Canterbury Decoding Eurocode 7 PDF

Decoding Eurocode 7
Introduction to Eurocode 7
Institution of Structural Engineers

Canterbury Forum 21st February 2008
Geomantix
www.geomantix.com
Understand, analyse, and assess
Geotechnical engineering is
the art of using soils whose properties we do not really

understand to form and to support structures we cannot
really analyse, so as to withstand forces which we
cannot really assess, in such a way that the public does
not really suspect
Professor Noel Simons, Inaugural Lecture, University of

Surrey
(with apologies to Professor Eric Brown, Imperial College)
Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 2

Mr Andrew Harris
MSc DIC MICE CEng FGS
Director, Geomantix Ltd
Consultant, TGP, Atkins
Senior Lecturer, Kingston University
Eurocode experience
Co-author Decoding Eurocode 7 (2008), Spon Press
Co-author Chapter 7 PP1990 (Guide to the Structural
Eurocodes), BSI
Trainer for Geocentrix, IStructE/ Professional
Solutions, & Thomas Telford/Eurocode Expert
Teaching experience
Lecturer (1985-2004) and Associate Dean (2000-4) at
Kingston University
Author of CPD courses in geotechnical design & pile
design for Kingston University and IStructE/
Professional Solutions
Consulting
Regional Manager at CL Associates (2004-6)
Design and execution of geotechnical and
contaminated land investigations
Implementation of Eurocodes
The structural Eurocodes are a European suite of codes

for structural design developed over twenty-five
years
By 2010 they will have effectively replaced the current
British Standards as the primary basis for designing
buildings and civil engineering structures in the UK
They [will be] used as an acceptable basis for meeting
compliance with UK Building Regulations and the
requirements of other public authorities
National Strategy for Implementation of the Structural

Eurocodes (2004)

The Eurocode programme

Connections between main
Eurocodes

Contents of Eurocode 7
Overview of EN Eurocodes
Contents of EN 1997-1:
General rules

Contents of EN 1997-2:
Ground investigation and testing

Division of responsibilities
between Parts 1 & 2 of EN 1997
EN 1997-1 General rules
General framework for geotechnical design
Definition of ground parameters
Characteristic and design values
General rules for site investigation
Rules for the design of main types of geotechnical structures
Some assumptions on execution procedures
EN 1997-2 Ground investigation and testing
Detailed rules for site investigations
General test specifications
Derivation of ground properties and geotechnical model of the
site
Examples of calculation methods based on field and laboratory
testing
[ref. EN 1997-2 Figure 1.2]

The wider landscape
36
15
3 EN
8 37
68 15
14 EN
O
IS
3
06
15
38 EN
12
t ion s
u
l
ica n
EN
x ec dard
n
h o 9 E an
68
tec gat i g O
14 st
o ti IS
Ge ves stin s 2 5
92 71
12
in d te ar d O
1 78
EN
an and 12
IS
7 16
st EN
12
9
69
12 9
EN 19
14
EN 5
47 99
6 14 19
5 EN EN
28
2
22
47 5
22
O I SO
IS 79
12 76 14
6 9 8
24 19
O
2 EN EN
IS 5
13
95
19 3
EN
es
62 2 19
96 EN 1997
o d 99
4
EN
93 2
oc
1
19 EN
ur
7
EN 47
E 22
O
EN 99
2 31 13
IS
1 1 47
1 4 EN EN
7
1
3 15
23
9 0
1 99 EN
19
EN EN

Geotechnical investigation and
testing

Execution of special geotechnical
works

Bringing European standards into
national practice

National Annex completes the
Eurocode jigsaw

Role of Eurocode 7 in UK
practice

Benefits of the Eurocodes

Of vital importance
The Eurocodes will become the Europe wide means of

designing Civil and Structural engineering works and
so they are of vital importance to both the design
and construction sectors of the Civil and Building
industries
Introduction to Eurocodes
European Commission website (http://ec.europa.eu)

