imines REVISED BULLETIN 297 SEPTEMBER 1987 jl) hil alleen LOCAL STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELLS DUE TO EXTERNAL LOADINGS ON NOZZLES— SUPPLEMENT TO WRC BULLETIN NO. 107— (Revision 1) by J. L. Mershon, K. Mokhtarian, G. V. Ranjan and E. C. Rodabaugh squog erdeg ‘These Bulletins contain final Reports trom projects sponsored > by the Welding Research Council, important papers presented before . ab o engineering societies and other reports of current interest. LLC ——— : oD o 3 WELDING RESEARCH COUNCIL ia | UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER. ig {/ 4} 348 EAST 47mm STREET, NEW YORK. N.Y. 10017 i myORS EN 3a (Sena ematon fig MeLoan Px Ganley end Pe athone ove 2 ahaces ee ant t eroaoye Sec by WA Fama UA Ents Copa, M.Sksava and AW Pens (2) The Fracture ‘Tovghness Behavior of ASTM ATG? Grade B and Gres Cte Preanre Vessel Stes by JA Aacand J! Qurech end W Pee) te Sinss Beer ca AST ATS? Gre Band Grd Mlrcaloyad Ghat Watanenta by. Lal oan eg ae Penge) Lng Te mogrph osha es ATT Gre Band cae ¢Mrotoye dio yh She Selec ee re Sax Mangaraph cn Netrow-Gap Welding Technology ty Vain May WEEE ee anata et er Dysmi Las on Nuclear Power Piping, by Fd Scaviszo ard. Lam suo 187 328 hove nate Leakage Behavior Tands,byA acer L Marchand ERLD ek res oe Meaney Ratu 97 Sugeno i Wang reenter ne etry Snr Specetanty con ans. 2 Sryeae Tis sh, and 8.7. Rote, November 1567 re 820 Accu ae aia re eclunin oft Einvates Temperature Behavior oe ahd Pnged Gonnecnen i 1 Beko ayash, AT. Chang and. Winsor February 1980, ‘i . 342 Stainiens Steet Wold Metal Predieton. 3 be integra! ane CTOD Parameter or Snort Creek ating by W.A. Sore, FH. Dode,. “2 lnaependent Support Maton (GM) Method ot Mol Spectres Salemi Analjla Apel trie oP ee ‘eto Aaa Teg me Btn aves on request «Local Stresses in Cylindrical Shells Due to External Loadings on Nozzles—Sunnlement to WRC Bulletin No. 107 (Revision 1) By J. L. Mershon, K. Mokhtarian, G. V. Ranjan, and E. C. Rodabaugh CONTENTS Foreword 1 Foreword to Revision T 1 1.0 Nomenclature . 2 2.0 Introdue no q 2 3.0 Calculations of Stresses ....2..... 3 3.1 P.M,.My, Nozzle Loads, Stress parniliong eres 3 32. P,M,. My Nozzle Loads, Limitations 4 Bb My, Vo, Vi Nozzle Lo 4 34 Stresses Due wo Combined Nozzle Loads sie 4 4.0. Evaluation of Loads . G00 5 5.0 References . aA 5 Figs. 3 through 60 ES 6-63 Appendix A~Example Caleulations 64 Appendix B—Comparison of Thi Bultetin’s Results with FEM Analyses Results... or) Appendix C- Bulletin’s Results with WRC Bulletin 107 Curves “4 Acknowledgements ......... 76 Figs. C-1 through C-12 77-88 Foreword WRC Bulletin 107, “Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells Due to External Loadings,” by K. R. Wichman, A. G. Hopper, and J. L. Mershon, has been widely used by design analysts sinee its initial publiea- tion in August 1965. This continued use despite ad- vances in analysis methods and capabilities and in. EE Morbo mmitter om Rein creased experimental data made available during the ensuing years underscores the need for a ‘cook book” of the Bulletin 107 type. The persistence of this need was a major motivating factor for preparation of this “Supplement” provided here in Bulletin 297 that broadens the coverage of Bulletin 107. In this document methods and data are given for treating two normally intersecting cylindrical shells, that is, cylindrical nozzles radially attached to cylin 1s (shells). Stresses in both the nozzle and vessel can be determined, and the range of vessel di ameter-to-thickness ratio covered is increased over that of Bulletin 107. The analytical method used was derived and developed by C. R. Steele on the basis of thin shell theory. As with any undertaking of this type, several per: sons made important contributions to the production of this document. The work was done under the Task Group on Development of Design Procedures for Cy- lindrical Shells of the Subcommittee on Reinforced Openings and External Loadings chaired by W. C. Kroenke. J. Hagstrom, Task Group Chairman, super- vised and coordinated the overall project. Members of the Task Group were: R. E. Gleason, H. T. Huang, J. L. Mershon, B. C. Rodabaugh, R. W. Schneider, G. V. Ranjan, and G. E. 0. Widera W. L. Greenstreet Chairman, PVRC Design Division Foreword to Revision I Studies of Figs. 59 and 60 of this Bulletin have resulted in the conclusion that the curves in these figures cover a very narrow range of geometric param. eters, and, in fact, some of the labels on the curves of Fig. 60 of the August 1984 printing of Bulletin 297 were in error. Figs. 59 and 60 were inserted in the 1984 version of this Bulletin to provide some insight con- cerning Nexibility. However, they can only provide approximate values of flexibilities for the ease of thin shells having simply supported boundary conditions with the ends remaining round but free to rotate. A comprehensive set of data is currently being prepared Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 1for nozzle flexibility. This revised Bulletin corrects the labels on Fig. 60 and provides statements concerning the limitations of these figures. The epesitie changes are listed below: 1. Page 4—Minor editorial change. 2, Page 5—Add reference 11 and add a paragraph describing the limitations of Figs. 59 and 60. 59-—Describe the boundary conditions of the cylindrical shell. ig. 60—Describe the boundary conditions of the cylindrical shell and correct the labels on the curves for circumferential moment. 5. Page 69—-Make corrections to example No. 3 cor- responding to the updates of Fig. 60. 6. Page 74—Update Table B-7 in accordance with the changes to Fig. 60. Continued review of the relevant data has indicated that the curves of this Bulletin provide a generally conservative approximation of the stresses. Appendix ‘A provides additional guidance for application of this Bulletin. 