Mobile

phones, Internet, informa3on,

knowledge: Myanmar 2016

Presented by Helani Galpaya

Research Team: Helani Galpaya, Ayesha
Zainudeen, Suthaharan Perampalam, Gayani
Hurulle, Htaike Htaike Aung, Phyu Phyu Thi

This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the InternaAonal Development Research Centre,
Canada and the Department for InternaAonal Development UK..
1
 About LIRNEasia

Our mission:
Catalyzing policy change through research to
improve peoples lives in the emerging Asia Pacic by
facilita<ng their use of hard and so> infrastructures
through the use of knowledge, informa<on and
technology.

2
Countries that we engage with

3
 MIDO
www.myanmarido.org
Myanmar-based non-governmental organizaAon, focusing
on InformaAon and CommunicaAon Technology for
Development (ICT4D) and Internet Policy.
Vision: to narrow the digital divide between rural and
urban Myanmar, with the applicaAon of ICT in
socioeconomic sectors with the aim of reducing poverty
and promoAng inclusiveness.
Headed by a board of directors, MIDO has full-Ame and
part-Ame sta, as well as volunteers.
Conducts naAonwide capacity building in ICTs and engages
in research with the aim of strengthening the core
development goals of Myanmar.

4
 Third Eye contracted for eld research

Myanmar based market research rm (selected through a

compeAAve procurement process)
Carried out eld work (including pilot tesAng of quesAonnaire)
Created in October 2013 as a joint venture between Decision
Support Service (DSS) and an internaAonal investor group with
extensive markeAng and research background.
With its roots in social research, Third Eye has now expanded
into the consumer arena.
Experienced in a wide range of services including market
research, social, economic, and poverty studies.
Also provide analyAcal support for the data that they collect.

5
 LIRNEasia and MIDO: Research and dissemina3on of
research
Demand-side research on ICT needs and uses
2014 How can low-income urban micro-entrepreneurs in Myanmar benet
from ICT use
2015 - With GSMA, Gender, Mobile phones and Internet in Myanmar
2015 - NaAonally representaAve survey on ICT needs and usage in Myanmar
(baseline)
2016 NaAonally representaAve survey of ICT needs and use in Myanmar
(end-line)
2016 How do Myanmar users respond to zero-rated/subsidized mobile
Internet data oers (forthcoming)
2017 Impact analysis of mobile phone rollout in MM using baseline and
end-line survey data (forthcoming)
TranslaAon and publicaAon of books into Myanmar language
(2014)
Ling, Donner (2009). Mobile Communica<on
Elder, Samarajiva, Gillwald, Galperin (2013). Informa<on Lives of the Poor
6
 LIRNEasia and MIDO: Capacity building & policy
interven3ons

2015 - Social media and ICTs for Improved governance

Course for 20 members of Upper and Lower Houses
Course for 70+ members of the Yangon Hlufaw
2014 - ICT sector policy making and regulaAon
Training of 18 Parliamentarians from 6 poliAcal parAes
2014 - ICT sector policy making, regulaAon, monitoring of
sector performance
Training for telecom operators, MPT
2013 ICT regulaAon, how to be good consumers of research
Training civil society organizaAons, government and private sector
Detailed Comments on the telecom legislaAon and regulaAons
(2014) 7
 Outline of presenta3on

Methodology
Respondent and household characterisAcs
Household ICT ownership
Telecom use
Mobile ownership
MulAple SIM use and topping up
Internet use
Digital skills
Non-owners
Computer use
InformaAon sources, needs and access
PercepAons about mobile technology and its impacts

8
METHODOLOGY

9
 Na3onally representa3ve survey on ICT needs and
usage in Myanmar

Purpose:
To assess where Myanmar stands in ICTs now
To measure impacts of mobile in over a year
Focus on mobile and Internet (where in use)
Data collected in Jun-Aug 2016 by computer aided
personal interviewing (CAPI)
7,500 households from 375 clusters (urban=wards;
rural=village tracts)
Household quesAonnaire (from household head)
Individual quesAonnaire (one individual aged 15-69 randomly
selected)
Fieldwork conducted by Third Eye Co

10
 Representa3ve of 97% of households and 96.3% of
popula3on aged 15 - 65

At 3% margin of error,
representaAve of
96.3% populaAon aged 15-65
97% of total households
91.8% of total populaAon

In all accessible areas of Myanmar;

representaAve of 298 of 330
townships
32 townships excluded due to security
concerns

Survey locaAons
11
Source: Survey Solu<ons
 Townships excluded from sampling frame due to
inaccessibility/security concerns (approx. 3% of popula3on)
Townships Survey Not Carried Out
Northern Hills Eastern Hills Delta Long Coast
Chipwi Bawlakhe Cocokyun Buthidaung
Hpakan Hopang Maungdaw
Injangyang Hpapun Rathedaung
Khaunglanhpu Konkyan
Lahe Kunlong
Lay Shi Laukkaing
Machanbaw Matman
Nanyun Mese
Nawngmun Mongmao
Paletwa Mongyawng
Puta-O Narphan
Sumprabum Pangsang
Tanai Pangwaun
Tsawlaw Shadaw

12
 Stra3ed four stage PPS cluster sampling design used
Stage Number selected Sampling frame Method of selecAon
List of townships in order of # of HH [as
Stage 1 74 townships (units) PPS with replacement
per 2014 NaAonal Census]

List of Wards/VTs in sample townships

2 wards + 3 VT per PPS with replacement
Stage 2 in order of # of HH [as per 2014 NaAonal
township
Census]

List of segments in sample wards/VTs in

2 streets per ward + 2
Stage 3 order of # of HH [obtained on the eld PPS SystemaAc sampling
villages per VT
from local administrator]

none; HHs within sample segment listed

Stage 4 10 HH per Segment Circular systemaAc sampling
on the eld

Aser Household data collected from HH head

1 individual per HH List of HH members aged 15-69 in order Kish grid (random number
of age chart)

13
HH Household; VT Village tract
 Stage 1: Selec3on of townships
Comparison with 2015 data

70 townships were sampled in 2015; 74 townships in

2016.
58 townships sampled across the two surveys were the
same
12 townships from the 2015 survey were not sampled in
2016; 16 new townships added instead.
Stage 3: List of wards being Stage 4: Lis3ng of
collected from local households at cluster
administrator leaders home
Getng to the respondents households Interviews being conducted by CAPI
 Data collec3on at household levels

Level Data collected Method Who/where data Representa3on

was collected
from
Household
MM households
characterisAcs - HH head or
Personal living in
Household Income & suitable
interview accessible areas
Expenditure, alternaAve
(97%)
electricity, ICT
Individual
Randomly
characterisAcs; ICT
Personal selected HH PopulaAon aged
Individual use, ICT ownership,
interview member aged 15-69 (96.3%)
percepAons of ICT,
15-69
informaAon needs

Note: For comparability with last years survey, the upper age limit was set to 65
when conducAng analysis, n=7,204
17
 Further stra3ca3on by...

