Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
INTRODUCTION
The fats and oils that are most common in soap preparations are lard and
tallow from animal sources, and coconut, palm, and olive oils from vegetable
sources. The length of hydrocarbon chain and the number of double bonds in the
carboxylic acid portion of the fat or oil determine the properties of the resulting
soap. For example, a salt of a saturated long-chain acid makes a harder, more
insoluble soap. Chain length also affects solubility. Tallow is the principal fatty
material used in making soap. The solid fats of cattle are melted with steam, and
the tallow layer formed at the top is removed. Soap makers usually blend tallow
with coconut oil and saponify this mixture. The resulting soap contains mainly the
salts of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids from the tallow, and the salts of lauric
and myristic acids from the coconut oil. The coconut oil is added to produce a
softer, more soluble soap. Lard (from hogs) differs from tallow (from cattle or
sheep) in that lard contains more oleic acid (Kevin M. 2010).
Pure coconut oil yields to a soap that is very soluble in water. This soap
contains essentially the salt of lauric acid with some myristic acid. It is so soft
that it will lather even in seawater. Palm oil contains mainly two acids, palmitic
acid and oleic acid, in about equal amounts. Saponification of this oil yields a
soap that is an important constituent of toilet soaps. Olive oil contains mainly
oleic acid. It is used to prepare Castile soap, named after the region in Spain in
which it was first made. Toilet soaps generally have been carefully washed free
of any alkali remaining from the saponification and as much glycerol as possible
is usually left in the soap, and perfumes and medicinal agents are sometimes
added. There is also floating soaps which can be produced by blowing air into
the soap as it solidifies. Soft soaps are made by using potassium hydroxide,
yielding potassium salts rather than the sodium salts of the acids. They are used
in shaving cream and liquid soaps. Scouring soaps have abrasives added, such
as fine sand or pumice (Tadiello, 2004).
In this experiment, the learners should be able to make soap from fat or oil
by heating it with sodium hydroxide or perform saponification. The learners also
are able to compare the different properties of the said soap that was prepared
and the commercial detergents.
B. Liebermman-Burchard Test
NOTE: This test have done by extreme caution
1. A few grains of cholesterol was placed in 3ml anhydrous chloroform by
used of clean dry test tube.
2. 10-20 drops of acetic acid anhydride were added and 2 drops of
concentrated H2SO4 were also added carefully. (Caution: The reaction was
highly exothermic. )
3. The formation of lilac color that was developed gradually were gently
mixed and observed, turned blue, and then to an emerald green color.
Questions
1. Note the different fats tested for unsaturation. List them from the most
unsaturated to the least unsaturated.
Coconut Oil
Olive oil
Oleic acid
Peanut oil
Corn oil
2. Equation for
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
IUPAC Gold Book soap" Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the
"Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: created by M. Nic, J.
Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8.
doi:10.1351/goldbook. Accessed 2010-08-09
Silvia A. Centeno; Dorothy Mahon (Summer 2009). Macro Leona, ed. "The
Chemistry of Aging in Oil Paintings: Metal Soaps and Visual Changes". The
Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 67 (1): 1219.
JSTOR 40588562. See pages: 1219.
amrita.olabs.edu.in,. (2013). Saponification-The process of Making Soap.