1.0 Nomenclature ‘Symbols used in the formulas and equations in this text are listed below: D ‘= mean diameter of vessel d = outside diameter of nozzle T thickness of vessel t = nozzle loads as defined in Fig, 1 L = length of vessel* ending moments per unit length of M,,Ms shell wall (see Fig. 2) = membrane forces per unit length of N,Ny shell wall (see Fig. 2) 1.1 Nomenclature Applicable to Table { m, = M,/P, or Md/M, oF Md/Mi, ny = N;T/P, or N;Td/Mc, or N;Td/Mi, M)/P, or Mid/M,, ot Med/Mr ty = N¢T/P, or N/TA/M,, oF NiTA/M, 1.2 Nomenclature Applicable to Nozzle-to-Vessel Tnterseetion 4, = direction stress in vessel (see Fig. 2) direction stress in vessel (see Fig. 2) uxial stress in nozzle ncgleg no ener inte weasel an equivalent vel engl Tan (ated ro then rma Alte fa ee there a ands we the stances fom the wae cee ine othe vee Fig. 1_Postive directions for external leads on radia nozzle in cylin- shell and dentin of geometry. Loads Vi, VP, Me: Mana My ‘2c at nozzl-to-ahel intersection and form rigitand system, ircumferential stress in nozzle tress intensity for combined loads plastic correction factor used in fatigue evaluation [see NB-3228.5 of Ref. 1] A =L(DT)2 2.0 Introduction ‘This Bulletin is a supplement to Welding Research Council (WRC) Bulletin 107? and is specifically appli cable to cylindrical nozzles in cylindrical vessels. As such, stresses in the nozzle at the juncture with the rows (ME | Fig, 2_Postve deectons for stresses, internal membrane forces and Interna bending moments i shot 2 Revised WRC Bulletin 297‘Table 1—Index to Figs. 2-58, Stress Resultants at Nozzle- {o-Vessel intersections = Number ee a 3 2 a 3 Py re 6 a 7 % “ 4 2 6 8 23 6 wo 2 a u 20 8 2 a 0 ity 2 0 4 1% 33 a1 16 au 2 rt a 58 r 2 a 36 q 21 9 a un 2 2 58 See Nomenclature, Svtion 2 # Stress rsultantson = 3°27 plane (traverse plane). Stress 180 plane are generally less than the resultant Pld un valueson the iransverse lane (ie. M-270° plane) and arenot given inthis report. Hor vonvervatiam, they are astumed tobe the same those on the iramverse plane, "Stress esultants on t= 1°180° plane longitudinal plane). vessel that were not covered by WRC Bulletin 107 can be calculated. This Bulletin gives data for larger D/T ratios than in WRC Bulletin 107, provides better read- ability for small values of d/D, and includes the effects of nozzle neck thickness. Section 3 gives the procedure for calculating stresses in the vessel or nozzle in the vicinity of the junction. This Bulletin presents tabular data from Shelltech Report 81-5" in a form suitable for use in design work (Figs. 3-58). Also, data on flexibilities of nozzles from Shelltech Report 80-2 and a Shelltech progress report. 5 dated May 15, 1983, are included as Figs. 59 and 60, ‘The Shelltech data, which are for P, M., and My, nozzle loads, are supplemented by approximations for M,, Vo, and Vi, nozzle loads that are the same as WRC Bulletin 107 approximations. The limitations on the use of the data for P, M,, and My, nozzle loads are included in Section 3. Section 4 contains a caution concerning the calculation of nozzle loads where the loads are imposed by a piping system. ‘Appendix A shows, by two examples, how the proce- dures of Section 3 ean be used and provides comments ‘on the significance of the calculated stresses. Appen: dixes B and C give comparisons of the stress calcula- tion methods with finite-element calculations and the WRC Bulletin 107 method (stresses in vessel). These are included to remind the reader that significant un- certainties exist in the calculation of stresses in the complete structure consisting of a noaale welded to a vessel subjected to nozzle loads. Verification complet- ed to date indicates that the results reported in this document are generally conservative. 3.0 Calculation of Stresses 3.1 P.M, My Nozzle Loa Surface stresses in the . nozzle junction are calculated by equations tress Equations «= Eto, 26m), a * Ft omy, @ 0, = Fal tot Om) ® ae a (n, + 6m). @ Nozzle-axial surface stresses at the nozzle-vessel Junction are calculated by equations (5) and (6). ‘The term containing n, has been introduced to cor- rect the moment applied to the nozzle by subtracting 1N;T/2 from the radial moment on the shell side of the junction. Pret a BL om ang]: 6) aps o Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 3@ In Eqs. (3), (4), (6), and (8), Mi = M. or Mt. The positive part of the signs is for the outer surface of the vessel or nozzle, and the negative partis for the inner surface Figs. 3-58 give m, ms, and ny as functions of d/t, and T/t. Table 1 is an index of Figs. 3-58. In using these figures, interpolation is required between the T/ tlines on a given figure and between the figures for d/t. ‘The interpolations and other aspects of calculating stresses for P, M., or My, loads are illustrated by the example calculations in Appendix A. The signs of the stress resultants obtained from Figs. 3-58 are based on the assumption that the exter- nal loads P, M,, and M;, are positive. Positive direc- tions of the external loads are indicated in Fig. 1. Table 2 shows the signs of the membrane and bending stresses at azimuth angles of 0°, 90°, 180° and 270° caused by positive external loads and assuming posi- tive values for the stress resultants read from Figs. 3- 58. Either negative stress resultant values or negative external loads will reverse the signs shown in Table 2. A plus sign means a tensile stress and a minus sign ‘means a compressive stress. The listed signs apply to both the vessel shell and the nozzle, with the exception, of the circumferential bending stresses in the nozzle that are not covered in this Bulletin because of their insignificance. The notation (i) behind an azimuth ‘means the inner surface and the notation (o) behind an azimuth means the outer surface. 3.2 P,M,.Mj Nozzle Loads, Limitations Steele’s theory is applicable to the intersection of a nozzle whose axis is normal to the surface of a vessel and where both nozzle and vessel are treated as thin- walled cylindrical shells. According to Steele," for thin-shell theory to be valid, d/t = 20, D/T > 20, and d/T = 5, However, if the nozzle thickness is large, it, ‘Table 2—Stress Signs for Positive Loads and Positive ‘Stross Result 7 lowation Fr 094), 040 1180 ‘Ki, acts as a nearly rigid insert, so reasonable results for the vessel stress are obtained for any dt. Although the shallesr-chell eolutions used by Steele’ may be valid up to a d/D ratio of 0.5, the exact limit of application depends on the D/T ratio. This is indicated by Figs. 3- 158, where curves for different T/t and d/t values ex- tend up to different values of A. It is not recommended that curves be extrapolated beyond the A values for which stress resultants are plotted. In addition to the limitations given by Steele’ de- noted above, the limit D/T < 2500 is recommended, ‘The reason is that the theory