1) Geographic region (Delta, Eastern hills, Long coast, etc.)
2) PopulaAon size (big ciAes; other major ciAes; smaller townships)
3) Urban/rural
 Geographic stra3ca3on

PopulaAon (%) Northern Hills
(8.9%)

Northern hills 8.9

Middle Dry Zone
(26.3%) incl.
Middle dry zone (incl. Mandalay and MDY & NPT 5.7% Eastern Hills
Nay Pyi Taw) 26.3 (14.4%)

Eastern hills 14.4 Lower Valley

(23.8%)
incl. YGN 10%
Lower valley (incl. Yangon) 23.8 Delta
(12.9%)
Long Coast
(13.7%)

Delta 12.9
Northern Hills
Long coast 13.7 Middle dry zone
Eastern hills
Lower valley
Delta
19
Long coast
 Popula3on size stra3ca3on (main strata)

PopulaAon
Criteria Townships
(%)
Big ciAes (Yangon,
PopulaAon
Mandalay, Nay Pyi 46 15.7
>1m
Taw)

Other major ciAes/ PopulaAon

51 28.4
townships* 0.25-1m

PopulaAon
Smaller townships 201 52.3
<0.25m

Excluded
Inaccessible 32 3.6 Excluded
townships
3 Big CiAes
Based on Provisional Results of 2014 Popula<on & Housing Census of Myanmar
*Township consists of urban towns and wards as well as rural village tracts and Other Major CiAes/
villages Townships
Smaller 20
Townships
 Myanmar popula3on and survey sample
Total Urban Rural Urban (% of Rural (% of Urban- Rural-
Total sample
(millions) (millions) (millions) total) total) Sample Sample
State/ Region
Kachin 1.6 0.6 1.1 36% 64% 120 180 300
Kayah 0.3 0.1 0.2 25% 75% 80 120 200
Kayin 1.5 0.3 1.2 22% 78% 80 120 200
Chin 0.5 0.1 0.4 21% 79% 80 120 200
Sagaing 5.3 0.9 4.4 17% 83% 240 360 600
Tanintharyi 1.4 0.3 1.1 24% 76% 120 180 300
Bago 4.9 1.1 3.8 22% 78% 200 300 500
Magway 3.9 0.6 3.3 15% 85% 200 300 500
Mandalay 6.1 2.1 4 35% 65% 560 440 1000
Mon 2.1 0.6 1.5 28% 72% 120 180 300
Rakhine 2.1 0.4 1.7 17% 83% 120 180 300
Yangon 7.4 5.2 2.2 70% 30% 980 320 1300
Shan 5.8 1.4 4.4 24% 76% 240 360 600
Ayeyawady 6.2 0.9 5.3 14% 86% 320 480 800
Nay Pyi Taw 1.2 0.4 0.8 33% 68% 160 240 400
21
Total 50.2 14.9 35.3 30% 70% 3620 3880 7500
 Informa3on gathered

Household Survey
CharacterisAcs of household
members
Housing and living status
Household expenditure and
income
Respondents proles
ICT Use
InformaAon sources, needs
and access
Perceived impact of ICTs

22
RESPONDENT & HOUSEHOLD
CHARACTERISTICS

23
Sample demographics consistent with 2014 Census

Urban/rural split: 2015 Urban/rural split: 2016

31% 32%
Urban Urban
Rural
Rural
69% 68%

Base: All Households surveyed (8,138) Base: All Households surveyed (7,204)

Union Census 2014 %

PopulaAon
Urban 70
Rural 30

24
Sample demographics consistent with 2014 Census

Gender split: 2015 Gender split: 2016

46% 47%
Male Male
54% Female 53% Female

Base: All respondents aged 15-65 Base: All respondents aged 15-65

Union Census 2014 %

PopulaAon
Male 47
Female 25 53
 Sample Prole: Age Distribu3on in Myanmar

Age distribu3on (%)

100
11 12 14
Age distribu3on of respondents (%)

90
80 17 17
19
70
55-65
60 21 21
20 45-54
50
35-44
40 24 24 22 25-34
30
15-24
20
10
0
2014 Union Census 2015 Survey 2016 Survey

26
Base: All respondents aged 15-65
 Wooden houses widely prevalent across urban and
rural areas
Type of house (% of households)

House with plank oor and wall/wooden 49

house 41
Wooden pillar and bamboo-mat wall house 32
15
Common brick house/brick nogging house 6
15
Semi brick house/semi brick nogging house 8
15
0 Rural Wooden house
Common at/ apartment 8
Safe hut built with rudimentary materials 4 Urban
2
Highly renovated brick house 0
1
Flat/apartment with parquet/tongue and -
groove plank ooring 1
Condominium -
1
Unsafe hut lasAng 1 year 0
0
Others -
0 Bamboo house
- 10 20 30 40 50 60
ProporAon of wooden houses have increased in both urban and rural areas, while the proporAon of wooden pillar
and bamboo mat wall houses have fallen.
ProporAon of safe huts with rudimentary materials have halved in both areas.
27
Base: All households surveyed
 House with plank oor and wall/wooden houses
increased in urban
Type of Housing: Urban (% of Myanmar households)
Urban - 2015 Urban -2016
House with plank oor and wall/wooden
house 36 41

Wooden pillar and bamboo-mat wall house 18 15

Common brick house/brick nogging house 15 15

Semi brick house/semi brick nogging house 12 15

Common at/ apartment 11 8

Safe hut built with rudimentary materials 4 2

Highly renovated brick house 2 1

Flat/apartment with parquet/tongue and
groove plank ooring 1 1

Condominium 1 1

Unsafe hut lasAng 1 year 1 0

Others 0 0

- 10 20 30 40 50 - 10 20 30
50 40
28
Base: All Households Surveyed (2015 8128, 2016 - 7204)
Rural MM moving towards beeer housing, 7% increase in
houses with plank oor and wall/wooded house
Type of Housing: Rural (% of Myanmar households)
Rural - 2015 Rural -2016

House with plank oor and wall/wooden house 42

House with plank oor and wall/wooden house 49

36
Wooden pillar and bamboo-mat wall house Wooden pillar and bamboo-mat wall house 32

6
Common brick house/brick nogging house Common brick house/brick nogging house 6

5
Semi brick house/semi brick nogging house Semi brick house/semi brick nogging house 8

Common at/ apartment - Common at/ apartment -

9
Safe hut built with rudimentary materials Safe hut built with rudimentary materials 4

Highly renovated brick house 1 Highly renovated brick house -

Flat/apartment with parquet/tongue and Flat/apartment with parquet/tongue and
groove plank ooring - groove plank ooring -

Condominium - Condominium -

Unsafe hut lasAng 1 year 1 Unsafe hut lasAng 1 year -

Others - Others -

- 10 20 30 40 50 - 10 20 30 40 50
Base: All Households Surveyed (2015 8128, 2016 - 7204)
 Motorcycles/three wheeled car are s3ll dominant but
car ownership doubled.

Ownership of modes of transporta3on (% of households)

Motorcycle/three wheeled car 45

59

Bicycle/electric bicycle 38
33
Union Census 2014
Cart (pony cart/bullock cart) 13 Mode of transportaAon %
12
Car/Truck/Van 3
2
Car (sedan/wagon/van/pick-up/SUV) 4 Motorcycle/Moped 39
2015
Bicycle 36
Boat/sampan 2
2 2016
4-Wheel tractor 3
Canoe/Boat 4
Motorboat/outboard motorboat 1
2 Motor boat 2
0 Cart (bullock) 22
Tractor/any agriculture vehicle 2
Pick-up/home pick-up car/truck/truck freight car/lorry/ 1
other heavy duty vehicle 1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Q: Does your house own a working/funcAoning _________? Base: all households surveyed
 62% in the labor force; others not working in formal
labor force or looking for employment
Main occupa3onal group (% 15-65 popula3on)
FullAme housewife 26
Farmers 16
Self employed in non agriculture 15
Skilled/semi skilled/casual worker 11
Family workers in agriculture/livestock/shery/ 8
Full Ame learning (student) 5
Other business owners 5
Middle/junior ocers/managers 4
Does not work and didn't seek job 3
Old aged and don't work (pension/supports 2 Not in the labor force
Not able to work (unhealthy/disabled) 1
In the labor force
Family worker in non agriculture 1
Owner of livestock/shery/forestry 1
Sought job but didn't get one 1
Full Ame devoAon in religion 1
High rank ocials 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Q: What is main acAvity of [name] during the last 6 months? Base: Myanmar populaAon 15-65
 Labor force par3cipa3on signicantly higher among
men (compared to women)
Labor force par3cipa3on over the previous
Labor force par3cipa3on over the previous six months (% 15-65 popula3on)
six months (% 15-65 popula3on) 100%

80% 42% 36%

100%
60%
Not in the labour
Not in the labour
40% force
80% 38% force
20% In the labour force
In the labour
60% 0%
force
Urban Rural

40%
100%
13%
80%
20%
60% Not in the labour
60% force

0% 40% In the labour force

20%

0%
Male Female
32
Q: What is main acAvity of [name] during the last 6 months? Base: 15-65 populaAon
 Economic status: LIRNEasia surveys (2015, 2016) vs.
Myanmar Govt. Census (2014)
2015 2016 2014
LIRNEasia LIRNEasia Union
survey: survey: Census:
% of 15-65 % of 15-65 % of 15-64
Economic status in the previous six months popula3on popula3on popula3on

