51167, Islamic Republic of Iran.
Tel.: 98 3615912425; fax: 98 3615912424.
E-mail addresses: aghorban@kashanu.ac.ir,
a_ghorbanpour@yahoo.com (A. Ghorbanpour Arani).
continuum theories, such as nonlocal elasticity, modied cou-
ple stress [4,5] and strain gradient elasticity [6,7] have been
recently employed. In this study, the nonlocal elasticity theory
is used which was proposed and developed by Eringen [811]
to consider small scale effect in the continuum model of nano-
structures. In recent years, studies about the vibration of nano-
structures using the nonlocal theory of elasticity are increased
due to superior vibration characteristics of them. Pradhan and
Phadikar [12] studied the nonlocal vibration of single and
double layered nano-plates using the classical and rst-order
shear deformation (FSDT) theories. The governing differential
equations of motion are solved by Naviers approach for simply
supported boundary condition. Murmu and Adhikari [13]
investigated nonlocal vibration of bonded double nano-plate
systems and the governing equations of motion in terms of
displacements are solved by the new analytical method.
The graphene sheets are used for manufacturing of many
devices such as oscillators, clocks and sensor devices, due to
having high resistance and unique properties of them. The
application of the SLGS like mass sensors is studied by Sakhaee-
Pour [14]. In recent years, the vibration characteristics of the
graphene sheets have attracted attention of many researchers due
to their superior vibrational behaviors. Ansari et al. [15] investi-
gated vibrational behavior of SLGS based on the FSDT and the
differential equations are solved by the generalized differential
quadrature (GDQ) method for various boundary conditions.
Ansari et al. [16,17] studied vibration of multi-layered graphene

0921-4526/$ - see front matter & 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2012.06.035
4124 A. Ghorbanpour Arani et al. / Physica B 407 (2012) 41234131
sheet (MLGS) using the FSDT of plate. The vibration analysis of
orthotropic SLGS using the classical plate theory is carried out by
Pradhan and Kumar [18] and the governing equations of motion
are solved by the DQM. Recently, transverse vibration of ortho-
tropic DLGSs embedded in an elastic medium under thermal
gradient is studied by Ghorbanpour Arani et al. [19] using
nonlocal elasticity orthotropic plate theory.
The foundation of sheets can be assumed as linear (Winkler
and Pasternak) or nonlinear elastic medium. Pradhan and Kumar
[20] presented vibration analysis of the orthotropic SLGS
embedded in a Pasternak elastic medium. The Winkler foundation
is capable of just normal load while Pasternak foundation is both
capable of transverse shear and normal loads. Behfar and Nagh-
dabadi [21] studied vibration of MLGS embedded in an elastic
medium. Chien et al. [22] investigated nonlinear vibration of
laminated plates resting on a nonlinear elastic medium. Liew
et al. [23] proposed a continuum-based plate model to study
the vibration behavior of MLGSs that are embedded in an
elastic matrix.
The governing differential equations can be solved using
different analytical and numerical solution methods. The DQM
[24,25] is a numerical method that is employed to solve the
governing differential equations with the associated boundary
conditions. Due to high accuracy of DQM to achieve the converged
results, this method is used in many works [15,16,18,20] for
solution of the linear and nonlinear governing equations.
However, to date, no report has been found in the literature on
the vibration of the CS-DLSs. Motivated by this idea, we aim to
study the nonlocal vibration response of the CS-DLGSs resting on
a Visco-Pasternak foundation. The two orthotropic DLGSs are
Fig. 1. (a) Length and width of the graphene sheet. (b) Two-coupled system of double-layered graphene sheet.
coupled by an enclosing Visco-Pasternak foundation. The DQM
is presented to solve the motion equations and estimate the
frequency ratio of the CS-DLGSs. The effects of the nonlocal
parameter, aspect ratio, size of the graphene sheets, boundary
conditions and the elastic and viscoelastic medium coefcients on
the frequency ratio of CS-DLGSs are investigated.
2. Mathematical model
Generally, for obtaining the motion equations of all sheets, the
equations for the SLGS are derived and extended to the MLGS.
2.1. Orthotropic SLGS
The coordinate system is considered so that the origin is at one
corner of the middle surface of the plate; x, y and z coordinates
are taken along the length, width and thickness of the graphene
sheet, respectively (Fig. 1a). A schematic diagram of a CS-DLGS
embedded in a Visco-Pasternak foundation is shown in Fig. 1b, in
which geometrical parameters of length a, width b and thickness
h are also indicated. The two DLGSs are coupled by a Visco-
Pasternak foundation. The classical laminated plate theory (CLPT)
is used in present formulation. According to this theory, the
displacement elds can be expressed as [2,3]
@w
ux,y,z,t u0 x,y,tz ,
@x
@w
vx,y,z,t v0 x,y,tz ,
@y
wx,y,z,t w0 x,y,t, 1
 A. Ghorbanpour Arani et al. / Physica B 407 (2012) 41234131 4125