Geotechnical design
EN 1997-1 general rules

Geotechnical categories
GC Includes Design requirements Design procedure
1 Small and relatively Negligible risk of instability or Routine design & construction
simple structures ground movements methods
with negligible risk Ground conditions known to be
straightforward
No excavation below water table
(or such excavation is
straightforward)
2 Conventional types of Quantitative geotechnical data & Routine field & lab testing
structure & foundation analysis to ensure fundamental Routine design & execution
with no exceptional requirements are satisfied
risk or difficult soil or
loading conditions
3 Structures or parts of Include alternative provisions and rules to those in Eurocode 7

structures not covered
above
Example risk assessment
Category 1
Low height cut slope
in London clay
Category 2
Embedded retaining wall and
bored piles in London clay
Category 3
Embedded bored pile retaining
walls over underground tunnel
Category 3
Underground running tunnels
Limit states

Ultimate limit states for strength
(STR/GEO)

Ultimate limit states for stability
(EQU/UPL/HYD)
EQU UPL HYD
Loss of static equilibrium Uplift by vertical forces Hydraulic failure
Toppling Buoyancy Internal erosion

Limit states for overall stability
Near river/canal/lake/reservoir/sea-shore Near/on natural or man-made slope
Near an excavation or retaining wall Near mine workings/buried structures

Ultimate limit states for
serviceability
Settlement Differential settlement Vibration
h
h
Deflection Insufficient pumping Excessive flow

h

Design by prescriptive measures
2.5(2) Design by prescriptive

measures may be used where
comparable experience makes
design calculations unnecessary
2.5(1) These [measures] involve
conventional and generally
conservative rules in the design,
and attention to specification and
control of materials, workmanship,
protection and maintenance
procedures
Example (right)
Annex G (informative) sample
method for deriving presumed
bearing resistance for spread
foundations on rock
Information taken from British
Standard 8004

Design by observation or testing
2.7(1) When prediction of geotechnical behaviour is difficult, it can be

appropriate to apply the approach known as the observational
method, in which the design is reviewed during construction
2.7(2)P The following requirements shall be met before construction is
started:
acceptable limits of behaviour shall be established
the range of possible behaviour shall be assessed
a plan of monitoring shall be devised
a plan of contingency actions shall be devised
2.6(1)P When the results of load tests or tests on large or small scale
models are used to justify a design the following features shall be
considered :
differences in the ground conditions between the test and the actual
construction
time effects
scale effects
Design by calculation

Verification of strength
Verification of strength is expressed in Eurocode 7 by:

E d Rd
Ed = design effect of actions
Rd = design resistance corresponding to that effect
This requirement applies to limit state GEO:

Failure or excessive deformation of the ground, in which the strength of
soil or rock is significant in providing resistance
EN 1997-1 2.4.7.1(1)P
and to ultimate limit state STR

Internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or structural
elements in which the strength of structural materials is significant in
providing resistance
EN 1997-1 2.4.7.1(1)P

Obtaining design material
properties
Test results
Derivation
Derived values of
geotechnical parameters X
Characterization
Characteristic
value Xk
Factorization
Design
value Xd
Deriving geotechnical parameters

Characterizing material properties
Derived values of geotechnical

parameters X
Standard tables of
Well-established
characteristic
experience
values
Cautious
Statistical methods
estimate
5% fractile
Characteristic value Xk

Effects of actions
Structural effects are independent
of material strength
In structural engineering, effects are
independent of strength of
F
materials
Example: bending moment at mid-
Action
span of beam is:
FL c bdL2
M = +
4 8
Conceptually, we may write this as:
E d = E {Fd , ad } Effect
deflection internal stresses