is linear elastic and does not necessarily account for nonlinear effects or buck- ling. Test data are available for D/T up to 2500; those data give reasonable assurance that the theory is ap- plicable up to D/T = 2500. Figures 3-58 are limited to d/t < 100 because it was deemed that this would cover essentially all applicé- tions of nozzles in vessels or piping. The figures clude d/t = 10, which, for stresses in the vessel, gives a reasonable approximation for any smaller d/t. It is recognized that, with D/T < 2500, there are significant portions of Figs. 3-58 that are “out-of-bounds.” The lines labeled T/t = 0 correspond to D/T of infinity and are used to represent rigid plugs and as an aid to interpolation. Even nozzles with large d/t ratios can be considered rigid plugs in this instance. ‘The theory is applicable to “isolated” nozzles, where isolated means that the nozzle must be sufficiently remote from any other stress discontinuity so that the effect of the other discontinuity is negligible in the vicinity of nozzle-shell junction. Theoretically, this distance may be very large, but ifthe distance from the junction is greater than about 2\DT on the vessel or 2\dt on the nozzle, the theory is deemed to provide reasonable design guidance. ‘The theory isnot applicable to nozzles that protrude inside the vessel. The nozzle, if of adifferent thickness than the attached branch pipe, should have an axial length of not less than 2ydt. The nozzle must be tached to the vessel by a through-penetration weld. 3.3. Mr, Ve. Vi Nozzle Loads Stresses in the vessel at the nozzle may be estimated by 1 = 2Me/(xd°P), 9) 1 = 2V (xd). ao) Wai 0) + Sureses in the nozae at the vesel may be estimated a > oy wrt) f 2My/xd"t), ay + 1 = 2V/Undt), (a2) Circumferential In Eqs. (10) and (12), V; = V_ or V;,, Equations (9)~(12) bending, are nominal shear stress equations. For D/D up to shout Othe equations are deemed tobe tasonebly - accurate. For larger d/D (e.g., d/D = 0.5), the equa- og oo + a 3.4 Stresses Due to Combined Nozzle Loads ‘ Revised WRC Bulletin 297Stresses as a function of @ are Load Longitudinal Transverse plane plane (6 = 0°, 180°) (@ = 90°, 270°) P Maximum Maximum M. Negligible Maximum ML Maximum. For a few combinations of 2, d/t, and T/t, the maxi- mum stresses occur off the indicated planes; Figs. 3-58 represent the off-plane stresses for those combina- tions of parameters. Stresses due to Mr, V., and Vi may conservatively be assumed to be constant as a function of @ and equal to the calculated maximum value. However, these loads produce shear stresses and, for comparison allowable stresses in pressure vessel and piping cod it is appropriate to calculate stress intensity by the following equation. S = largest absolute magnitude of: ‘Mar + 05 + [(o,— a9) + 479], (13a) ‘ile, + oy — Ma, — a9) + 427], (13) (lo, ~ 09)? + 404, (130) For the longitudinal plane, 9, = a(P) + 0M); aa) for the transverse plane, 9,3 o(P) + (Ms (15) where j = r or 4, «(P) = stress due to nozzle load P, and similarly for o,(M) and o((M,). For both planes, = (My) +7(V) + Vp). a6) Equations (13)-(16) apply directly to stresses in the vessel. For the nozzle, Eqs. (5)~(8) provide a method for calculating the axial and circumferential stresses in the nozzle. Accordingly, Eqs. (13)-(16) may be applied to the nozzle by substituting o for ¢, and a. for oy. Equation (16) is a conservative approximation that ccan be used when shear stress are not significant com- pared with the direct stresses, However, if shear stresses due to V, and Vi become significant, it should be recognized that their maximum values and zero values occur 90° apart from each other. Thus, Eq. (16) should be separated into the following two expres- sio (My) + 1(V,) for Vo, (26a) 11,5 (My) + 2(V,) for Vy, (as) ‘The larger shear stress from Eqs. (16a) or (16b) should be used in Eqs. (13a), (13b), oF (13e). 4.0 Evaluation of Loads External loadings on nozzles usually are imposed by 4 piping system attached to the nozzle. Magnitudes of the loads are calculated by an analysis of the piping system. If the piping system analysis is not accurate, then the calculated stresses due to the calculated loads share that inaccuracy. This aspect is particularly sig- nificant for the large D/T vessels covered by this Bul- letin, because nozzles in such vessels are very flexible. If the nozzle flexibility is not included in the piping system analysis, P, M., and Mr, may be overestimated by several orders of magnitude. Reference 3 does not provide data on flexibility of nozzles in vessels. However, Ref. 4 and the Shelltech Progress Report® dated May 15, 1983, provide some data on flexibility. These data are included here as Figs. 59 and 60. Ttis to be noted that the curves in these figures cover anarrow range of parameters and are appropriate only within this range of parameters. They provide approx- imate values of flexibilities for the case of thin shells having simply supported boundary conditions with ends remaining round but free to rotate. Furthermore, for Fig. 89, t> T and thus the nozzle can be considered to be essentially rigid. Nozzles with a large d/t ratio may be significantly more flexible than indicated by some of the data here. Further, it was shown in Ref. 11 that the flexibilities are very sensitive to assumed boundary conditions for short cylindrical shells and that this sensitivity is more pronounced for large pene- trations. The use of Figs. 59 and 60 for geometries and boundary conditions other than those used here, could, therefore, result in significant inaccuracies. More information on this subject can be found Refs. 6, 7 and 11. A general discussion of flexibility factors as well as a comprehensive presentation of de- sign data is planned for a future WRC bulletin. ‘Appendix A includes an example of the conversi of data from Figs. 59 and 60 to a “flexibility facto whereby the effect of nozzle flexibility on a piping system is intuitively apparent to piping system design- 5.0 References 1. ASME Roier and Premure Vowel Code, Sec ‘Conpanent, Bi American Society Mechanical ‘see Nucla Power Plat eens New Yorks 17 Ae 196, tevee pena ar Sorrel vl er eae gn ar Sere sure Vessels, Sbeitech Report 80+ submited wo PURC Subeommnter 00 ied Gp Bc aa aia hee ee fies State aes Vat eta ‘Sate Journal of Pressure Vessel Pechnotony, (au. 1350] rege mime te neta ere ‘appara bg beech he ee 18 ANG Code for Fresure Mpeg, ANGULAR BAT, Power Poin Ao aca ne Noy ak 80 it -FARS00 non Carbs a Fl To. Napili eau, rea Rng ie Cold en te e"Mokhtarian, Kad Enaicat is Senavity Analysis of Flexibility ag utes es nee Qraen ond eal af latent PUPA. 105, American Society uf Mechanical Boaneern, New York, Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 567891 5 Boonen es ww 0.0, Fig. 9—Internal moment stress resuitants my due to Pead-—(d = 10.