where u0, v0 and w0 are the displacements along the coordinate (Eq. (1)) into the strain-displacement relationships (Eq. (8)) as
lines of a material point on the xy-plane. The displacements of any follows
8   9 8 9
arbitrary point (x, y, z) in the 3-D continuum can be determined 8 9 > @u0 1 @w0 2 2

using Eq. (1). > exx > >> @x

> 2 @x
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
 @@xw20 > >
>
< = <  2 = < =
eyy @v0 1 @w0 @2 w0
The nonlocal elasticity theory was proposed by Eringen [8,9] @y 2 @y
z  @x 2 : 9
>
:g ; > > > >
> >
> >
>
to consider the small scale effect in the continuum model. xy >
> >
> >
: 1 @ 2
w >
;
: 0 0 0 0;
@u @v @w @w  0
2 @x@y
Unlike the classical theory of elasticity, in the nonlocal elasti- @y @x @x @y

city theory, the stress at a point doesnt depend on the strain at

The strain components exx, eyy and gxy at an arbitrary point of
same point but also on those at all points of the continuum
the sheet are related to the middle surface strains and curvatures
model. In other words, the strain at a point depends on both
tensor as follows
stress and its spatial derivatives at that point. The nonlocal 8 9
> e
constitutive differential equation of elasticity is expressed by < xx >
=
Eringen as [10,11] eyy e0 ze1 , 10
>
:g > ;
2 xy
1mr s t, 2
where m is the nonlocal parameter, t is the macroscopic or local where e0 is the membrane strain (middle surface strain) tensor
stress tensor and s is the nonlocal stress tensor. The nonlocal and el is the bending strain (curvature) tensor. The classical plane
stress tensor becomes a local one when the nonlocal parameter stress tensor for orthotropic graphene sheet is derived by sub-
is zero. The classical stress tensor t at point x is related to the stituting the matrix S from Eq. (4) into the Hooks law (Eq. (3)).
strain tensor e at the same point in the Hookes law which can The nonlocal plane stress tensor in terms of the nonlocal stress
be expressed as tensor and the strain tensor is derived by substituting local plane
stress tensor into the Eringens differential equation (Eq. (2)) as
t S : e, 3
follows
8 9 8 9 0 18 9
where S is the fourth-order elasticity tensor and denotes the > s = s = Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 > e
< xx > < xx >
> < xx > =
double-dot product. The matrix S for the orthotropic graphene B
syy mr syy @ Q 21 Q 22 Q 26 A eyy :
2 C
11
sheet may be written as [2] >
:s > ; >
:s > ; >
:g > ;
xy xy Q 61 Q 62 Q 63 xy
0 1
Q 11 Q 12 Q 16
BQ C The nonlocal stress tensor in terms of the mid-plane displace-
S @ 21 Q 22 Q 26 A, 4
ments is derived by substituting Eq. (10) into Eq. (11) as follows
Q 61 Q 62 Q 63 8 9 8 9 0 108 e0 9 8 e1 91
> sxx =
< > < xx >
> s = Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 >
>
< xx >
>
= >
> xx >
< >
=C
B
where syy mr2 syy B C
@ Q 21 Q 22 Q 26 A@ B e 0
yy
1
z eyy C :
>
:s > ; >
:s > ; >
> > > >A
xy xy Q 61 Q 62 Q 63 : g0xy >
; > : g1xy >
;
Q 11 Q 11 c4 2Q 12 2Q 66 s2 c2 Q 22 s4 ,
Q 12 Q 11 Q 22 4Q 66 s2 c2 Q 12 s4 c4 , 12
Q 22 Q 11 s4 2Q 12 2Q 66 s2 c2 Q 22 c4 , The foundation of the CS-DLSs is the Visco-Pasternak medium.
3 3 The Winkler, Pasternak and Visco-Pasternak loadings are derived
Q 16 Q 11 Q 12 2Q 66 sc Q 12 Q 22 2Q 66 cs ,
by [20,21].
Q 26 Q 11 Q 12 2Q 66 cs3 Q 12 Q 22 2Q 66 sc3 , qWinkler K w w,
2
Q 66 Q 11 Q 22 2Q 66 2Q 12 s2 c2 Q 66 s4 c4 , 5 qPasternak K w wK G r w,
qVisco-Pasternak K w wK G r2 w C d w:
_ 13
and
E1 n12 E1 where Kw, KG and Cd are the Winkler, Pasternak and Damper
Q 11 , Q 12 , modulus parameters, respectively. The nonlocal force and moment
1n12 n21 1n12 n21
resultants
8 9 in terms 8 of the
9 nonlocal
8 stresses
9 can be8 obtained
9 by [3]
E2 E1 > N s = M s =
Q 22 , Q 66 G12 , 6 < xx > = Z h=2 > < xx > >
< xx > = Z h=2 > < xx >
1n12 n21 21n12 N yy syy dz, Myy syy zdz: 14
>
:N > ; h=2 >
:s > ; >
:M > ; h=2 >
:s > ;
xy xy xy xy
c cos y, s sin y, 7
The nonlocal moment tensor M in terms of the mid-plane
where the coefcients Qij (i,j 1,2,6) are known in terms of the
displacements is derived by multiplying two sides of Eq. (12) by z
engineering constant of the orthotropic graphene sheet, E1 and
and integrating through the thickness of sheet as
E2 are the Youngs module in directions 1 and 2, n12 and n21
( (  0 )
denote the Poissons ratios and G 12 is the shear modulus. e
The structure of the orthotropic graphene sheet is known as fM gmr2 fM g BD  1 , 15
e
armchair ( y 0) and zigzag (y 90). The Von Ka rma n-type
nonlinear strain relations are used here which can be where
Z h=2
expressed as [2]
Bij ,Dij Q ij z,z2 dz i,j 1,2,6: 16
    h=2
@u 1 @w 2 @v 1 @w 2
exx , eyy ,
@x 2 @x @y 2 @y
   