Geotechnical effects depend on
material strength
In geotechnical engineering, effects q
often depend on the strength of
materials
Example: internal stresses in and
Action
deflection/settlement of retaining
wall all depend on earth
pressure:
deflection
Pa = Ka (H + q)H
2
= (1 sin ) (H + q)H
Pa
Effect
(1 + sin )
E d = E {Fd , X d , ad } earth pressure
internal stresses settlement
Resistances
Structural resistance is
independent of loading
In structural engineering, resistance is
Material Property
concrete
independent of loading on (in compression)
structure concrete
(in tension)
Example: bending resistance of steel

(in tension)
concrete beam is:
f y As
M = As f y d 1
2fc bd
Conceptually, we may write this as: Resistance
Rd = R {X d , ad }
stress blocks strain in cross-section

Geotechnical resistance depends
on loading
Material property
In geotechnical engineering, q
resistance often depends on self-
weight of and loads applied to the
ground
Example: shear stress mobilized self-weight
against underside of base of fill
depends on self-weight of fill and
surcharge:
S = ( H + q ) B tan
Resistance
Rd = R {X d , Fd , ad }
S
shear stress
Introducing reliability into
design
Application of partial factors and
tolerances
Actions
Fd = F Frep
Effects of actions
Material properties E d = E E {Fd , X d , ad }
Xk
Xd =
M Resistances
Geometrical parameters R {Fd , X d , ad }
Rd =
ad = anom a R

Design Approaches
Design Approaches for STR/GEO
2.4.7.3.4.1(1)P The manner in which equations [above] are applied

shall be determined using one of three Design Approaches
Design Approaches apply ONLY to STR and GEO limit states
Each nation can choose which one (or more) to allow
UK National Annex, NA.4 only Design Approach 1 is to be used in
the UK
In simplest terms, the design approaches apply factors to the
following
Design Approach
1 2 3
Combination Combination
Actions1 2
Material Actions or effects Structural actions
properties & resistances or effects
& material
properties
Partial factors
Partial factors for limit states
GEO/STR
Parameter Sym- Action Material Resistance factors
bol factors factors
A1 A2 M1 M2 R1 R2 R3 R4
Permanent Unfavourable G 1.35 1.0
action (G) Favourable (G,fav) 1.0
Variable Unfavourable Q 1.5 1.3
action (Q) Favourable - (0) (0)
Accidental Unfavourable A 1.0 1.0
action (A) Favourable - (0) (0)
Shearing resistance (tan ) 1.0 1.25
Effective cohesion (c) c
Undrained shear strength (cu) cu 1.4
Unconfined compressive qu
strength (qu)
Weight density () 1.0
Bearing resistance (Rv) Rv 1.0 1.4 1.0 (1.0)
Sliding resistance (Rh) Rh 1.1
Earth resistance Walls Re 1.4
(Re) Slopes 1.1
Pile resistance Varies
Partial factors for limit states GEO/STR (DA1)
footings, walls, and slopes
Parameter Symbol Combination 1 Combination 2

A1 M1 R1 A2 M2 R1
Permanent Unfavourable G 1.35 1.0
action (G) Favourable (G,fav) 1.0
Variable Unfavourable Q 1.5 1.3
action (Q) Favourable - (0) (0)
Shearing resistance (tan ) 1.0 1.25
Undrained shear strength (cu) cu 1.4
Unconfined compressive strength (qu) qu

Bearing resistance (Rv) Rv 1.0 1.0
Sliding resistance (Rh) Rh
Earth resistance (Re) Re
Verification of strength for
GEO/STR (DA1-1)

Verification of strength for
GEO/STR (DA1-2)

Partial factors for limit states GEO/STR (DA1)
bridges (from draft amd 1 to NA to BS EN 1990)
Parameter Sym- Combination 1 Combination 2
bol A1 M1 R1 A2 M2 R1
G,sup 1.35
Unfavourable
Permanent Concrete, soil, other materials, 1.0
action (G) creep & shrinkage, non-linear
settlement
Steel, super-imposed, road 1.20
surfacing, linear settlement
Hydrostatic effects 1.0
G,inf
Favble
Hydrostatic effects 1.0 1.0