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297rest 67ear 5 Geclae tne a ze? Fig. 4—Internal moment stress resutants duo 1 P-load-—(alt = 20.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells0.10 Fig. 5—Internal moment stress resultants m, due to P-ioad—a/t = 20.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297peor 6 rest 6 a = = Fig. 6—Intornal moment stress resultant my due 1 P-load—(a/t = 50.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells10 67691 5 Fig, 7—Intemal moment stress cesultans my due to Pload—{a/t = 100.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297 6 768i 5 10.0 0.10Fig. 8—Interna force stress resultants ny due 10 P-oad—1a/t = 10.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells earl $6 7841Tt ps lo} rH os_| TArsLo —l : ternal force stress resultants#, due to P-oad—(alt = 20.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297 0.01Poge ao Fig, 10—Internal force stross resultants 1, due to P-oad—(eit = 30.0) Stresses in Cylindrical ShellsFig, 11-—Itornal force stress cesutantsn, due to P-load—(dt = 50.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 29710.0 1.00 rest 6 5 0.01 0.04 Fig, 12—Inernal force stress rasutants , ve to Poad—ta/t = 100) ‘Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 1516 Fig 13--Intwmnal moment sress resultants my due 1 P-load-—(a/t = 10.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297 0.0 6 769i 5 6 3 10.0 0.10 0.01Fig. 14—inornal moment sess resutants my due to Poad-—t = 20.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells Ww18, 6 788i 10.0 5 1.00 a Ss o a s Bnew ae no gorse er x ° Fig. 15-—internal moment stress resultanls m, due to Poad--(a = 30.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 29767891 5 Fig. 16 Internal moment stess resultants my due to P-load-—(4/t = 50.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells rao 6 6 789i 5 10.0 9Fig. 17 Internal moment sess resultants ms due to P-load—(a/t = 100.0), Revised WRC Bulletin 297 10.0Fig. 18—Ilernal force ress resultants due to Poad—(t = 10.0) ‘Stresses in Cylindrical Shells au2 Fig I Torce stress resutants nue to Poad-—/t = 20.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297671eer 5 ov 0.9) Fig. 20—Internal force stress resultants ny dve to P-load—{a/t = 30.0) Stresses in Cylindrical ShellsFg 2 veto Peat = $0.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297 ree (0.0 6rest 6 reson 6 5 Fig, 22—Imerna force stess resultants ny due o Pload—ia 100.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 2526 Fig. 23—Imornal moment sess resultants m, due to Me-toad—(éit = 10.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297 rai é 0.10 0.01past 6 er 6 3 s peat Fig, 24—Inornal moment stress resutants m, due to M.loed-—(dt = 30.0) ‘Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 27Fig, 25.~ineunal moment sess cesuttants my due to Mload—{é/t = $0.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 29767891 5 Fig, 26—Inernal moment sess resultants my due to M-load—{a/t = 100.0) ‘Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 10.030 Fig. 27-tnternal force strass reultants nue to Mc-load—a/t = 10.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297peor 6 & Fig. 28 Internal force stress resutants ry due to Meload—{t = 20.0) ‘Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 0.10 31ternal force stess resutants a, dus to M,-load-—(4/1 = 30.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297é 5 Fig, 30—internal force stiess resultant n ue 10 M.-load (ait = 50.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 3367891 5 6 7aor 5 Fig. 31—Intoral force stress resuitans fy de to M.-oad—(4/t = 100.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297 raei 6 pest ‘Fig 22 Internal moment sires resuants ms due 19 M-toad—Io/t = 10.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 94 350.1 “vernal moment stress resultant my cue to M.-oad-—(a/t = 30.0) 36 Revised WRC Bulletin 297Fig. 94—Internal moment stress cesutants ms due to M-tosd—{d/t = 50.0) ‘Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 10.0 3738 6 7ast 5 Fig. 35.—Iinernat moment stress resutants my due 1o M-oad —(a/t = 100.0), Revised WRC Bulletin 297Fig, 36-intornal force stress resultants ry due to M,-load-—(a/t = 10.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 3940 67891 5 67891 5 Fig. 37——Intornal force stress resuttants ny dve to M,load—(4t = 20.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 2976 7eo1 5 reo 6 Fig. 38 —tnornalfo1ce stress resultantsn, cue to M-toad-—(a/t = 30.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 442 rest 6 Fig, 39—Intornal force strassresutants ny de to M.oad—t = $0.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297Fig, 40—Inernal force stress resultant nde to M,-load-—{d/t = 100.0) Stresses in Cylindrical ShellsFig. 41—otenal moment stress cesullants m, due to Mtoad—(a = 10.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297peor 6 2891 6 67891 5 Fig. 42-—Internal moment stoss rsuitants m, due to M.ioad-{a/t = 80.0) ‘Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 4546 Fig. 43. Internal moment sressresultants m, due to M-load —(a/t = 60.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297444 intemal momen toss resultants m, due to M load-~(6/t = 100.0) ‘Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 10.0 748 Fig, 45—Internal force stress resultants ny cue to M-4oad—{a/t = 10.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297Fig 46 Internal force sess resuitans m due to Mload—te/t = 20.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 4950. Fig. 47—Internal torce stress resutantsn, due to Mload—(a/t = 30 0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297a Fig, 48— internal force tess resullants due to M-load-—(t = $0.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 51Fig. 49—inorna force stress resltants n due to M,load—jd/ = 100.