CHAPTER 14

Wireless Communication

14.0 Introduction
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14.1 Sending Messages Using Low-Cost Wireless Modules

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426 | Chapter 14: Wireless Communication

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/*
SimpleSend
This sketch transmits a short text message using the VirtualWire library
connect the Transmitter data pin to Arduino pin 12
*/

#include <VirtualWire.h>

void setup()
{
// Initialize the IO and ISR
vw_setup(2000); // Bits per sec
}

void loop()
{
send("hello");
delay(1000);
}

void send (char *message)

{
vw_send((uint8_t *)message, strlen(message));
vw_wait_tx(); // Wait until the whole message is gone
}

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/*
SimpleReceive
This sketch displays text strings received using VirtualWire
Connect the Receiver data pin to Arduino pin 11
*/
#include <VirtualWire.h>

byte message[VW_MAX_MESSAGE_LEN]; // a buffer to hold the incoming messages

byte msgLength = VW_MAX_MESSAGE_LEN; // the size of the message

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Ready");

// Initialize the IO and ISR

vw_setup(2000); // Bits per sec
vw_rx_start(); // Start the receiver
}

14.1 Sending Messages Using Low-Cost Wireless Modules | 427

 void loop()
{
if (vw_get_message(message, &msgLength)) // Non-blocking
{
Serial.print("Got: ");
for (int i = 0; i < msgLength; i++)
{
Serial.write(message[i]);
}
Serial.println();
}
}

Discussion
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/*
SendBinary
Sends digital and analog pin values as binary data using VirtualWire library
See SendBinary in Chapter 4
*/

#include <VirtualWire.h>

const int numberOfAnalogPins = 6; // how many analog pins to read

int data[numberOfAnalogPins]; // the data buffer

const int dataBytes = numberOfAnalogPins * sizeof(int); // the number of bytes

in the data buffer

void setup()
{
// Initialize the IO and ISR
vw_setup(2000); // Bits per sec
}

428 | Chapter 14: Wireless Communication

 void loop()
{
int values = 0;
for(int i=0; i <= numberOfAnalogPins; i++)
{
// read the analog ports
data[i] = analogRead(i); // store the values into the data buffer
}
send((byte*)data, dataBytes);
delay(1000); //send every second
}

void send (byte *data, int nbrOfBytes)

{
vw_send(data, nbrOfBytes);
vw_wait_tx(); // Wait until the whole message is gone
}

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/*
ReceiveBinary
This sketch receives six integer values as binary data
Connect the Receiver data pin to Arduino pin 11
*/
#include <VirtualWire.h>

/*
SendBinary
Sends digital and analog pin values as binary data using VirtualWire library
See SendBinary in Chapter 4
*/

#include <VirtualWire.h>

const int numberOfAnalogPins = 6; // how many analog integer values to receive

int data[numberOfAnalogPins]; // the data buffer

// the number of bytes in the data buffer

const int dataBytes = numberOfAnalogPins * sizeof(int);

byte msgLength = dataBytes;

void setup()
{

14.1 Sending Messages Using Low-Cost Wireless Modules | 429

 Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Ready");

// Initialize the IO and ISR

vw_set_ptt_inverted(true); // Required for DR3100
vw_setup(2000); // Bits per sec

vw_rx_start(); // Start the receiver

}

void loop()
{
if (vw_get_message((byte*)data, &msgLength)) // Non-blocking
{
Serial.println("Got: ");
if(msgLength == dataBytes)
{
for (int i = 0; i < numberOfAnalogPins; i++)
{
Serial.print("pin ");
Serial.print(i);
Serial.print("=");
Serial.println(data[i]);
}
}
else
{
Serial.print("unexpected msg length of ");
Serial.println(msgLength);
}
Serial.println();
}
}

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Got:
pin 0=1023
pin 1=100
pin 2=227
pin 3=303
pin 4=331
pin 5=358

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430 | Chapter 14: Wireless Communication

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See Also
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14.2 Connecting Arduino to a ZigBee or 802.15.4 Network

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/*
XBeeEcho
Reply with whatever you receive over the serial port
*/

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
{
while (Serial.available() ) {
Serial.write(Serial.read()); // reply with whatever you receive
}
}

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432 | Chapter 14: Wireless Communication

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14.2 Connecting Arduino to a ZigBee or 802.15.4 Network | 433

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434 | Chapter 14: Wireless Communication

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14.2 Connecting Arduino to a ZigBee or 802.15.4 Network | 435