Creep & shrinkage, linear & 0 0
non-linear settlement
All other actions 0.95 1.0
Q,sup
Unfavble
Variable Road traffic & pedestrian 1.35 1.15

action (Q) Rail traffic ??? ???
Thermal 1.5 1.3
Wind 1.7 1.5
Favourable - 0 0
Material properties and resistance Building Buildings
s
Basis of design for stability
Verification of stability
Verification of stability
Verification of stability is expressed in Eurocode 7 by:
E d ,dst E d ,stb + Rd
Ed,dst = destabilizing design effect of actions
Ed,stb = stabilizing design effect of actions
Rd = any additional design resistance that stabilizes the structures
This requirement applies to limit state EQU:

Loss of equilibrium of the structure or the ground, considered as a rigid body, in
which the strengths of structural materials and the ground are insignificant in
providing resistance
EN 1997-1 2.4.7.1(1)P
and to ultimate limit state UPL:

Loss of equilibrium of the structure or the ground, due to uplift by water pressure
(buoyancy) or other vertical actions
EN 1997-1 2.4.7.1(1)P

Verification of stability for EQU

factors for limit state EQU for buildings
Parameter Symbol Partial factors on
Actions Material Resistance
properties s
Permanent action Unfavourab G,dst 1.1
(G) le
Favourable G,stb 0.9
Variable action (Q) Unfavourab Q,dst 1.5
le
Favourable - 0
Accidental action Unfavourab A,dst (1.0)
(A) le
Favourable - (0)
Coeff. of shearing resistance (tan 1.25 [1.1]
)
Undrained shear strength (cu) cu 1.4 [1.2]
Unconfined compressive qu
strength (qu)
All resistances (R) R (1.0)
Values underlined provide safety (i.e. are 1.0)
Values in (rounds brackets) are not explicitly given in EN 1997-1 but can be inferred
Partial factors = 0 mean that the corresponding action is omitted from design calculations
Values in [square brackets] from NA to BS EN 1997-1
Partial factors for limit state EQU
for bridges (from draft amd 1 to NA to BS EN 1990)

Actions Material Resistances
properties
Permanent Unfavourable G,dst 1.05
action (G) Favourable G,stb 0.95
Variable Un- Road traffic/ Q,dst 1.35
action (Q) favourable pedestrian
Rail traffic 1.45
Thermal 1.4
Wind 1.5
Favourable - 0
Accidental Unfavourable A,dst (1.0)
action (A) Favourable - (0)
Material properties M As for
buildings
Resistances R (1.0)
Values in (brackets) are not explicitly given in EN 1997-1 but can be inferred
Verification of stability for UPL

Partial factors for limit state UPL
properties
Permanent action (G) Unfavourable G,dst 1.0 [1.1]
Variable action (Q) Unfavourable Q,dst 1.5
Favourable - (0)
Accidental action (A) Unfavourable A,dst (1.0)
Favourable - (0)
Coeff. of shearing resistance (tan ) 1.25
Undrained shear strength (Cu) Cu 1.4
Unconfined compressive strength (qu) qu (1.4)
Weight density () (1.0)
Tensile pile resistance (Rst) st 1.4 [*]
Anchorage resistance (Ra) a 1.4 [*]
Values in (round brackets) are not explicitly given in EN 1997-1 but can be inferred
Value in [square brackets] as modified by the NA to BS EN 1997-1; *design as for STR/GEO
Partial factors for limit state EQU
for bridges (from draft amd 1 to NA to BS EN 1990)

properties
Permanent Unfavourable G,dst 1.05
action (G) Favourable G,stb 0.95
Variable Un- Road traffic/ Q,dst 1.35
action (Q) favourable pedestrian
Rail traffic 1.45
Thermal 1.4
Wind 1.5
Favourable - 0
Accidental Unfavourable A,dst (1.0)
action (A) Favourable - (0)
Material properties M As for
buildings
Resistances R (1.0)
Verification of stability for HYD