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297reon 6 5 6 7ean 5 Fig. $0—Intens! moment sts resutants mu due to M, toad 10.0) ‘Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 5354 Fig. 51—Internal moment svess resutants my due to M.-load—(a/t = 30.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297Teen 6 5 Fig, 52—Inernal moment stress resuilants mw due to MJoad-—(at = 60.0) ‘Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 5556 Fig. 50-1 Internal moment stress rsuitants me due to M-load—(d/t = 100.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297Fig, S4—Intrnal moment tess rsultants my due 1 M sioad {elt = 10.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells rasi 5 10.0 0.106 7ael 0.0 5 0.10 0.01 Boone w ev nw 2 0.04 Fig, 85—ternal force sires resuitants my due to M-load-—ta/t = 20.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 2976 7e51 5 Fig 56—Internal force sitess results 15 n d0 10 M-oad-—(at = 80.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 0.04, 0.01rasa pean pest 5 a 2 Fig, S7—nternal force stress resutants veto M,-load—(4/t = 50.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297peat 56 67891 5 67891 5 Fig. 58 Internal force stress resuitants ny due 10 Mad —(6/t Stresses in Cylindrical Shells radi 0.0 0.10“GIV108 OL a3us UV Ang GNNO’ NIVWSY SONS) TIRHS TWOIuONTIAD NIL GBLUOddNS ATANIS 40 IONS] = 7 ‘TT t 190 Stress factor «or axial oad P on nozzle Fig. 59— Revised WRC Bulletin 297 62So Oo oe ool =v (aiviow o4 33u4 3uv Ff Ane ONNOU Nive SON3) TISHS WOIHONITAD NIHL G3LUOddNS ATMS JO HINT] = 7 ieeros » ec z iésios + € z Crs oece tt (lod) e139 is toy Ww Fig. 60-—Sttness factors M/ET? (0) foe moment loadings of nozzle 63 ‘Stresses in Cylindrical ShellsAppendix A—Example Calculations ‘A-l Example No. !Stresses for Each Load Assume that an isolated nozzle in a vessel has the dimensions: D = 1200 in,, T = 1.00 in. d = 30 in, and ¢ = 0.375 in. ‘The assumed" nozzle loads are: P = 35,340 Ib, M, = 530,140 in.-1b, My = 265,070 in.-1b, ‘The parameters for use with A= d/D)VD/T dit = 30/0.395 = 8, Tht = 1.00/0.375 = 2. ‘Table A-1 shows the values of m,, ny ms, and ny ob- tained from Figs. 3-58. Interpolation on d/t between figures with d/t = 50 and d/t = 100 and on T/t between 2and 5 was used to obtain the data given in Table A-1. ‘The data from Table A-1 are used in Eqs. (1)-(8) to obtain the stresses shown in Table A-2. Typical calcu- lations are shown below. (1) Total o, in vessel due to P = 35,340 lb, Eq. (1): ('35,340/1.002)(0,068 + 6 x 0.15) 2,400 + 31,800 psi = 34,200 psi outer surface, 29,400 psi inner surface. (2) Total oy in vessel due to M; = 530,140 in.-tb, Eq. (a: 4 = [830,140/(1.008 x 30)}(0.12 + 6 X 0.16) = 2,120 4 16,960 = 19,080 psi outer surface, ~14,840 si inner surface, (3) Total a, in nozzle due to My, = 265,070 in.-Ib, Eq. ©): 4 = [265,070/(0.3752 x 30)][4/80x & (6 X 0.17-3 x 0.076) = 1,000 + 49,760 = 50,760 psi outer surface, ~48,760 Psi inner surface. Calculations of stresses due to Mr, Vo, and V;,, using Eqs. (9)-(12), are quite simple. For example, by Eq. (9) 1 = 2X 397,610/(x X 30? x 1,00) = 281 psi sives the shear stress in the vessel due to Mr and, by Eq, (ay X 397,610/(n x 302 x 0.975) gives the shear stress in the nozzle due to My. ‘A-2 Stress Intensities Due to Combined Loads Equations (13)-(16) were used to obtain the stress intensities shown in Table A-3. The following indicates 7 Tins ee sah ha ol wes TS Mosiea) in detail how the stress intensities in the first line of ‘Table A-3 (vessel, longitudinal plane, and outer surface) were calculated. From Table A-2, the membrane stresses due to P and ‘M1 are 2,400 + 670 = 3,070 psi in the r-direction, and ‘9,190 + 2,390 = 11,580 psi in the @-direction. The shear stress due to Mr, V., and Vz, is 281 + 562 + 450 = 1,293 psi. Equations (13a) and (13b) then give: S = [3,070 + 11,580 + [(3,070 — 11,580)? +4 x 12933]1/2 ‘The + part of the + sign gives the larger value of S, S= 11,770 psi From Table A-2, the bending stress due to P and Mr is 31,800 + 9,010 = 40,810 psi in the r-direction and 23,300 + 6,890 = 30,190 psi in the 8-direction. The shear stress does not influence the bending, hence Eq. (13) ives: S = 40,810 psi. From Table A-2, the total stress due to P and My on the outer surface is 34,200 + 9,680 = 43,880 psi in the redirection and 32,490 + 9,280 = 41,770 psi in the 6- rection. The shear stress is 1,293 psi and is included since it influences the total S. Accordingly, Eq. (13a) gives: S= 3,880 + 41,770 + ((43,880 ~ 41,770)? + 4x 1,2082)174/2 = 44,490 psi. ‘The stress intensities in the second through the fourth ines of Table A-3 were calculated in a similar manner. For nozzle stresses in Table A-2, 0, = ayand 09 = o¢ As an example, total stress intensity for the nozzle, longitudinal plane, and outer surface is calculated as follows: The total stress due to P and Mz on the outer surface is cy = 175,900 + 50,760 = 226,660 psi (Table A-2), With o¢ = 9,190 + 2,390 = 11,580 psi and r due to Mrr, Ve, and Vi, equal to 3,450 psi, Eq, (13) gives: (226,660 + 11,580 + [(226,660 - 11,580)? +4 3,4502]121/2 = 226,720 psi. A-3 Significance of Calculated Stresses ‘To continue the example, we assume that the mate tial is a carbon steel such as ASTM A106 Grade B. This material has a specified minimum yield strength of 35,000 psi. For A106 Grade B piping, the allowable stress range at temperatures up to 650° F in piping codes such as ANSI B 31.18 is between 22,500 and 37,500 psi, depending on the magnitude of “sustained” loads. ‘The calculated stress in the nozzle, considered as a piece of straight pipe using ANSI B 31.1 proposed methods, S (M2 + M2 + M212 / (Fax) Revised WRC Bulletin 297| A = in Em he a A BD! i Table A-1—Example Calculations, Values of my my my, and ny for d= 87, d/ = 80, TA = 267 Load de = Figure Vale = Figure Value Ra vate Pp 50 8 ou u 0.080 a 2 100 7 015, 2 0.060 2 0 015, 0.068 Mo as 020 30 010 a9 wo 02 31 0.08 0 80 oat 0.09. M 9 a6 6 0.088 st 100 ws ou Pr 0.068 38 80 07 0076 ‘Table A-2—Example Calculation, Stresses Due to P, Mo, and Mi * Equation ‘pele Equation sie Load Part “No Menibvane —“‘Henang —Tora® “No, ambrane "bending Total® Po Vessel ay 2.400 ‘ 2 23300 s2490 Nowsle (5) 11000 @ 31190, Me Vessel (3) 1590 @ 16960 19,080 Nowle (6) 200 ® = 2120 ML Vessel 13) ‘io @ 6a90 9280 Nowle 16) 1.000 ® = 2380 {B= 86.840 1b, Pid) = 1000 psi, M, = $00,140 in-lb, MJ Crd4/4) = 