In the labor Employed 59% 61% 64%
force Unemployed (Sought job, got no job) 3% 1% 3%
FullAme housewife 25% 26% 21%
Full-Ame student 7% 5% 5%
Old aged and dont work 2% 2% 2%
Not in the 1% 1% 1%
Not able to work (Unhealthy/ Disabled)
labor force
Did not work and didnt seek job 3% 3% 0%
Not working for other reasons 1% 0.4% 4%
Total 100% 100% 100%

Census data 2 years outdated, but best publicly available

Age bands dier by 1 year (65 vs. 64)
Household surveys higher proporAon of housewives
 The majority of those working earn via prot/
dividend/interest basis
Type of earning (% of those engaged in
Prot dividend interest earned by
85% of farmers
economic ac3vity in the pervious six months) 80% of owners of livestock/shery and
forestry
Other
Contract 58% other business owners
2%
Monthly earning/ 55% self employed in non-agriculture
salary piece rate
Daily wage earned by
12% 7%
70% of skilled/semi-skilled & casual
workers
Prot/
Monthly salary earned by
dividends/ 80% of high rank ocials (govt/pvt
In kind/no sector), law makers, professionals,
interest technicians
earning in
46%
cash 90% of middle/junior ocers/
14% managers (govt & private)
In-kind/no earning cash reported by
Daily wage 68% of family workers in agri/
19% livestock/shery/forestry
72% of family workers in non
agricultures

Q: How do you earn mainly? Is it by prot/ daily wages/ contract earning/ salary?
34
Base: Those engaged in economic acAvity in the previous six months
 Median household income MMK 200,000;
Median household expenditure MMK 150,000
Household income and expenditure (MMK)

Income Expenditure
Mean 267,620 178,669
Median 200,000 150,000

Mean household income and expenditure (MMK): urban vs. rural

Income Expenditure

Myanmar total 265,620 178,669

Urban 352,941 235,002
Rural 228,017 152,511

In the past 12 months, what is your households regular monthly income (in
cash)/expenditure per month? 35
Base: All households
 About 76% of households would be classied as being at
the Boeom/Base of the Pyramid (BoP)
Monthly household income and expenditure (% of all households)
Household monthly income (MMK) Total
100,000 100,001- 500,001-1, 1,000,001
or below 300,000 300,001-500,000 000,000 or above
Household 100,000 or below 12% 16% 1% 0% 0% 30%
monthly 100,001-300,000 2% 47% 12% 2% 0% 63%
expenditure
300,001-500,000 0% 4% 2% 0% 6%
(MMK)
500,001-1,000,000 0% 1% 0% 1%
1,000,001 or
above 0% 0% 0%
Total 13% 63% 17% 6% 1% 100%
SEC Grid for Myanmar
(based on household income)
SEC D-E, or bo_om of the pyramid Income in Kyats/month SEC
100,000 or below E
100,001 - 200,000
D
200,001 - 300,000
300,001 - 400,000
C
400,001 - 500,000
500,001 - 600,000
Note: Monthly expenditure excludes 600,001 - 700,000
purchase of household durables and 700,001 - 800,000 B
seasonal donaAons 800,001 - 900,000
900,001 - 100,0000
over 1,000,000 A
In the past 12 months, what is your households regular monthly expenditure (in cash) per month?
In the past 12 months, what is your households regular monthly income (in cash) per month? Base: All households
 21% had a family members living in other parts of
Myanmar or overseas

Households with migrant family members (% of

Myanmar households)
Migrated to to other
14
parts of Myanmar
6 1 Migrated to other
countries
Both

No
80

Q: Are there any immediate family members who have migrated to either other parts of 37
Myanmar (outside of this town or village) or migrated abroad? Base: All households
 Only 3.6% of respondents had personal bank accounts; a
third of those with bank accounts had debit/credit cards
Popula3on with their own bank account/s and debit/credit card/s
(% 15-65 popula3on)
100

80

60

40

20
8.2
2.0 1.3 0.7 3.6 1.2
0
Urban Rural Total
% houses with bank Have their own bank account Have their own debit/credit card
6.5% 0.9% 2.5%
account, 2015

38
Q: Do you personally have a bank account/s?
Do you personally have debit/ credit card? Base: 15-65 populaAon
 Bank/money transfer services and hand-carrying of
cash are most popular money transfer methods

How money is sent and received (% of households with

We dont send or migrants)
receive money to
anyone
15%

Other
1%
Through a bus driver
3%
Bank or money
Cheque (cashed at/
transfer service (e.g.,
deposited at a bank)
Western Union, etc)
5%
38%
Through
someone known
from this area
17%

Carried by hand in
cash
21%

39
Q: How do they send the money to the household? Base: All households with migrants
 54% of households had some form of electricity

Access to electric power supply (% of households)

Primary source of
2015 2016 ligh3ng for Other'
sources of electric
power (% of those with
access to 'other' sources)
Other 4%

46% 40% 46% 45% Rechargable

4%
baferies

Solar 24%

Commercialized
privately owned 68%
14% 9% generators

Yes, has access to government electric power supply Government electric power supply
Yes, has access to other electric power supply Other electric power supply
Yes, both Government and other electric power supply
No None

1. WB data for 2012 says that 52.4% of popula3on have access to electricity (data source is not specied)
2. Myanmar Census refers Main Source of LighAng (where electricity is one of the opAons) therefore cannot
compare with our data.
Q: Does your household have access to government electric power supply or other electric power 40
supply? Base: All households
 Grid power mostly urban. Solar is biggest source in rural areas

Main source of ligh3ng (% of households)

Rechargea Rechargable Others, 2
Kerosene, bafery, 12 Candle, 6
ble Candle, 1
diesel
bafery, 4 Solar
Car Urban Others Kerosene, Rural Government owned
bafery power, 2 diesel, 1 power supply

Own Commercialized privately

Car owned power supply
generator
Commerci bafery, Own generator

alized 3 Government
owned power Solar power
privately
supply, 25
owned
Car bafery
power
Governme
supply, 3
nt owned Rechargable bafery
power Solar power,
supply, 88 Kerosene, diesel
37
Commercializ Candle
ed privately
Others
owned power
Own
supply, 12
generator, 1

41
Q: What is the main source of lighAng for your household in the last 12months? Base: All households
 The shim to government power supply from other sources
occurred in rural areas
Access to electric power supply
2015 2016
(% of households)
4% 4%
8% 8%
No change

Urban

88% 88%

19%
Shis from other electricity 25%
supply to government
Rural 18% power supply 12%
63% 63%

Yes, has access to government electric power supply Yes, has access to government electric power supply
Yes, has access to other electric power supply Yes, has access to other electric power supply
Yes, both Yes, both
No No
Q: Does your household have access to government electric power supply or other electric power 42
supply? Base: All households
 Among all households, only 23% of households had 24 hours of
electricity on previous day
100%
8%
90% No electricity
80% 0 - 2 hours
46%
70% 63% 3- 5 hours
60% 6 - 8 hours
28%
50% 9 - 11 hours
40% 12 - 14 hours

30% 15- 17 hours

13%
42% 18- 20 hours
20%
7%
23% 21 - 23 hours
10%
14% 24 hours
0%
Urban Rural Total

Q: How many hours did this household have electricity in the past 24 hours? Base: Households with access to electricity
HOUSEHOLD ICT OWNERSHIP

44
 83% of households had a mobile phone by July 2016

Household ownership of ICTs and services (% of Myanmar households)

AcAve SIM card 84

Mobile phone 83

TV sets 61

DVD/EVD/Blue ray discs 46

Radio casefe player/radio 16

Line phone
Average number
6
owned by households
Notebook, laptop computer 3 SIM card 2.9
Tablet computer 2 Phone (device) 2.3
Desktop computer 1
2015 Survey
Internet connecAon (excl. via mobile phone) 0
2016 Survey