1 @u @w 1 @v @w
exz , eyz , 2.2. The variation statements
2 @z @x 2 @z @y
 
1 @u @v @w @w @w
exy , ezz : 8 The governing differential equations of motion are derived
2 @y @x @x @y @z
using the Hamiltons principle which is given as [2,3]
Z T
The strain equations in terms of the mid-plane displacements dU dVdKdt 0, 17
are derived by substituting the equations of displacement 0
4126 A. Ghorbanpour Arani et al. / Physica B 407 (2012) 41234131

where dU is the virtual strain energy, dV is the virtual work done where
by external applied forces and dK is the virtual kinetic energy. The
pxr
SLGS motion equations can be derived using Eq. (17) as follows C 1rs r,s 1,2,. . .,N; r a s, 25
xr xs pxs
0  
@N0xx @Nxy @2 u0 @2 @w0
du0 : I0 2 I1 2 , 18 where p (xr) in Eq. (25) is dened as
@x @y @t @t @x
Y
N
  pxr r a s,
@N0yy @N0xy @ 2 v0 @2 @w0 xr xs ; 26
dv0 : I0 2 I1 2 , 19 s1
@y @x @t @t @y
X
N
@2 M xx @2 M xy @2 Myy C 1 1
rs C ss  C 1
rt r 1,2,. . .,N; r at ; r s, 27
dw0 : 2
2 qx,y
@x @x@y @y2 t1