2000 pu, Mb, = 265,080 in. 1b, Mtrd2/4) = 1000 pi. For the nozale, the stresses are (axial) 5 For the nozale, the stresaes area (ir.) 4 Strestes are forthe outer surface, Table A-3—Example Calculation, Stress Intensity for Combined Loads S tpsi) Wemivane ——* Soramg Twat Port Plone Surface Vessel Loita Outer 1.70 40310 44490 Tener 170 s0300 a0 ‘Transverse Outer 11390 S40 saa10 Inner 11590 4070 50.360 Nowe! Loneitdina Outer 12690 224600 228'700 Tener 12590, 224.560 2345300 ‘Transverse Oster 12360 299.300 302340 Inner 12360, 250;300 307590 * Calculated by Ba (1) For the nozile, oy ay and 2¢= ce (680,140)? + (265,070)2 in that it indicates a strain, due to the loadings, of about oT 1.0%. A106 Grade B material is quite ductile, hence the sonsiony /[E< XS aeas ps, eins aicecdere me ee ‘ intersection cannot maintain the loads in a one-time Despite the fact that the nozzle-pipe is stressed to about 1/10 of the levels allowed by ANSI B 31.1, we see in Table A-3 that the maximum is 307,690 psi. This is typical of nozzles in vessels with large D/T and large Th. Perhaps the first thing that should be done, in an actual case, is to make sure that the loads have been appropriately calculated as discussed in Section 4. As- suming that this has been done and the loads are in fact, ‘appropriate, we note that S = 307,690 psi is about 9 times the material yield strength. Nevertheless, for the discontinuity-type bending stresses involved in P. Mc, ‘and My loadings, the value of S = 307,690 psi is relevant application. For cyclic loads, a fatigue analysis should be performed to guard against fatigue failure. More generally, if membrane normal and shear stresses are below the material yield strength, and if the ‘materials (including welds) are reasonably ductile, then the major significancet of the total stresses is with re- spect to fatigue. ‘An appropriate “peak stress” factor must be included in a fatigue evaluation. For the purpose of this example, ‘Teeny be una eeapin ach ana glam ined vel ora maar at ‘aay be enued by lsticatraag. ‘Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 65wwe assume a peak stress factor of 1.00. An evaluation ot the fatigue life can he made using the procedure given in Subsection NB of Ref. 1. We consider the cycle of applying all six loads si rmultaneousiy and removing them simultaneously. The maximum primary-plus-secondary stress intensity range, Pi, + Py + Q, is then equal to (max.) = 307,690 Psi. Since this is above the 3S, limit (= 60,000 psi for A106 B at 100F), the simplified elastic-plastic analysis, of NB-3228.5 can be used. This Code paragraph allows ‘exceeding the 3S, allowable provided that the stress intensity range, excluding thermal bending stresses, does not exceed 38, and that a factor Kis applied to the peak stress intensity used for fatigue analysis. Test data” show that the K, factor provides ample con- servatism when the displacement-controlled loads, such 4s those due to restraint of thermal expansion of the piping system, contribute to the range of stress inten- sity. In the following fatigue evaluation, itis assumed that the stress intensity ranges are due to displace- ment-controlled loads. Accordingly, an estimate of the fatigue life can be obtained by calculating the stress amplitude 8, = K S (max)/2 = 5 X 307,690/2 = 769 ksi. Using S, = 769 ksi, the Code Figure I-9.1 indicates that the vessel/nozale is acceptable for about seven cycles of the loadings. Although the preceding may allay the question of some designer who happens to have a vessel/nozale similar to this example, which has been in satisfactory (noneycli) service for many years, most designers would probably prefer to have lower calculated stresses. An “obvious “fix” in this example is to increase t by, for ex- ample, using a 1.0-in.-thick nozzle with a length of 2V/dt_ = 2V/30X 10 = 11.0 in, In the following, we briefly run through the recalculation of S in the transverse plane. ‘The value of \ remains 0.866 but now d/t = 30/1.0 = 30 and ‘T/t = 1.0. For these parameters, the following stress resultants are obtained from Figs. 5, 10, 15, 20, 24, my, a my ny 0.22 0.086 0.07808 0.290.088 0.11 0.07 For the nozzle, the maximum stress intensity occurs on the inside of the neck. At this location, the following stresses are calculated from Eqs. (5) thru (8). Load oulpsi) a.(psi) Pp 37,155, 6,260 M, 25,330 1,240 ‘Total 62,485 7,600 ‘The total shear stress + = 1,293 psi as calculate Section A-2. ‘The maximum nozzle stress intensity as calculated from Eq, (13¢) is: S = {(~62,485 — 7,600)? + 4 1,293%]17 = 10,130 psi For the vessel, the maximum stress intens the outside of the shell. AC this lucation. the tullosi stresses are calculated from Eas. (1)-(4) Load on(psid (psd P 49, 900 Me 32, ‘900 ‘Total 82, ‘The total shear stress is again 7 = 1,29% psi. ‘The maximum shell stress intensity as calculated from Eq. (13a) is: 182,000 + 85,800 + [(82,000 ~ 35,8002 +4 x 1.209%) 2,040 psi. It is seen that for t = 1 in., the maximum stress intensity has shifted to the vessel, transverse plane, and outer surface. Continuing with the assumption that the peak stress factor is 1.0 and using the fatigue evaluation procedure of Ref. L: A design cyclic life of 2,000 cycles is more than adequate for most vessel/piping installations. Further increase in the nozzle wall will not reduce the maxirnum S. In this example, making’T/t = 1.0 is about an op| imum. If for some reason, the designer wishes to have lower calcu lated stresses by the procedures given herein, he might: 1. change the piping supports to reduce the loads, and/or 2. use an insert plate in the vessel to increase T and also further increase the nozzle thickness, . ‘A-4 Example No. 2—Model and Loads ‘Assume an isolated nozzle in a tank or vessel with the following dimensions: D = 1800in. 10 in. 2.0 in. (thickness of insert plate) d’ = nozzle outside diameter = 25 in. t_ = nozzle thickness = 0.5 in. width of insert plate = 80 in. Fig. A-1 is a sketch of this example model Assume the following loads are applied by the nozzle to the shell at the nozzle-shell intersection: P= 10,000 1b, M_= 500,000 in.-Ib, Mr, = 400,000 in.