45
Q: How many funcAoning pieces does the household own? Base: All households
 Household ownership of mobile phones, SIMs & TV increased.
But mobiles s3ll the dominant form of ICT
2014 Union Census
% change
Household ICTs (%) Household access to ICTs and services (% of households) since 2015

AcAve SIM card 58 45

Mobile 84
phone 32%
Mobile phone 57 46
83
TV 50% TV sets 52 17
61
- DVD/EVD/Blue ray discs 44 5
46
Radio 36% Radio casefe player/radio 18 -11
16
Line 5
5% Line phone 6 20
phone
Notebook, laptop computer 2
3 50
Computer 4% Tablet computer 1 2015 Survey 100
2
Desktop computer 1 2016 Survey
1 0
Internet Internet connecAon (excl. via 2
connecAo 6% mobile phone) 0 -100
n

46
Q: How many funcAoning pieces does the household own? Base: All households
 Mobiles reaching households in smaller townships

Household handset ownership by Household ac3ve SIM ownership by

Geography Geography
100% 100%

Smaller townships Smaller townships

80% 43% 80% 43%
54% Other Major CiAes 54% Other Major CiAes
60% Big CiAes 60% Big CiAes

40% 31% 40% 31%

29% 29%
20% 20%
26%
17%
0% 0%
Household mobile Household mobile AcAve SIM card AcAve SIM card
phone ownership phone ownership (2015) (2015)
(2015) (2016)

Q: How many funcAoning pieces does the household own? Base: All households
 ..as are televisions

Television ownership by Geography

100%

80% 42% 47% Smaller townships

Other Major CiAes
60%
Big CiAes

30%
40%
31%

20%
28%
22%

0%
TV (2015) TV (2016)

Q: How many funcAoning pieces does the household own? Base: All households
TELECOM USE

49
 Daily use of the phone increased from 29% to 45%. Popula3on
that had never used a phone decreased from 31% to 9%

Last use of a phone (% of 15-65 popula3on)

100
9
90 5
1
31 5 Never
80
13 Can't remember
70
7
0
In the last year
60 7 23 In the last month
50 10
In the last week
40
16 Yesterday
30 29
Earlier today
20 20 In the last hour
10 17
9
0
2015 2016

Q: When did you last use a phone to take or receive a call? 50

Base: All respondents
 Frequency of phone calling/receiving increased everywhere;
especially in rural areas
Last use of a phone (% of 15-65 popula3on)
100 5
10
15
90
37
80 Never
70 Can't remember
60
During the last year
50
37 During the last month
40
33
30 During the last week
25
20 Yesterday
26 14
10 18
12 Earlier today
5
0
In the last hour
2015 2016 2015 2016
Urban Rural

Rural populaAon that had never used a phone dropped from 37% to 9.6%
Urban populaAon aged 15-65 twice as likely as rural to have used a phone within the last hour, rural
populaAon twice as likely to have never used a phone

51
Q: When did you last use a phone to take or receive a call? Base: All respondents
 Higher earning/spending households more frequent users of a
phones for calling

Last use of a phone (% of 15-65 popula3on)

100% 5% 4%
11% 4% 12% 4%
90% 3% 3%
5% 5% 10%
10%
80% 7% 8%
70% 16% 22%
22% 17% Never
60%
Can't Remember
50% 23%
24%
40% 34% During the last year
34%
30% During the last month
25%
20% 24% During the last one week
10% 22% 23% Yesterday
13% 10%
0% Earlier today
Expenditure below Expenditure above Income below Income above In the last hour
median median median median
Monthly household expenditure Monthly household income above or
above or below median below median (MMK200,000)
(MMK150,000)

When did you last use a phone to take or receive a call?

Base: 15-65 populaAon
 Womens use of voice calls improved since 2015;
catching up with men, but not fully
Last use of a phone (% of 15-65 popula3on)
100 6 10
90 Never
28 33
80
70 Can't remember
60 23.4 During the last year
50 22.4
During the last month
40 16
16 31.7 During the last week
30 26.6
20 23
18 Yesterday
10 18.9 14.7
10 7 Earlier today
0
Male Female Male Female In the last hour
2015 2016

Gender gap in use = ([Use by males-Use by females]/Use by males) x100

Year Used phone within the Used phone within the day Used phone within the last
last hour week
2015 30% 24% 12%
2016 22% 18% 7%

53
Q: When did you last use a phone to take or receive a call? Base: populaAon aged 15-65
 Shim from using household (common) phones to using personal
phones. Public access phones down from 8% to 1% in a year

Ownership of the last phone used (% of phone users aged 15-65)

100
Other
90 Ho u s
e
p h o n h ol d Work place/oce phone/
e
80 Redu employer
ced Neighbour
70 16
26 A friend or relaAve
60
50 Public access phones

40 Another household member

30 63 The household (common phone)

48
20 Me (personal phone)
10
0
2015 2016

54
Q: Who owns the phone that you (last) used? Base: Those who have ever used a phone before
 Urban users more likely to have used a personal phone; biggest
increase in own-phone in rural areas (sharing is reducing)

Ownership of the last phone used (% of phone users aged 15-65)

100

90

80
80
70 Other
71
Work place/oce phone/employer
60 63
Neighbour
50 55
48 A friend or relaAve
40
Public access phones
30 34
Another household member
20 The household (common phone)
10 Me (personal phone)

0
Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
2015 2016

55
Q: Who owns the phone that you used? Base: Those who have ever used a phone before
 Males more likely to own the phone they last used; women nearly
twice as likely to have used a common phone or the phone of
another household member

Ownership of the last phone used (% of phone users aged 15-65)

100
90 9
18
80 11

70 Public access phones

20
60 A friend or relaAve
50 Neighbour
40 74
Another household member
30 54 The household (common phone)
20 Me (personal phone)
10
0
Male Female

56
Q: Who owns the phone that you used? Base: Those who have ever used a phone before
 Trends due to increase in mobile phone use - most omen, last
phone used was a mobile

Who owns the phone that you last used? (% of age 15-65 phone
users)

Low bases Other 87%

My work place / Oce phone/employer 20%

A neighbor (can include friend or relaAve) 92%

A friend's or relaAve (who is not a neighbor) 94%

Fixed (landline)

Public access phones 46% Mobile

Another household member 96%

The household (common phone) 79%

Me (personal phone) 99%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Q: Who owns the phone that you (last) used?

Q: What type of phone is it? Base: Those who have ever used a phone before
 Share of xed/land-line phones more than halved; women
twice as likely to use xed/land phones than men

Type of phone used to last make/receive a phone call (% of phone users aged 15-65)
100
80 94
80
60 Mobile (GSM or CDMA)
40 Fixed
20
20 6
0
2015 2016

100
80
60 Mobile (GSM or CDMA)
96 92 94
40 Fixed
20
0 4 8 6
Male Female Total

58
Q: What type of phone did you make or receive your last phone call from? Base: Those who have ever used a phone before
 More calls made for social purposes in 2016

Purpose of last phone call- 2015 vs. 2016 (% phone users aged 15-65)
100
90
16
80 17 Other
70
Emergency communicaAon
60
50
CoordinaAon of some other acAvity
40
30 Livelihood related
20
Social purposes
10
74 81
0
2015 2016

59
Q: For what purpose was this (last) call? Base: Those who have ever used a phone before
 More males made the last call for livelihood purpose than
females

Purpose of last phone call- 2015 (% phone users aged 15-65)

100 2 3 2

90 11 16
22
80

70 Other
60
Emergency communicaAon
50
85 CoordinaAon of some other acAvity
40 76 81
(excluding livelihood)
30 Livelihood-related
20
Social purposes / keeping in touch
10

0
Male Female Total

60
Q: For what purpose was this (last) call? Base: Those who have ever used a phone before
 Urban men most likely to use a phone for livelihood purposes;
more than twice as much as urban women

Purpose of last phone call- urban vs. rural (% phone users aged 15-65)
100

90 13 10
19
28
80

70

60 Other
50 Emergency communicaAon
84 86 CoordinaAon of some other acAvity
40 79
70 Livelihood related
30
Social purposes
20