@2 w0 @2 w0 @2 w0 where Crs represent the weighting coefcients and N is the

N0xx 2N 0xy N 0yy
@x 2 @x@y @y2 number of grid points along x direction. The weighting coef-
!
2
@ w0 4
@ w0 4
@ w0 cients for the high order derivatives are determined via matrix
I0 I2 , 20 multiplication [18,20,24,25] as
@t 2 @t 2 @x2 @t 2 @y2
X
N
where C 2 C 1 1
rs rt C ts ,
Z h=2 t1
I0 ,I1 ,I2 r0 1,h,h2 dz, 21
h=2 X
N
C 3
rs C 1 2
rt C ts ,
where I0, I1, I2 are mass moments of inertia and r0 denotes the t1
density of the material. It is assumed that the plate is free from any
in plane or transverse loading [18], so we have {N0} 0. The X
N
C 4
rs C 1 3
rt C ts : 28
equations of motion in terms of the displacements are obtained by t1
substituting Eq. (15) into Eq. (20) for orthotropic SLGS as follows
For calculating of the grid points, the Chebyshev distribution is
@4 wi @4 w used which dened as
D11 4
2D12 2D66 2 i 2
@x @x @y
! ah pr i
xr 1cos ,
@4 wi @2 w @4 wi @4 wi 2 N
D22 4
qi I0 2 i I2 2

@y @t 2
@x @t @y2 @t 2
" ! # bh psi
@2 w @4 wi @4 wi ys 1cos ; r,s 1,. . .,N, 29
2
mr I0 2 i I2 2 N
q i : 22
@t @x2 @t 2 @y2 @t 2
wx,y,t Wx,yejot : 30
By substituting Eq. (30) into Eq. (22), the motion equations for
all sheets can be obtained as
2.3. Extension of the governing equations

@4 W i @4 W @4 W i
The Eq. (22) is an extension of the SLGS to MLGS where D11 2D12 2D66 2 i2 D22
i1,y,4. Also, qi for all sheets can be written as @x4 @x @y @y4
!
q1 cv w2 w1 K w w1 K G r2 w1 C d w
_ 1, 2 2 @4 W i @4 W i
qi I0 o I2 o
q2 cv w2 w1 K w w3 w2 K G r2 w3 w2 C d w
_ 2 w
_ 3 , @x2 @y2
2
_ 2 w
q3 cv w4 w3 K w w3 w2 K G r w3 w2 C d w _ 3 , " ! #
2 @4 W i @4 W i
_ 4,
q4 cv w4 w3 K w w4 K G r w4 C d w 2
23 mr I0 o2 I2 o 2
qi : 31
@x2 @y2
where cv is the van der Walls (vdW) interaction coefcient
between two layers of the DLGS. It is noted that by substituting
m 0 into Eq. (22), the local equations of motions can be derived. The governing differential equations of sheets (Eq. (31)) are
converted to algebraic equations using the DQM for below
boundary conditions:
3. Numerical solution by DQM
SSSS: All edges simply supported (at all edges W M0)
The DQM [24,25] is employed for the solution of the nonlocal SSSC: Simply supported along Y 0, Y b and X a and
differential equations of motion (Eq. (22)) for all sheets. The DQM, clamped along X 0
to the conventional integral quadrature method, approximates SCSC: Simply supported along X0 and Xb and clamped
the derivative of a function at any location by a linear summation along Y 0 and Y a (at X 0, Xa WM0; at Y 0, Y b
of all the functional values along a mesh line. The rst order W @w/@y 0)
derivative of the function W(x) with respect to x at a grid point xr SCCS: Simply supported along Y 0 and X 0 and clamped
is approximated by a linear sum of all the functional values in the along X a and Yb.
whole domain. In this study, the computational domain is SCCC: Simply supported along Y 0 and clamped along Xa,
0 rxra and 0 ryrb. From DQ approximation Y b and X0.

@n W XN

n
9x xr C n
rs Wxs , 24 The algebraic equations of motion for two type of medium by
@x s1 DQM are derived. Eq. (32) and Eq. (33) are equations of the
 A. Ghorbanpour Arani et al. / Physica B 407 (2012) 41234131 4127