-Ib. A-5 Nozzle Reinforcement Most codes include rules for replacement of shell area ‘cut out by a penetration, within certain limits from the penetration to shell junction. Such area replacement rules are meant to restore the internal pressure capa: = Revised WRC Bulletin 297T Fig. A-1—Model geometry—All material A-36 bility ofa shell with a cutout, and do not account for any local loads applied to the shell by the nozzle. Such local reinforcement is normally in the form of an insert plate or @ pad plate; (sometimes in combination with a thickened nozzle neck) ‘The rules of this bulletin do not directly cover the treatment of local reinforcement; however, with some judgment in the use of these rules, a reasonable analysis of reinforced penetration junctions can be made. If the width of the shell reinforcement (pad plate or insert plate) is less than 1.65y RT, then conservatism would require that no credit be taken for the reinforcing material when calculating stress resultants at the junction, ‘The recommended value of T to be used in such cases is the thickness of the shell. However, bending stresses, both in the shell and nozzle neck, may be higher as a result of local reinforcement. This possibility could be investigated by using the value of insert plate thickness ora combination of shell and pad plate thicknesses for “Pin calculating M, and My If the width of the shell reinforcement (pad plate or insert plate) is equal to or greater than LO5VRT (T. being the insert plate thickness or shell plus pad plate thickness, depending on whether reinforcing is in the form of insert plate or pad plate), it ean be assumed that the thickness ofthe reinforced portion of the shell would determine the state of stress at the nozzle-to-shell junction. The value of to be used with the rules ofthis Bulletin could be the insert plate thickness or a com- bination of shell and pad plate thicknesses. For such cases, the stresses in the shell at the outer end of the reinforcing plate should also be checked, to assure that ph aS telomere Stresses in Cylindrical Shells «is the stresses due to local loads do not cause an overstress of the unrenforeed portion of the shell W = 80 in, is greater than 1.65VRT. #1 ‘65/9002 X 2 = 70 in, and, therefore, the value of T to be used in the calculations will be the insert thickness of Zin. A-6 Calculating Stress Resultants ‘The parameters used for the analysis are pee V1800 2 25 2 ant 05 ‘The values of dimensionless stress resultants are tab- ulated in Table A-4: ‘The following surface stresses are calculated from Eqs. (4): A= = 0.42; rae di 0; Th Due to P r= 82003026030) = 2901.8 «y= 1220 03626000 = 90200 Due to M. = OR (010 & 6X 0.14) = 500 4,200 psi, (0.07 & 0.27) = -350 + 8,100 psi (2x25 Due toMy 4 10 £6 X 0.14) = 400 + 3,360 psi, arn 0 ) = 400 + 3,360 psi a (2x25 ‘The axial nozzle surface stresses at the shell junction are calculated from Eqs. (5) and (6): (0.13 + 6 X 0.25) = 520 + 6,000 psi. Due to P a Oca bet 500,000, x05 Due to My Dene 1,630 + 34,560 psi. o% 67il a _Table A-4—Values of Dimensionless Siress Resultans for \ = 0.42, d/t = $0, 7/ tnd Figure Vale Pg “igure Vale) Pgs Vala P 6 oz " o10 6 020 2 036 Me 25 ou 2 10 M on 9 on M. 6 ou “8 ou 52 025 a ans ‘The circumferential nozzle membrane stresses at the shell junction are calculated from Eqs. (7) and (8): due to P A-T Stress Intensities due to Combined Loads ‘There are no shear stresses calculated for the imposed loads, therefore, Eqs. (13a)~(13e) reduce to the fol- lowing: 8 ‘The values of S for the outer and inner surfaces, on longitudinal and transverse planes, have been calculated and tabulated in Table A-6. It should be noted that for the longitudinal plane, the stresses from P and My loadings have been combined, whereas for the transverse plane, the stresses from P and M, loadings have been combined. ‘The stress components in Table A-5 are for the outer surface. For the inner surface, the sign of the bending stresses will be the opposite of those shown in Table A-5, largest absolute magnitude of 0,,09,01,~0%. A-8 Significance of Calculated Stresses ‘The general membrane stresses, due to internal pressure, allowed by various codes and standards are in the range of 0.6 to 0.7 times yield strength. For A36 material, such allowable stresses will be in the range of 21.6 to 25.2 ksi. The allowables for local membrane stresses at discontinuities such as nozzles are normally 1.1 to 1. times as high as those for general membrance stresses, depending on the design code and the nozzle details used. The limit on local bending stresses depends on the nature of the loads. For noneyclic (very infre: quent) loads that do not reverse direction, the local surface stress intensities could be allowed to go as high ‘as three times the general membrane allowable. How- ever, for reversible cyclic loads, amplitude of the surface stress is usually limited to 1.5 times the general mem: brane allowable (for example, see Ref. 1). For this ex- ample problem, the maximum calculated membrane and surface stress intensities in the vessel are, respec- tively, 1,420 and 11,650 psi, both of which are less than the allowable for general membrane stresses. If either of these values exceeds the increase allowed over general membrane stress, then either the internal pressure stresses would have to be reduced, the insert plate thickness increased, or the loads reduced. ‘The stresses in the nozzle wall are considerably higher than those in the vessel shell. This is to be expected because of the relatively thin nozzle neck. In this ex- ample, the maximum calculated surface stress intensity is 62,292 psi, which is just under three times the allow- able general primary membrane stress intensity for A36 material. Therefore, the selected nozzle configuration is satisfactory for the specified external loads if they are noncyclic and nonreversible and the vessel is not subject. to internal pressure. If the loads were cyclic and re- versible, an elastic-plastic fatigue analysis, as demon- strated in Example No. 1 in Appendix A, would have to be performed. Table A-S—Strosses due to P, M. and M, Wanbiane rate ——razat Se aig —Total Load Part P Vessel 250 1800 2050 3.000 3,900, Nome 255, 16300 17055 = ‘300 M Vessel $200 8,100 1350 Nozzle «3.200 — 350 My Vessel 2.360 6000 6520 Nowe 4560 = 520 ‘Stresses inthis ble ate forthe outer 1 Ror the nozzle, the streses are oy (axa) or the nozzle, the stresses are deine) CJ Revised WRC Bulletin 297‘Table A:6—Stress Intonsiti for Combined Loads Wembramt ———$Eaq tat Part Plone Surface Vessel Longitudinal ‘Outer Inner Transverse Outer Inner Nozslee