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436 | Chapter 14: Wireless Communication

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Talking to the Arduino

1RZWKDW\RXYHJRW\RXU;%HHPRGXOHVFRQILJXUHGFORVHWKHVHULDOWHUPLQDOWKDWZDV
FRQQHFWHGWRLWDQGGLVFRQQHFWWKH;%HHIURP\RXUFRPSXWHU1H[WSURJUDP\RXU
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W\SHa\RXOOVHHaa

14.2 Connecting Arduino to a ZigBee or 802.15.4 Network | 437

See Also
5HFLSH5HFLSH5HFLSH

14.3 Sending a Message to a Particular XBee

Problem
<RXZDQWWRFRQILJXUHZKLFKQRGH\RXUPHVVDJHJRHVWRIURP\RXU$UGXLQRVNHWFK

Solution
6HQGWKH$7FRPPDQGVGLUHFWO\IURP\RXU$UGXLQRVNHWFK
/*
XBeeMessage
Send a message to an XBee using its address
*/

boolean configured = false;

boolean configureRadio() {

// put the radio in command mode:

Serial.print("+++");

String ok_response = "OK\r"; // the response we expect.

// Read the text of the response into the response variable

String response = String("");
while (response.length() < ok_response.length()) {
if (Serial.available() > 0) {
response += (char) Serial.read();
}
}

// If we got the right response, configure the radio and return true.
if (response.equals(ok_response)) {
Serial.print("ATDH0013A200\r"); // destination high-REPLACE THIS
Serial.print("ATDL403B9E1E\r"); // destination low-REPLACE THIS
Serial.print("ATCN\r"); // back to data mode
return true;
} else {
return false; // This indicates the response was incorrect.
}
}

void setup () {
Serial.begin(9600); // Begin serial
configured = configureRadio();
}

void loop () {

438 | Chapter 14: Wireless Communication

 if (configured) {
Serial.print("Hello!");
delay(3000);
}
else {
delay(30000); // Wait 30 seconds
configureRadio(); // try again
}
}

Discussion
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VHTXHQFHDFFRPSOLVKHV

14.3 Sending a Message to a Particular XBee | 439

)LJXUH/RRNLQJXSWKHKLJKDQGORZVHULDOQXPEHUVLQ;&78

See Also
5HFLSH

14.4 Sending Sensor Data Between XBees

Problem
<RXZDQWWRVHQGWKHVWDWXVRIGLJLWDODQGDQDORJSLQVRUFRQWUROSLQVEDVHGRQFRP
PDQGVUHFHLYHGIURP;%HH

440 | Chapter 14: Wireless Communication

Solution
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WKDWLWUHFHLYHVIURPWKHRWKHU;%HH

Discussion
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14.4 Sending Sensor Data Between XBees | 441

UHVLVWRU7KLVLVEHFDXVHWKH6HULHV;%HHVDQDORJWRGLJLWDOFRQYHUWHUVUHDGDUDQJH
RIWRYROWVDQG5UHGXFHVWKH9WRVWD\EHORZYROWV

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WKH$UGXLQRDVVKRZQLQ5HFLSH,I\RXQHHGWRUHSURJUDPWKH$UGXLQRUHPHPEHU
WRGLVFRQQHFWLWIURPWKH;%HHILUVW
/*
XBeeAnalogReceive
Read an analog value from an XBee API frame and set the brightness
of an LED accordingly.
*/

#define LEDPIN 9

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(LEDPIN, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {

if (Serial.available() >= 21) { // Wait until we have a mouthful of data

if (Serial.read() == 0x7E) { // Start delimiter of a frame

// Skip over the bytes in the API frame we don't care about
for (int i = 0; i < 18; i++) {
Serial.read();

442 | Chapter 14: Wireless Communication

 }

// The next two bytes are the high and low bytes of the sensor reading
int analogHigh = Serial.read();
int analogLow = Serial.read();
int analogValue = analogLow + (analogHigh * 256);

// Scale the brightness to the Arduino PWM range

int brightness = map(analogValue, 0, 1023, 0, 255);

// Light the LED

analogWrite(LEDPIN, brightness);
}
}
}

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14.4 Sending Sensor Data Between XBees | 443

:LUHXSWKHWUDQVPLWWLQJ;%HHWRWKHVHQVRUDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH

)LJXUH6HULHV;%HHFRQQHFWHGWRDQDQDORJVHQVRU

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WKH$UGXLQRDVVKRZQLQ5HFLSH,I\RXQHHGWRUHSURJUDPWKH$UGXLQRGLVFRQQHFW
LWIURPWKH;%HHILUVW
/*
XBeeAnalogReceiveSeries1
Read an analog value from an XBee API frame and set the brightness
of an LED accordingly.
*/

const int ledPin = 9;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
configureRadio(); // check the return value if you need error handling
}

boolean configureRadio() {

// put the radio in command mode:

Serial.flush();
Serial.print("+++");

444 | Chapter 14: Wireless Communication

 delay(100);

String ok_response = "OK\r"; // the response we expect.