10

0
Male Female Male Female
Urban Rural

61
Q: For what purpose was this (last) call? Base: Those who have ever used a phone before
 Ownership changes type of use: More livelihood-related
communica3on among mobile owners

Purpose of last phone call (% of phone users aged

15-65)
100%
Other (please specify)
10% 19%
80%
Emergency communicaAon

60%
CoordinaAon of some other
acAvity (excluding livelihood)
40% Livelihood-related

20% Social purposes / keeping in

touch
0%
Non-owner (%) Mobile owner (%)

Q: For what purpose was this (last) call? Base: Those who have ever used a phone before
 Length of ownership/adop3on changes use: longer you
have a phone, higher the chances of livelihood calls
Last call made was for livelihood purposes
(% of mobile owners)
35
29
30 26
25 25
25
20 17
%

15 13
11
10
5
-
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
(FIRST
Year that rst SIM card was purchased HALF)

63
Q: For what purpose was this (last) call? Base: Mobile owners
MOBILE OWNERSHIP
 Mobile phone ownership increased from 39% to 61% over a year

Mobile ownership (% of 15-65 popula3on)

100

80
61
60
39
40

20

0
2015 2016

Note: Mobile ownership refers to having both at least one acAve SIM and mobile
device

65
Q: Which of the following describes your status of mobile phone ownership? Base: 15-65 populaAon
 Mobile ownership in rural areas doubled

Mobile ownership (% of 15-65 popula3on)

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40% 79% Non-owner

30% 65% Mobile owner
53%
20%

10%
26%

0%
2015 2016 2015 2016
Urban Rural

66
Q: Which of the following describes your status of mobile phone ownership? Base: 15-65 populaAon
 More mobile phones now in rural areas compared to urban

Where mobile phone owners live (% of 15-65 mobile owners)

2015 2016

46% Urban 42 Urban

Rural 58 Rural
54%

Q: Which of the following describes your status of mobile phone ownership? Base: Mobile owners
 Much of the markets growth came from smaller smaller
townships

Mobile ownership by Geography

100%

80% 36%
50% Smaller townships

Other Major CiAes

60%
Big CiAes
31%
40%
30%

20%
33%
19%
0%
Mobile Ownership (2015) Mobile Ownership (2016)

Q: Which of the following describes your status of mobile phone ownership? Base: 15-65 populaAon
 Mobile ownership among men and woman increased by equal
propor3on

Mobile ownership (% of 15-65 popula3on)

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
72%
30%
46% 52%
20%
33%
10%
0%

2015 2016 2015 2016

Male Female
Mobile owner Non-owner

69
Q: Which of the following describes your status of mobile phone ownership? Base: 15-65 populaAon
 Though more women own phones now, gender gap remains: Women
are 28% less likely to own a phone than men

Mobile ownership (% of 15-65 popula3on)

100%
80%
60%
40% Non-owner
72%
46% 52% Mobile owner
20% 33%
0%
Male (%) Female (%) Male (%) Female (%)
2015 2016

2015 2016
Gender gap 28%* 28%

Gender gap in ownership = (Male mobile owners- Female mobile owners) x 100
Male mobile owners
70
Q: Which of the following describes your status of mobile phone ownership? Base: 15-65 populaAon
 Mobile ownership higher in higher income/spending
households
Mobile ownership (% of 15-65 popula3on)
100%
90%
30% 27%
80% 45% 51%
70%
60%
50%
40%
70% 73%
30% 55% Non-owner
49%
20% Mobile owner
10%
0%
Expenditure Expenditure Income below Income above
below median above median median median
Monthly household expenditure Monthly household income above or
above or below median below median (MMK200,000)
(MMK150,000)

Which of the following describes your status of mobile phone ownership?

Base: 15-65 populaAon
 78% of mobile owners own smartphones. In 2015 it was
66%

Mobile handset type (% of mobile owners)

2016
Smartph
one and 48% of
keypad Keypad 15-65
phone, 2 phone populaAon
only, 22 owns a
smartphone

Smartph
one only,
76

Q: How many number of funcAoning smartphones (touch phones)/ keypad handsets do you own
Base: Mobile phone owners
 .with capabili3es needed for a good Internet experience

Features of primary mobile handset (% of mobile

handset owners)

Camera 90

Internet Touch screen 80

experience ApplicaAons 79
related WiFi 76

Internet browser 75

Dual SIM capability 70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
%

Q: What are the features your current primary mobile handset has? Base: Mobile handset owners
Smartphone penetra3on between men and women equal; and
increased equally

Type of Handset (% of Mobile Subscribers)

By Urban / Rural Not Owning a Smart
phone

100%
22% 23% 22%
33% 35% 33%
80%

60%

40% 78% 77% 78%

67% 65% 67%

20%

0%
Male 2015 Male 2016 / Female Female // Total 2015 Total 2016
2015 2016
+ 16.4% + 18.4% + 16.4%

Q:What is the type your phone?

74
Base: Mobile phone subscribers
 Smartphone penetra3on in rural has increased sharply and
urban-rural gap reduced

Type of Handset (% of Mobile Subscribers) Not Owning a Smart

By Urban / Rural phone
Owning a Smart phone

100%
25% 17% 22%
25%
80% 33%
44%

60%

40% 82% 77%

75% 74%
67%
57%
20%

0%
Urban Urban / Rural 2015 Rural 2016 // Total 2015 Total 2016
2015 2016
+ 9.3% + 29.8% + 16.4%

Q:What is the type your phone?

75
Base: Mobile phone subscribers
Smartphone ownership s3ll highest among younger age groups;
but the older are catching up

Smart Phone Penetra3on (% of Mobile Owners)

100% 93%
2015
90% 84% 84%
76% 78% Survey
80% 73%
70%
67%
62%
57% 55%
60% 51%
50% 44%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
15-24 years 25-34 years 35-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years Overall
Myanmar
% increase + 24.0%
+ 10.7% + 15.0% + 33.3% + 21.5% + 16.4%
since 2015

Q:What is the type your phone?

76
Base: All Mobile Owners
 MMK 105,198 (USD 87) was spent on average to buy a mobile
handset; compared to 94,500 (USD 90) in 2015

Note: Exchange rate at the Ame of eldwork used to convert MMK to USD
Q : How much did you spend to buy your primary mobile handset (without cost of SIM card)?
Base: All mobile handset owners
MULTIPLE SIM USE AND TOPPING-
UP
 MPT is the primary telecom operator for majority of SIM
card owners; Telenor follows

Operator of respondents primary SIM card (% of ac3ve

SIM card owners)
MPT Telenor Ooredoo MEC
5%
6%
15% 11%

49%

35%
79%

2015 2016

Q: What is the name of your primary SIM provider? 79

Base: AcAve SIM card owners
 % of ac3ve SIM owners with more than 1 SIM doubled since
2015; mul3-SIM higher among younger and urban

% of ac3ve SIM card owners with

Number of ac3ve SIM cards owned more than one SIM by Urban/ Rural
(% of ac3ve SIM card owners) Urban Rural Total
100
90 2015 17 8 13
80
70 2016 30 24 27
73
60
87
50
40 % of ac3ve SIM card owners with more
30 than one SIM by Age group
20 15 - 24 25 - 34 35 - 44 45 - 54 55 - 65
25 Total
10 years years years years years
11
0
2015 2016 33% 33% 23% 20% 16% 27%
4 3 2 1

Q: How many acAve SIM cards do you have in total? 80

Base: AcAve SIM card owners
 56% have more than one SIM to get coverage wherever they go

Primary reason for having more than one SIM card (% of mulA-
SIM owners)

3 1 So that I can get coverage anywhere I go

5
7 To get cheaper or free calls and SMS

If I run out of credit on one connecAon, then

I use the other one
14
To get cheaper or free data services

56 One connecAon is for my business contacts,

the other is for my personal ones
It was free so I just got it
15
Other

Q: Tell me the primary reason that you have more than one SIM card 81
Base: Those who own more than 1 acAve SIM card
 In rural areas and small townships people get mul3ple SIMs to
get coverage anywhere they go

Primary reason for having more than one SIM card (% of mul3-SIM
owners) - Who stated So that I can get coverage anywhere I go as a
reason
I can get coverage anywhere I go
100%