Longitudinal Outer Inner Transverse Outer “For the noatle, 4 # ayand o¢ = 2 Example No. 3 Nozzle Flexibility Reference 1, NB-3686.5, defines a nozzle flexibility factor by the equation: o= . i El, (Aa) where @ is the rotation of the nozzle. the vessel surface, in radians, E = modulus of elasticity, and I, is the moment of inertia of the nozzle; I, = xd"t/8. It is informative to derive a k from the M/(ET“) given in Fig. 60: —M ETA) where {(A) is the parameter (M/ET"#) obtained from Fig. 60, Equation (A.2) can be written as Md__[x(dyi/t)* 1 EGrd/a) E(t) (x) ail’ “ and kis the quantity in [ |. Consider an isolated nozzle in a simply supported vessel. The dimensions are assumed as those in Exam- ple No. 1:2 = 0.886 for the 0:375-in. wall nozzle, d/t = 80, and 'T/t = 2.67. By interpolating between the T/t curves of Fig. 60 for Mi. f(A) = 1.9 and Eq. (A.3) giv k = 0.3927(80)"(0.375)'/1,9 = 69.75, From Fig. 60 for Mc, f(A) isa function of 4 as well as T/ ‘tand the value of k ranges between approximately 204 and 179 for A between 14 and 100. To bring the nozzle k’s into perspective for piping systems designers, the flexibility factor fora long radi- us elbow in the 30 in. X 0.375 in. pipe is 21.5. The nozzle k’s, ranging from 70 to 180, indicate that the nozzle flexibility is equivalent to the lexibility of 3 to8 elbows; concentrated as a point spring at the juncture of the pipe with the vessel. Of course, the effect of the nozzle flexibility will depend on the details of the pip. ing system and its supports. but itis apparent that fa many piping systems ignoring the nozzle flexibility could lead to an order of magnitude overestimate of the moment loads on the nozzle is with respect to (A2) 1.620 9,000 10,420 1420 9,000 "7580 750 11,100 11880 750 1.300 10380 1885, 51,380 55245 1885 51/360 50,895 292 60,000 280 50,000 Appendix B—Comparison of This Bulletin’s Results with FEM Analyses Results Introduction ‘The purpose of this Appendix is to compare stress resultants, nozzle stresses, and stiffness factors ob- tained from this Bulletin to stress resultants, nozale stresses, and stiffness factors calculated from the re~ sults of linear elastic, 3-D finite element analyses per- formed for the same geometries. The finite element analyses were done by the Chicago Bridge and Iron Company (CBI) using their version of the “SAP4” ‘Structural Analysis Program for Static and Dynamic Response of Linear Systems. Membrane and bending behavior is included in the plate elements. Description of Analysis Models ‘The geometries of the four configurations analyzed consist of a small nozzle in a larger cylindrical shell as, shown in Fig. B-1. The geometry of the nozzle in each of the four configurations is identical and is flush on the inside of the shell and projects outward from the shell. The thickness, mean diameter, and length of the nozzle are 0.2 in., 10 in., and 100 in, (10 diam), respec- tively. The nozzles are assumed to be welded to the cylindrical shells with full penetration welds; however, any affects of corner fillet welds are disregarded in the analyses. The thickness of the shells varies inversely with the mean diameter of the corresponding shells such that the A values (4//DT = 0.51) remain constant for all four configurations. Table B-1 summarizes the geometry of the four configurations analyzed. Note that the third and fourth models listed in Table B-1 For each configuration, a model consisting of one quarter (90°) of the nozzle and one quarter (90°) of the shell circumference was generated with two-dimen sional plate/shell elements having six nodal degrees of freedom. To ensure that the results at the nozzle/shell junction are not influenced by the boundary conditions set at the top of the shell, 1465 in. (about 100/RT) of the shell vertically from the horizontal centerline of the ‘Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 69Lomerrupinay, PLANE Fig. 8-1—Nozzleto-shell mode! configuration nozzle was included in the model. At the top edge of the shell, the translational displacements in the radial di- rection as well as the rotations about all axes were re- strained through the use of boundary elements. Along. ‘the edge of the shell, which lies on the vertical plane away from the nozzle/shell junction (through the y axis), a symmetry boundary condition was imposed. Sym- metric/antisymmetric boundary conditions, as appl cable, were imposed along the model edges, which lie on the vertical and horizontal planes. These planes pass through the centerline of the nozzle. See Fig. B-2 for a plot of the finite element mesh for the R = 500: configuration, As shown in Fig, B-2, the size of the elements in the vicinity of the nozzle/shell junction was made suffi- ciently small (less than 0.25\/RT) to ensure that accu- rate results are obtained in this area. Away from the junction, the element size was gradually increased toa ‘much larger size since these regions were modeled to account for their stiffness only. ‘Model Loadings and Results ‘Three separate unit load cases were considered in the finite element analyses. They were 1. unit radial nozzle load P = 1000 Ib, 2. unit lonitudinal moment Mi, = 1000 in.-Ib, and 3. unit circumferential moment M. = 1000 in.-Ib. All stress resultants were calculated from component. stresses output by the finite element program. The stress components were factored by the following terms, as applicable, to obtain the reported nondimensional stress resultants: (1) The inverse of the unit load, (2) the corresponding shell thickness, and (3) the nozzle outer diameter (d = 10.2 in.) BG OO FS TT aoe Fig. 8-2—Finte element mesh Stiffness factors were calculated using deflections and rotations at nozzle to shell junctions obtained from the finite element analyses and listed in Table B-2. For the radial load cases, the following formula (shown in Fig. 59) was used a= (P/w)AP/W)prL0AD where @ = stiffness factor, P = radial nozzle load, = radial deflection due to P, Pharersoan 4.95 ET?/DA12, = modulus of elasticity, as defined in Sec. 2 of this Bulletin. t DA For the moment load cases, the following formula was used (see Fig. 60) where M 6 moment load on nozzle (either Mi. or Mc), = rotation at centerline of nozzle in radians due toeither My or M,, =L/vDT. we obtain for all four analyzed From Table B-1, models: L = 291031 DT = 400 = 2910//400 = 145.5. 7 Revised WRC Bulletin 297