standard eigenvalue problem for Pasternak and Visco-Pasternak order derivatives along the x and y directions, respectively. Also,
medium, respectively. I and Z are unit and zero matrixes, respectively. Eqs. (32) and (33)
8 9 8 9 show that the governing equations of sheets are dependent to
> fW1 g > > fW1 g >
>
> >
> >
> >
> each other and solved to obtain the natural frequency and
< fW2 g = < fW2 g =
2 damping frequency for Pasternak and Visco-Pasternak medium,
K Mo 0, 32
>
> fW3 g >
> >
> fW3 g >
> respectively.
>
: >
; >
: >
;
fW4 g fW4 g In this paper, in-phase and out-of-phase vibration are inves-
8 9 8 9 tigated and compared with each other for various boundary
fW 1 g > fW 1 g >
" #>
>
> >
>
>
>
> >
>
conditions. For the lower fundamental frequency, the adjacent
MD 1
MK 1 < fW 2 g = < fW 2 g = layers of DLGSs move in the same direction (in-phase vibration),
od , 33
I Z >
> fW 3 g >
> >
> fW 3 g >
> yet for the higher fundamental frequency, the associated mode
>
: >
; >
: >
;
fW 4 g fW 4 g shapes move in the opposite direction and distort due to the
inverse deections [16]. Here, the lower fundamental frequency is
where stiffness (K), mass (M) and damping (D) matrixes can be considered for sheets and thus, vibration of the adjacent layers of
written as DLGSs is in-phase vibration. In this section, Eqs. (32) and (33) are
2 3 2 3
K 11 K 12 K 13 K 14 M 11 M 12 M13 M14 solved for two case of vibration: 1-In-phase vibration
6 7 6 7 (w3  w2 0), 2-out-of-phase vibration (w3  w2 a0).
6 K 21 K 22 K 23 K 24 7 6 M 21 M 22 M23 M24 7
6 7 6 7
K 6 7 6
6 K 31 K 32 K 33 K 34 7, M 6 M 31 M 32 M33 M34 7,
7
6 7 6 7
4 5 4 5
K 41 K 42 K 43 K 44 M 41 M 42 M43 M44 4. Results and discussions
2 3
D11 D12 D13 D14 Mechanical properties of the graphene sheets are considered
6 7 according to the listed values of Table 1. The values of nonlocal
6 D21 D22 D23 D24 7
6 7
D6 D34 7 parameter (m) are taken as zero up to 3 nm2 [18,20]. The vdW
6 D31 D32 D33 7, 34
6 7 interaction, Winkler and Pasternak coefcients are taken accord-
4 5
D41 D42 D43 D44 ing to [26]. The damper coefcient is considered according to
[27].The nal converged solutions using the numerical procedure
where outlined in Section 3 above are illustrated as the inuences of
nonlocal parameter (m), aspect ratio (a/b), size of the sheet, the
K 13 K 14 K 24 K 31 K 41 K 42 0,
stiffness and damping coefcients of surrounding elastic medium
D12 D13 D14 D21 D24 D31 D34 D41 D42 D43 0,
(KG, KW and Cd) on the frequency ratio. The frequency ratio is
M 12 M 13 M14 M 21 M 23 M24 M 31 M 32
dened as
M34 M 41 M 42 M43 0, 35
onl
Frequency Ratio 38
ol
M ii m0 A2
m ij
B2
ij
m2 A4 ij
B4
ij
2A2 B2 ,
ik kj
where onl and ol are the natural frequency which calculated
m0 dij m2 A2
ij
B2
ij
,
using the nonlocal theory of elasticity (m a0) and classical theory
D11 C dij m CA2 2
ij Bij , of elasticity (m 0), respectively.
D22 C dij mCA2 B2 , As regards validation of our work, the SLGS frequency ratio can
ij ij
be calculated from Eqs. (32), (33) and (38) considering
D23 C dij mCA2
ij
B2
ij
, Kw KG Cd cv 0. However, the obtained results for the selected
D32 C dij mCA2 2 values of nonlocal parameter are listed in Table 2. As can be seen,
ij Bij ,
frequency ratio decreases with increasing nonlocal parameter.
D33 C dij mCA2 2
ij Bij ,

D44 C dij mCA2

ij
B2
ij
, 36 Table 1
Elastic properties of the graphene sheets [14].
K 11 U ij cdij K w dij K G A2
ij
B2
ij
mcdij mK w dij mK G A2
ij
B2
ij
,
Elastic properties Isotropic sheet Orthotropic sheet

K 12 cdij mcA2 2
ij Bij , E1 (GPa) 1060 1765
K 21 cdij mcA2
ij
B2
ij
, E2 (GPa) 1060 1588
n12 0.25 0.3
K 22 U ij cdij K w dij K G A2
ij
B2
ij
mcdij mK w dij mK G A2
ij
B2
ij
, n21 0.25 (E2/E1) n12

K 23 K w dij K G A2
ij
B2
ij
mK w dij mK G A2
ij
B2
ij
,
K 32 K w dij K G A2 2 2 2
ij Bij mK w dij mK G Aij Bij ,

K 33 U ij cdij K w dij K G A2 2 2 2
ij Bij mc dij mK w dij mK G Aij Bij , Table 2
Comparison frequency ratios of single-layered graphene sheet with other
K 34 cdij mcA2
ij
B2
ij
, references.