80%

60%

40%
63% 56% 63%
20% 48% 42%

0%
Urban Rural // Big CiAes Other Major Smaller
CiAes townships

Q: Tell me the primary reason that you have more than one SIM card
Base: Those who have more than 1 acAve SIM card
 More females have mul3ple SIM to make cheaper calls and use
data services

Primary reason for having more than one SIM card (% of mul3-SIM owners) - Who stated to
make cheaper calls and data services as a reason

50% Cheaper Calls and Data Services

30%

29%
10% 22% 20%
16%

Male Female // Income below Income above

-10% 200,000 200,000

Q: Tell me the primary reason that you have more than one SIM card
Base: Those who have more than 1 acAve SIM card
 37% of mul3-SIM users use their secondary SIM card just
enough to keep them from gewng disconnected

Behavior of respondents with more than one SIM (% of mobile owners with
more than one SIM_

I have a keypad handset for my secondary SIM 1

I usually spend more on top-ups for my secondary SIM

14
than for my primary SIM
I switch on my secondary SIM card only when I need to
18
use it

I mostly use one SIM for calls and another for data 18

I keep both my primary and secondary SIM cards

32
switched on most of the Ame
I use my secondary SIM just enough to keep it from
37
getng disconnected

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Q: In relaAon to your primary and secondary SIM, which of the following accurately describe your behavior in relaAon to
84
these SIMs?
Base: Those who own more than 1 acAve SIM card
 Younger cohorts more likely to use one SIM for calls and
another for data

100
% of those who use one SIM for calls and another for data
90
80
70
60
50
40
30 24
18
20 15 14
10
10
0
15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-65

Q: In relaAon to your primary and secondary SIM, which of the following accurately describe your behavior
in relaAon to these SIMs?
Base: Those who own more than 1 acAve SIM card
 99% use top-up cards to top-up their phones

Method of top-up for primary SIM card (% of ac3ve

SIM card owners)
1% 1%

Top-up cards

SMS top-up from shop/

agent/dealer
SMS top-up from others

98%

Q: How do you top up or reload your prepaid balance on your primary connecAon? 86
Base: AcAve SIM card owners
 Total average spend on top-ups was MMK 7,494. Average
spending on the primary SIM was MMK 6,592 and on the
secondary SIM was MMK3,857

Q: On average what was the total amount of top-ups/reloads that you purchased in the last 1 month for your primary
mobile connecAons? 87
Base: AcAve SIM card owners
 Those in urban sewngs spend most on top-ups. Men spend a
liele more than women

Average top-up made in the last month (MMK)

10000 9331
9000 7996
8000 7494
6890
7000 6182
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Urban Rural / Male Female // Myanmar
average

Q: On average what was the total amount of top-ups/reloads that you purchased in the last 1 month for your primary and
secondary mobile connecAons?
Base: AcAve SIM card owners
 Females spend more on top-ups for secondary SIMs than males

Average top-up made in the last month (MMK):

Primary vs. secondary SIM
9,000 7,956
8,000 7,001
7,000 6,592
6,098
6,000 5,619
4,735
5,000 4,182
3,643 3,857 Primary SIM
4,000 3,077
3,000 Secondary SIM
2,000
1,000
-
Urban Rural / Male Female // Myanmar
average

Q: On average what was the total amount of top-ups/reloads that you purchased in the last 1 month for your primary and
secondary mobile connecAons? 89
Base: AcAve SIM card owners
COMPUTER OWNERSHIP AND USE

90
 Only 2% own AND use a computer; only 3% use one; 17% dont
know what a computer is

Ownership and use of a computer (% of 15-65 popula3on)

2% 1%

17%
Own and use

Have used one, but don't own one

Don't own or use one

80% Don't know what a computer is

Q: Do you own or have you used a computer in the last 12 months? This can include a desktop, laptop or tablet (tab)
computer.
Base: All respondents
 Nearly all those who own/use computers live in urban areas

Ownership and use of a computer (% of 15-65 popula3on)

Urban Rural
2 Own and use

10 5
20
Have used one, but
don't own one

Don't own or use

one

80 Don't know what a

83 computer is

Q: Do you own or have you used a computer in the last 12 months? This can include a desktop, laptop or tablet (tab)
computer.
Base: All respondents
INTERNET USE
 Remember, computer use is low: Only 3% had ever used a
computer

Ownership and use of a computer (% of 15-65 popula3on)

2% 1%

17%
Own and use

Have used one, but don't own one

Don't own or use one

80% Don't know what a computer is

Q: Do you own or have you used a computer in the last 12 months? This can include a desktop, laptop or tablet (tab)
computer Base: 15-65 populaAon
 Among that small group of computer users, 16% were daily
Internet user from computers

Internet use from a computer (% of those that

have used a computer before)
100
I've never heard of the
Internet 90

Never
28 Never used the Internet
80
from a computer
Can't remember 70

During the last year 60 8

50
During the last month
40
14
During the last week
30

Yesterday 15
20

Earlier today 10 9 Used internet from a computer

7 within the last day
0

Q: Can you please tell me when the last Ame you used the Internet from a computer is?
Base: All those who had used a computer (=227)
 Males more than twice as likely to have used the Internet from
a computer within the last day

Most recent Internet use through a computer -males vs.

females (%)
100
I've never heard of the Internet
90
80 Never
70 Can't remember
60 During the last year
50
During the last month
40
During the last week
30
20 Yesterday
10 Earlier today
0 In the last hour
Male Female Total
(129) (98) (227)

Q: Can you please tell me when the last Ame you used the Internet from a computer is?
Base: All those who had used a computer (=227)
 Mobile phone ownership higher & growing fast; Most phones are
smart phones. About 50% of the popula3on own a smart phone

Mobile ownership (% of 15-65 Mobile handset type (% of mobile owners)

popula3on)
Keypad 2016
100 phone 48% of
only, 15-65
80 populaAo
61 22
60 Smartp n owns a
39 hone smartph
40
and one
20 keypad
0 phone,
Smartp
2015 2016 2
hone
only,
76

Note: Mobile ownership refers to having both at least one acAve SIM and
mobile device

Q: Which of the following describes your status of mobile phone ownership? 97

Base: 15-65 populaAon
 Result: 49% of handset owners use data services

Use of data services on mobile (% of mobile handset owners)

100%
90%
80% 43%
49% 53% 51%
70% 56%

60%
50% Does not use mobile data
40% Uses mobile data
30% 57% 51% 47% 49%
20% 44%
10%
0%
Note: Refers to those
Urban Rural / Male Female // Myanmar who said they use
total various data services
daily/weekly/
Q: Please tell me how osen you use your mobile phone for any of the following purposes?
occasionally
Base: Mobile handset owners
 Though network calls and text messages s3ll dominate,
there is high data use by mobile handset owners
Uses of mobile phone (% of mobile handset owners)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Network calls 72%

For missed calls 62%
Text messages 48%
Chat/instant messaging 36%
Access Facebook 35%
Internet calls (e.g. calls using Viber, Skype, 29%
Share/ send pictures 29%
Play games oine 25%
Search for informaAon 23%
Download pictures, music and video content 15%
Listen to music and watch video online 15%
Download applicaAons 11%
Receive updates (e.g.,breaking news 10%
Play games online or downloading games 9%
Email 6%
Note: Refers to those who answered
Access online government services 4%
daily/weekly/occasionally
Wikipedia 2%
Mobile money or banking services 2%

Q: Please tell me how osen you use your mobile phone for any of the following purposes?
Base: Mobile handset owners
 Most Facebook users access it daily. Chat messages
and internet calls also have frequent use.
Uses of mobile phone (% of mobile handset owners)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Access Facebook 21% 4% 10%