Partial factors for limit state HYD
Actions Material Resistance
properties s
Permanent action Unfavourab G,dst 1.35

(G) le
Variable action (Q) Unfavourab Q,dst 1.5
le
Favourable - (0)
Accidental action Unfavourab A,dst (1.0)
(A) le
Favourable - (0)
Weight density () (1.0)
All resistances (R) R (1.0)
Serviceability limit states
Verification of serviceability
Verification of serviceability
Verification of serviceability is expressed in Eurocode 7 by:
Ed Cd
Ed = design effect of actions (e.g. displacement, distortion)
Cd = limiting design value of the effect of actions
Serviceability limit states are defined as:

States that correspond to conditions beyond which specified
service requirements for a structure or structural member are no
longer met
EN 1990 1.5.2.14
Partial factors should normally be taken as 1.0

Some guidance on values for Cd is given in Annex H
Verification of SLS

Geotechnical reports

Geotechnical Design Report

Ground Investigation Report

Conclusion
Business as usual

Decoding Eurocode 7
Book due middle 2008

Key features
Covers Eurocode 7 Parts 1 and 2,
plus relevant parts of other
Eurocodes
Also covers associated execution
and testing standards
Explains key principles
Illustrates application rules with
real-life case studies
Material extensively tested on
training courses over 5 years
Authors Andrew Bond
(Geocentrix) and Andy Harris
(Geomantix)
To be published by Spon in
hardback, with colour section
Decoding the Eurocodes blog
Web log (blog) started May
2006
Address: www.eurocode7.com
Aim to post articles at least
once a month, on following
subjects:
BGA
Books
BSI
Eurocode 3
Eurocode 7
ICE
IStructE
Seminars
Singapore
Structural Eurocodes
Training courses

Dont be the architect of decay
He who rejects change is the architect of decay
Harold Wilson
British Prime Minister (1964-70 and 1974-76)

Decoding Eurocode 7
www.eurocode7.com

Canterbury Decoding Eurocode 7 PDF

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Decoding Eurocode 7

Institution of Structural Engineers

the art of using soils whose properties we do not really

Professor Noel Simons, Inaugural Lecture, University of

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 2

The structural Eurocodes are a European suite of codes

National Strategy for Implementation of the Structural

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 4

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 5

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 6

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 8

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 9

[ref. EN 1997-2 Figure 1.2]

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 12

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 13

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 14

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 15

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 16

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 17

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 18

The Eurocodes will become the Europe wide means of

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 19

EN 1997-1 general rules

GC Includes Design requirements Design procedure

3 Structures or parts of Include alternative provisions and rules to those in Eurocode 7

EN 1997-1 general rules

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 24

Toppling Buoyancy Internal erosion

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 25

Near river/canal/lake/reservoir/sea-shore Near/on natural or man-made slope

Near an excavation or retaining wall Near mine workings/buried structures

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 26

Deflection Insufficient pumping Excessive flow

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 27

2.5(2) Design by prescriptive

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 28

2.7(1) When prediction of geotechnical behaviour is difficult, it can be

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 30

Verification of strength is expressed in Eurocode 7 by:

This requirement applies to limit state GEO:

and to ultimate limit state STR

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 31

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 33

Derived values of geotechnical

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 34

deflection internal stresses

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 36

Example: bending resistance of steel

stress blocks strain in cross-section

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 42

2.4.7.3.4.1(1)P The manner in which equations [above] are applied

Parameter Symbol Combination 1 Combination 2

Weight density () 1.0

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 48

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 49

Hydrostatic effects 1.0 1.0

Variable Road traffic & pedestrian 1.35 1.15

Verification of stability is expressed in Eurocode 7 by:

This requirement applies to limit state EQU:

and to ultimate limit state UPL:

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 52

Feb-08 Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 53

Parameter Symbol Partial factors on