K 43 cdij mcA2 B2 ,
ij ij (l) (nm2) Reference [18,20] Reference [12] Present paper
K 44 U ij cdij K w dij K G A2 2 2 2 xnl/xl xnl/xl xnl/xl
ij Bij mc dij mK w dij mK G Aij Bij ,

0.0 1 1 1
U ij D11 A4
ij
2D12 2D66 A2 B2 D22 B4
im mj ij
, 37
1.0 0.9139 0.9139 0.9139
2.0 0.8467 0.8468 0.8467
where o is the vibration frequency for all sheets and also 3.0 0.7925 0.7926 0.7925
matrixes A(2), A(4), B(2), B(4) are weighting coefcients for various
4128 A. Ghorbanpour Arani et al. / Physica B 407 (2012) 41234131

Table 3
Comparison frequency ratios of single-layered graphene sheet and the DLGSs coupled by Pasternak and Visco-Pasternak medium for SSSS boundary condition.
(a b 10 nm, Kw 0.1 GPa/nm, KG 0.25 Pa).

One sheet

ab l 0.0 nm2 l 1.0 nm2 l 1.5 nm2 l 2.0 nm2 l 2.5 nm2 l 3.0 nm2

10  10 1.0000 0.9139 0.8784 0.8467 0.8183 0.7925

15  15 1.0000 0.9588 0.9401 0.9224 0.9056 0.8897
20  20 1.0000 0.9762 0.9649 0.9540 0.9435 0.9333
25  25 1.0000 0.9846 0.9771 0.9698 0.9627 0.9557
30  30 1.0000 0.9892 0.9839 0.9788 0.9737 0.9686

DLGSs coupled by Pasternak medium

10  10 1.0000 0.9482 0.9274 0.9092 0.8931 0.8787
15  15 1.0000 0.9888 0.9838 0.9791 0.9748 0.9707
20  20 1.0000 0.9973 0.9960 0.9948 0.9936 0.9925
25  25 1.0000 0.9992 0.9988 0.9984 0.9981 0.9977
30  30 1.0000 0.9997 0.9996 0.9994 0.9993 0.9992

DLGSs coupled by Visco-Pasternak medium

10  10 1.0000 0.9345 0.9080 0.8846 0.8638 0.8451
15  15 1.0000 0.9787 0.9692 0.9603 0.9520 0.9441
20  20 1.0000 0.9927 0.9893 0.9860 0.9828 0.9798
25  25 1.0000 0.9973 0.9960 0.9948 0.9935 0.9923
30  30 1.0000 0.9989 0.9984 0.9979 0.9974 0.9969

1 1
ISO
ORT
0.98 0.98

0.96 0.96
Frequency Ratio
Frequency Ratio

0.94 0.94

0.92 0.92 10x10

15x15
0.9 0.9 20x20
25x25
0.88 0.88 30x30
35x35
0.86 0.86
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Nonlocal Parameter Nonlocal Parameter

Fig. 2. Comparison frequency ratios of isotropic and orthotropic graphene sheets Fig. 3. Variation of frequency ratios with the nonlocal parameter for various
embedded in a Visco-Pasternak medium. length of the square orthotropic graphene sheet embedded in a Visco-Pasternak
medium.