Chat/instant messaging 15% 4% 17%

Internet calls (e.g. calls using Viber, Skype, Whatsapp 8% 4% 18%

Search for informaAon 6% 2% 15%

Share/ send pictures 3%

2% 25%

Play games online or downloading games 3%

1% 6%

Download pictures, music and video content 2%

1% 12%

Listen to music and watch video online (streaming) 1%

1% 13%
Daily Weekly Occasionally
Download applicaAons 1%
0% 10%

Access online government services 1%

0%
3%

Email 1%
1% 5%

Wikipedia 0%
2%

Mobile money or banking services 0%

2%

Q: Please tell me how osen you use your mobile phone for any of the following purposes? Base: Mobile handset owners
 There has been growth in the use of Facebook and chat applica3ons

Use of mobile phone (% of mobile handset owners) % change

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
since 2015
Network calls 57% 72% 26%
For missed calls 62% 80% 23%
Text messages 48% 66% 27%
Chat/instant messaging 20% 36% 80 %
Access Facebook 21% 35% 67 %
Internet calls (e.g. calls using Viber, Skype, 24%
29% 21 %
Share/ send pictures 18% 29%
61 %
Play games oine 25%
Search for informaAon 9% 23% 2015
Download pictures, music and video content 15%
Listen to music and watch video online 15% 2016
Download applicaAons 13%
11%
Receive updates, such as breaking news 10%
Play games online or downloading games 9%
Email 6%
6%
Access online government services 0 4%
Wikipedia 0 2%
Mobile money or banking services 2%
2%

Q: Please tell me how osen you use your mobile phone for any of the following purposes?
Base: Mobile handset owners
 Rural mobile owners use data; but lag behind in those in urban areas

Uses of mobile phone (% of mobile handset owners)

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Access Facebook 45%

28%
Chat/IM 42%
31%
Sharing pictures 37%
24%
Internet calls 36%
25%
Searching for info on the Internet 31%
17%
Oine games 29%
23%
Downloading pictures/music/video content 23% Urban
9%
Streaming music/video 20%
12% Rural
Downloading apps 17%
6%
Online gaming/downloading games 13%
6%
Email 9% Note: Refers to those who answered
4%
both daily, weekly and occasionally
Accessing government services online 6%
2%
Mobile money/banking 4%
1%
Wikipedia 3%
1%

Q: Please tell me how osen you use your mobile phone for any of the following purposes?
Note: all those who say the use daily, weekly, occasionally are counted in total use Base: Mobile handset owners
 Large gap in usage between mobile owners from high vs. low
spending HHs
Uses of mobile phone (% of mobile handset owners)
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Access Facebook 26%

44%
Internet calls 28%
44%
Chat/IM 28%
44%
Sharing pictures 22%
36%
Oine games 20%
31%
Searching for info on the Internet 15%
30%
Downloading pictures/music/video content 11%
19% Expenditure below median
Streaming music/video 10%
20% Expenditure above median
Downloading apps 6%
15%
Online gaming/downloading games 6%
12%
4%
Note: Refers to those who answered both
Email 8% daily, weekly and occasionally
Accessing government services online 3%
4%
Wikipedia 2%
2%
Mobile money/banking 2%
2%

Please tell me how osen you use your mobile phone for any of the following purposes? Base: Mobile owners
 Women not too far behind in some data use categories

Uses of mobile phone (% of mobile handset owners)

Access Facebook 32%
38%
Chat/instant messaging 35%
37%
Internet calls (e.g. calls using Viber, Skype, 30%
29%
Share/ send pictures 27%
32%
Play games oine 22%
28%
Search for informaAon 21%
24%
Streaming music and video 14%
16%
Female
Download pictures, music and video content 14%
16%
Download applicaAons 9% Male
12%
Play games online or downloading games 6%
11%
Email 6% Note: Refers to those who answered
6%
Access online government services 4%
4%
both daily, weekly and occasionally
Wikipedia 2%
2%
Mobile money or banking services 2%
2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Q: Please tell me how osen you use your mobile phone for any of the following purposes? Base: Mobile handset owners
DIGITAL SKILLS
 Low digital skills. Many manage with someones help

Digital skills (% of mobile handset owners who can perform the tasks by
themselves or with help)
100
90
80
70
60
Can, with help from someone
50 else

40 Can, by myself
25 25
30 21
11
7
20
10
0
Search for Install an Create log-in Locate and adjust Post any
informaAon or applicaAon (app) details (user) and setngs on an informaAon on
other content on a password applicaAon or online
the Internet/online service

Q: Can you please tell me, which of the following acAviAes you have ever done on your mobile or on the Internet/online,
and for each one, whether you have done it by your self, or with someone elses help.
Base: Mobile handset owners
 Digital literacy is lower amongst females

Digital skills (% of mobile handset owners who can perform the tasks by
themselves or with the help of others)
100
90
80
70
60
Can, with help from
50
someone else
40
23 22 Can by myself
30 10 27 20
23 28 6
11
20 7

10
0
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Search for Install an app Set up an account Locate and adjust Post informaAon
informaAon/ (e.g. Facebook/ app/account online
content online Viber, etc) setngs

Q: Can you please tell me, which of the following acAviAes you have ever done on your mobile or on the Internet/online,
and for each one, whether you have done it by your self, or with someone elses help.
Base: Mobile handset owners
 Digital literacy is lower among rural

Digital skills (% of mobile handset owners who can perform the

tasks by themselves or with the help of others)
100%

90%

80%
Yes, with help
70% from someone
else
60%
Yes, by myself
50%

40% 26%
10% 25%
24%
30% 7%
24% 24%
19%
20% 11% 6%
10%

0%
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural
Search for informaAon Install an applicaAon Set up and account in Locate & adjust app or Post any informaAon Online
online (Facebook, Viber,...) account setng

Q: Can you please tell me, which of the following acAviAes you have ever done on your mobile or on the Internet/online,
and for each one, whether you have done it by your self, or with someone elses help.
Base: Mobile handset owners
NON-OWNERS OF MOBILE PHONES

109
 S3ll, aordability key barrier; followed by the no3on that they
dont need one

Primary reason for not owning a mobile phone (% of non-owners)

0
1 I cannot aord a handset
4
11 I have no use for it/dont
need one
43 I don't know how to use a
mobile/too complicated
No mobile coverage where I
live
No electricity where I live to
41 charge the mobile phone
Other

Q: Why don't you have a mobile phone connecAon?

Base: Those who have never owned a phone or an acAve SIM card
 Higher % of the remaining non-owners claim they have no use
for a phone/dont need one

Primary reason for not owning a mobile phone (% non-owning phone users)
2015 2016

I can't aord a handset 40 43

I have no use for it/ don't need one 30 41

I don't know how to use a mobile/too complicated 7 11

No mobile coverage where I live 8 1

No electricity where I live to charge the phone 1 0

Other 14 4

Q: Why don't you have a mobile phone connecAon? 111

Base: Those who have never owned a phone or an acAve SIM card
 Those in rural areas more likely to say they cant aord it;
urban to say they have no use for it

Primary reason for not owning a mobile phone (% non-owning phone users)

Urban Rural
I cannot aord a handset 38 44
I have no use for it/dont need one 47 39
I don't know how to use a mobile/too
11 12
complicated
No mobile coverage where I live 0 2
No electricity where I live to charge the mobile
0 1
phone
Other 5 4

Q: Why don't you have a mobile phone connecAon? 112

Base: Those who have never owned a phone or an acAve SIM card
INFORMATION SOURCES, NEEDS
AND ACCESS

113
 Phone calls are the preferred method of communica3on for
keeping in touch with those out of town

Preferred method of communica3on with people outside

town or village (% of 15-65 popula3on)
100
90
80
68
70
60
50
40 31
30
20
10 1
0
In person visits Phone calls Other

Q: How do you most osen communicate with these people that outside of your town or village?
Base: 15-65 populaAon
 Even by mobile non-owners

Preferred method of communica3on with people outside town or

village- mobile owners vs. non owners (% of 15-65 popula3on)
100
90 82
80
70
57
60
50 43 Mobile owners
40 Mobile non owners
30
17
20
10 1 0
0
In person visits Phone calls Other

Q: How do you most osen communicate with these people that outside of your town or village?
Base: 15-65 populaAon
 Among those who were able to answer, 78% of peoples
networks are connected; 57% of peoples networks use online
social networks

% who
Mean
were able
score
to answer

Of all your family, friends have a mobile phone? 7.8 94%

and business acquaintances,
on a scale of 0 to 10, how
many would you say use an online social network
currently like Facebook, Twifer,
5.7 71%
LinkedIn, Orkut, MySpace,
Google+, etc.?

Mean scores are calculated for those who scored from 0-10.

Base: 15-65 populaAon

 Among those who were able to answer, mobile owners
networks are more connected than non-owners

% who were able to

Mean score answer

Mobile Non-
Mobile owners Non-owners
owners owners

Of all your family, friends and have a mobile phone? 8.3 6.9 2% 12%
business acquaintances, on a
scale of 0 to 10, how many use an online social network
would you say currently like Facebook, Twifer,
LinkedIn, Orkut, MySpace, 6.3 4.4 18% 46%

Google+, etc.?

Mean scores are calculated for those who scored from 0-10.

Base: 15-65 populaAon

 Community news, weather informa3on and na3onal news
most desired informa3on
Single most important type of informa3on in rela3on to day-to-day-
ac3vi3es (% of 15-65 popula3on)

Community news (ward/village)

Weather informaAon Top three consistent across
NaAonal news 2015 and 2016 surveys
Health related informaAon
Local news (state/region)

InformaAon on everyday household goods and
InformaAon on job opportuniAes 2015 rankings
InternaAonal news
1. Community news
InformaAon on how to do or make things
New skills to enhance earning capabiliAes 2. NaAonal news
EducaAon related informaAon 3. Weather informaAon
Work related price informaAon
Leisure/entertainment informaAon
Sector related news
(Weather informaAon now
Other market informaAon overtaken naAonal news)
InformaAon on Government services and
InformaAon on sources of nance

0 5 10 15 20 25
Q: Id like to ask you now about your typical day-to-day informaAon needs now. Some people require dierent types of informaAon for their
day-to-day acAviAes, for example, how to do something, where to buy something, where to get the best prices, news, health-related
informaAon, etc. Please tell me, of the following types of informaAon which do you consider to be the single most important to you in relaAon
to your day-to-day acAviAes.
Base: 15-65 populaAon
 Friends and family the main source of informa3on

Source of informa3on (% of 15-65 respondents)

1
4 2 Friends/family

19 Mass media

Neighbour

53 Work/business contacts/
collegues
Teachers/school
21
Others

From who do you usually obtain that kind of informaAon?

Base:15-65 populaAon
 Face-to-face is most common mode for gewng informa3on.
Internet and calls come next)

Mode of informa3on (% of 15-65 respondents)

Face-to-face
4 2 conversaAons
9
Call via mobile phone

9 Internet

TV

15 61
Radio

Others

Through which mode do you most osen obtain that kind of informaAon?
Base: 15-65 populaAon
 Shim from mobile calls Internet since 2015

Mode of informa3on (% of 15-65 respondents)

2015 2016
2 0 Face-to-face
Face-to-face conversaAons
4 conversaAons
8 3 4 Call via mobile
1 4 Call via mobile 9 phone
phone Internet
Internet 9
TV
TV
23 61 15 61 Radio
Radio
Other
Other

Through which mode do you most osen obtain that kind of informaAon?
Base: 15-65 populaAon
 12% use phone for business related purposes everyday; over
half dont at all

Use of phone for business related purposes (% of

15-65 popula3on)
100
90
80 I do not use for these purpose
51
70 Less than once a month
60 Once a month
50
7 Two to three Ames a month
40
Once a week
30
Two Ames a week
20
Everyday
10
12
0
1

How osen do you use your household phone or your own mobile phone for nancial, business or work related
communicaAons?
Base: 15-65 populaAon
PERCEPTIONS ABOUT MOBILE
TECHNOLOGY AND ITS IMPACTS

123
 Due to using a phone, biggest perceived improvement is
ability to contact others in an emergency.

Perceived benets of mobile use and access :mean response (mean response)
1=No change 5=Improved greatly

Your social status/ recogniAon in the community 2.8

Your emoAonal well-being and happiness 2.8

Your social and familial relaAons and relaAonships 2.9

Your ability to act or contact others in an emergency 3.3

The eciency of your day to day work 2.9

Your level of knowledge and skills 2.8

Your economic/nancial status or well being 2.6

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Q: To what extent has your usage and access of a mobile improved the following, if at all? This can include mobile use
through voice or data, and need not have been your own mobile. 124
Base: All those who had used a phone before
 Percep3ons of benets of phone use seem to have
improved since 2015 survey

Perceived benets of mobile use and access: mean response (mean response)
1=No change 5=Improved greatly

2.5
Your emoAonal well-being and happiness
2.8

2.8
Your social and familial relaAons and relaAonships
2.9
2015
2.4 2016
Your level of knowledge and skills
2.8

2.5
Your economic/nancial status or well being
2.6

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Q: To what extent has your usage and access of a mobile improved the following, if at all? This can include mobile use
through voice or data, and need not have been your own mobile. 125
Base: All those who had used a phone before
 Concerns regarding mobile use and access remain

Concerns of mobile use and access: mean response

1=Not at all agree 5=Strongly agree

They cost too much to use

They are too complicated to use

Private informaAon can be seen by other through the

Kids are exposed to inappropriate content

People cant get a break from work when calls and

People get addicted to using them

They cause people to waste Ame and become

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Q: Here are some of the concerns that people someAmes have about access to and use of mobiles and online/Internet
services. Please tell me to what extent you think these are problems, with the help of this scale. 126
Base: 15-65 populaAon
 Perceived nega3ves of mobile use and access is higher
among non owners than owners
Concerns of mobile use and access: mean response
1=Not at all agree 5=Strongly agree
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

They cost too much to use

They are too complicated to use

Private informaAon can be seen by other through the

mobile and Internet

Kids are exposed to inappropriate content

People can't get a break from work when calls and

messages come outside working hours Mobile phone
owner
People get addicted to using them
Mobile phone
They cause people to waste Ame and become non owner
unproducAve

Q: Here are some of the concerns that people someAmes have about access to and use of mobiles and online/Internet
services. Please tell me to what extent you think these are problems, with the help of this scale. 127
Base: 15-65 populaAon
 Most dont feel the need to keep up with trends

Awtudes towards trends (% of 15-65 popula3on)

100

90 5: I dont generally have

80
Ame to keep up with
new things. I am happy
70 63
60
65
61
66
with what I have. I dont
5 have to keep buying
60
4
50
3

40 2

1 1: I like to keep ahead of

30
whats happening. I like
20 buying new things. I osen
10
tell others about the new
9 8 9 8 9 things that I buy
0
Total Urban Rural Male Female

Q: Here are some statements that people use to describe themselves. Please tell me to what extent these statements apply
to you.
Base: 15-65 populaAon
 As expected, the younger age groups feel more of a need need
to keep up with trends, and announce to others

Awtudes towards trends (15-65 popula3on)

100%

I don't generally spend Ame trying to keep up with

90%
new things. I am happy with what I have. I don't
have to keep buyin
80%

56.10% 4
70% 61.50% 64.80% 67.10%
71.80%
60%
3
50%

40%
2
30%

20% I like to keep ahead of what's happening. I like

buying new things. I osen tell others about the
10% new things that I buy
12.00% 8.70% 7.80% 7.00% 5.00%
0%
15 - 24 years 25 - 34 years 35 - 44 years 45 - 54 years 55 - 65 years

Q: Here are some statements that people use to describe themselves. Please tell me to what extent these statements apply
to you.
Base: 15-65 populaAon
 Mobile owners more inclined to keep up to date with trends

Awtudes towards trends (% of 15-65 popula3on)

100%

90% I don't generally spend Ame trying to keep up

with new things. I am happy with what I
80% have. I don't have to keep buyin
4
70% 59%
71%
60%
3
50%

40%
13% 2
30%
10% 12%
20% I like to keep ahead of what's happening. I like
8% 7% buying new things. I osen tell others about
10% 4% the new things that I buy
7% 10%
0%
Non-owner Owner

Q: Here are some statements that people use to describe themselves. Please tell me to what extent these statements apply
to you.
Base: 15-65 populaAon