Also, one can see that the excellent agreement exist between the
results of this paper and those done by Pradhan et al. [8,14,15].
The frequency ratios of the SLGS and CS-DLGSs with two type of
medium for various values of the nonlocal parameter are presented
in Table 3. By investigating of listed values in Table 3, it can be
found that the values of frequency ratio for the SLGS are less than
the CS-DLGSs for all quantities of the nonlocal parameter. Further-
more, the frequency ratio of the DLGS coupled by the Pasternak
medium is higher than that coupled by the Visco-Pasternak
medium. It is also concluded that at a specic nonlocal parameter,
frequency ratio increases with increasing dimension of the sheet.
The frequency ratio of orthotropic and isotropic SSSS graphene
sheets with respect to the nonlocal parameter (m) is computed
and plotted in Fig. 2. It is observed that, as the values of nonlocal
parameter increase, the frequency ratios for both of the ortho-
tropic and isotropic graphene sheet decrease and this reduction is
especially signicant for the orthotropic sheet. Furthermore,
frequency ratio of isotropic graphene sheet is higher than ortho-
tropic one. This is obvious because a plate with isotropic
properties is more rigid than that of orthotropic one. Meanwhile,
the difference between the frequency ratio of the CS-DLGSs with
isotropic and orthotropic material properties is relatively larger at
higher scale coefcient values.
By assuming the square shape for all sheets (a/b 1), the
inuence of the sheet dimensions on the natural frequency is
studied. The frequency ratio of the SSSS graphene sheet versus
nonlocal parameter for different sheet dimensions is illustrated in
Fig. 3. Also, the frequency ratio with respect to the length of
square sheets is plotted in Fig. 4. The results of both gures
indicate that, by increasing the values of nonlocal parameter, the
frequency ratio decreases for all values of sheet length. Also, it is
observed that as the length of the square sheet increases the
effect of nonlocal parameter (small scale effect) decreases and the
frequency ratio increases and tends to 1. Furthermore, as can be
seen from Fig. 4, the frequency ratios are sensitive to the small
scale coefcient for small values of sheet length (Lo20) whereas
the effect of small scale coefcient on the frequency ratios seems
to be small for L420.
 A. Ghorbanpour Arani et al. / Physica B 407 (2012) 41234131 4129

1 1

0.99

0.95
0.98
Frequency Ratio

0.97

Frequency Ratio
0.9
0.96

0.95
0.85
= 0.0
0.94 = 0.5
= 0.5 = 1.0
=1.0
0.93 = 1.0 0.8 = 1.5
=1.5
= 1.5
0.92 = 2.0
= 2.0
0.91 0.75
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Length Shear Modulus Parameter

Fig. 4. Variation of the frequency ratios respect to the length of square graphene Fig. 7. Variation of frequency ratios with change of value of shear modulus parameter
sheets embedded in a Visco-Pasternak medium. (Kw 0) embedded in a Visco-Pasternak medium.

1 1
C = 70
C = 100
0.98 0.95
C = 130
C = 160
C=160
0.96 0.9 C = 190
Frequency Ratio

Frequency Ratio

0.94 0.85

0.92 0.8
= 0.5
0.9 = 1.0
0.75
= 1.5
0.88 = 2.0
0.7

0.86
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.65
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Aspect Ratio
Nanlocal Parameter
Fig. 5. Variation of the frequency ratios respect to the aspect ratio (a/b) of
Fig. 8. Variation of frequency ratios with the nonlocal parameter for various
graphene sheets embedded in a Visco-Pasternak medium.
damping modulus of damper. (a) Kw KG 0.

1 The frequency ratio versus the aspect ratio (a/b) for various
values of the nonlocal parameter are illustrated in Fig. 5. It can be
observed that as the aspect ratio increases, the frequency ratio
0.95 increases for all values of the nonlocal parameter. Meanwhile, the
frequency ratio for the local theory (i.e., m 0) is independent of
the aspect ratio.
Frequency Ratio

The frequency ratio against the Winkler and Pasternak mod-

0.9
ulus (KW and KG) for different values of the nonlocal parameter is
shown in Figs. 6 and 7, respectively. As the Winkler and Pasternak
coefcients increase, the frequency ratio increases for all values of
0.85
the nonlocal parameters. This is due to the fact that increasing
= 0.5 Winkler and Pasternak coefcients increase the sheet stiffness.
= 1.0 The effect of nonlocal parameter decreases for higher values of
0.8 the Winkler and Pasternak modulus. Furthermore, comparing
= 1.5
effect of the KW and KG on the frequency ratio, one can concluded
= 2.0
that effect of Winkler modulus on the frequency ratio is higher
0.75 than Pasternak modulus.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
The frequency ratio of the graphene sheet against the nonlocal
Winkler Modulus Parameter
parameter for various values of damper coefcient is plotted in
Fig. 6. Variation of frequency ratios with change of value of Winkler modulus Fig. 8. As the values of the damper coefcient increase, the
parameter (KG 0). (a) Visco-Pasternak medium (b) Pasternak medium. frequency ratio decreases. It is also observed that the effect of
4130 A. Ghorbanpour Arani et al. / Physica B 407 (2012) 41234131

1 1
SSSS
0.98 0.98
SSSC
0.96 0.96 SCSC
SCCS
0.94

Frequency Ratio
0.94
Frequency Ratio

SCCC
0.92
0.92
0.9
0.9
0.88
0.88 Visco-Pasternak
0.86
Visco-Winkler
0.86 0.84
Winkler

0.84 Pasternak 0.82

0.82 0.8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Nonlocal Parameter Nonlocal Parameter

Fig. 9. Comparison frequency ratios of various medium of the graphene sheets. 1

SSSS
SSSC
SCSC
1 SCCS
0.95
In-Phase Vibration SCCC
0.98 Frequency Ratio
Out-Of-Phase Vibration
0.96
0.9
0.94
Frequency Ratio

0.92
0.85
0.9

0.88

0.86 0.8

0.84
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0.82 Nonlocal Parameter

0.8 Fig. 11. Comparison frequency ratios of various boundary conditions on Visco-
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Pasternak medium. (a) Out-of-phase vibration (b) in-phase vibration.
Nonlocal Parameter

Fig. 10. Comparison frequency ratios of the in-phase and out-of-phase vibration
of graphene sheets embedded in a Visco-Pasternak medium.
damper coefcient is not signicant at lower nonlocal parameter
while this effect is considerable at higher nonlocal parameter.
Frequency ratios of the sheet with respect to the nonlocal
parameter for different medium of coupled system are demon-
strated in Fig. 9. Four different cases of medium are considered.
Case 1, Case2, Case 3 and Case 4 depict the (i) when both the DLGS
coupled by Winkler medium (ii) when both the DLGS coupled
by Pasternak medium (iii) when both the DLGS coupled by
Visco-Winkler medium (iv) when both the DLGS coupled by
Visco-Pasternak medium, respectively. Obviously, the effect of
medium type on frequency ratio of the sheet becomes remarkable
at higher nonlocal parameter. Also, the frequency ratio of Paster-
nak and Visco-Winkler mediums are maximum and minimum,
respectively. Further, the medium effect on frequency ratio for
coupled system follows the order
vibration. As can be seen, frequency ratio for the case of in-phase
vibration is smaller than case of out-of-phase vibration. The smaller
frequency ratio for in-phase vibration is due to the absence of
coupling effect of the springs foundation between the two DLGSs. It
is also concluded that the small scale effect in the case of in-phase
vibration is higher than that in the out-of-phase case.
The frequency ratio of the CS-DLGS is plotted with respect to
the nonlocal parameter for various boundary conditions in
Fig. 11a and b, respectively, for the cases of out-of-phase vibration
and in-phase vibration. As can be seen, the frequency ratio is
maximum and minimum for SSSS and SCCC sheet, respectively.
It is perhaps due to the fact that the sheet with simply supported
boundary condition is softer than other boundary conditions.
Furthermore, for all boundary conditions, frequency ratio for the
case of out-of-phase vibration is higher than case of in-phase
vibration.
5. Conclusion

Pasternak medium4Visco-Pasternak medium4Winkler
medium4Visco-Winkler medium
Fig. 10 illustrates the relationship between frequency ratio and
nonlocal parameter for two cases of in-phase and out-of-phase
In this study, the vibration response of the embedded two
DLGSs which are coupled by an enclosing Visco-Pasternak foun-
dation is investigated on the basis of the nonlocal theory. The
frequency ratio of the CS-DLGSs was obtained numerically using
DQM for two cases of the in-phase and out-of-phase vibration.
 A. Ghorbanpour Arani et al. / Physica B 407 (2012) 41234131
The effects of the nonlocal parameter, aspect ratio, size of the
graphene sheets, boundary conditions and the medium type on
the frequency ratio of the CS-DLGSs are discussed. The results
indicate that frequency ratio for the case of out-of-phase vibration
is higher than case of in-phase vibration. It is also shown that the
frequency ratio of Pasternak and Visco-Winkler mediums are
maximum and minimum, respectively. Furthermore, the fre-
quency ratio is sensitive to the small scale coefcient for small
values of sheet length (Lo20) whereas the effect of small scale
coefcient on the frequency ratios seems to be small for L 420.
This work is presented in order to design of the CS-DLGSs based
on nano-optomechanical and nano-electro-mechanical systems.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the referees for their valuable
comments. The authors are grateful to University of Kashan for
supporting this work by Grant No. 65475/17. They would also like
to thank the Iranian Nanotechnology Development Committee for
their nancial support.
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