// Read the text of the response into the response variable

String response = String("");
while (response.length() < ok_response.length()) {
if (Serial.available() > 0) {
response += (char) Serial.read();
}
}

// If we got the right response, configure the radio and return true.
if (response.equals(ok_response)) {
Serial.print("ATAP1\r"); // Enter API mode
delay(100);
Serial.print("ATCN\r"); // back to data mode
return true;
} else {
return false; // This indicates the response was incorrect.
}
}

void loop() {

if (Serial.available() >= 14) { // Wait until we have a mouthful of data

if (Serial.read() == 0x7E) { // Start delimiter of a frame

// Skip over the bytes in the API frame we don't care about
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
Serial.read();
}

// The next two bytes are the high and low bytes of the sensor reading
int analogHigh = Serial.read();
int analogLow = Serial.read();
int analogValue = analogLow + (analogHigh * 256);

// Scale the brightness to the Arduino PWM range

int brightness = map(analogValue, 0, 1023, 0, 255);

// Light the LED

analogWrite(ledPin, brightness);
}
}
}

See Also
5HFLSH

14.4 Sending Sensor Data Between XBees | 445

14.5 Activating an Actuator Connected to an XBee
Problem
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FRQQHFWHGWRLWVXFKDVDUHOD\RU/('

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Discussion
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446 | Chapter 14: Wireless Communication

 'HVWLQDWLRQ$GGUHVV/RZ'/WKHORZDGGUHVV6/RIWKHRWKHU;%HH
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RUATD15WKDWVHWVWKHVWDWHRISLQATD1DOWHUQDWLQJO\RQGLJLWDORXWKLJKDQGRII
GLJLWDORXWORZ
/*
XBeeActuate
Send a Remote AT command to activate a digital pin on another XBee.
*/

const byte frameStartByte = 0x7E;

const byte frameTypeRemoteAT = 0x17;
const byte remoteATOptionApplyChanges = 0x02;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
{

toggleRemotePin(1);
delay(3000);
toggleRemotePin(0);
delay(2000);
}

14.5 Activating an Actuator Connected to an XBee | 447

 byte sendByte(byte value) {
Serial.print(value, BYTE);
return value;
}

void toggleRemotePin(int value) { // 0 = off, nonzero = on

byte pin_state;
if (value) {
pin_state = 0x5;
} else {
pin_state = 0x4;
}

sendByte(frameStartByte); // Begin the API frame

// High and low parts of the frame length (not counting checksum)
sendByte(0x0);
sendByte(0x10);

long sum = 0; // Accumulate the checksum

sum += sendByte(frameTypeRemoteAT); // Indicate this frame contains a

Remote AT command

sum += sendByte(0x0); // frame ID set to zero for no reply

// The following 8 bytes indicate the ID of the recipient.

// Use 0xFFFF to broadcast to all nodes.
sum += sendByte(0x0);
sum += sendByte(0x0);
sum += sendByte(0x0);
sum += sendByte(0x0);
sum += sendByte(0x0);
sum += sendByte(0x0);
sum += sendByte(0xFF);
sum += sendByte(0xFF);

// The following 2 bytes indicate the 16-bit address of the recipient.

// Use 0xFFFE to broadcast to all nodes.
sum += sendByte(0xFF);
sum += sendByte(0xFF);

sum += sendByte(remoteATOptionApplyChanges); // send Remote AT options

// The text of the AT command

sum += sendByte('D');
sum += sendByte('1');

// The value (0x4 for off, 0x5 for on)

sum += sendByte(pin_state);

// Send the checksum

sendByte( 0xFF - ( sum & 0xFF));

448 | Chapter 14: Wireless Communication

 delay(10); // Pause to let the microcontroller settle down if needed
}

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14.5 Activating an Actuator Connected to an XBee | 449

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/*
XBeeActuateSeries1
Activate a digital pin on another XBee.
*/

const int ledPin = 9;

const int xbeePin = 2;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(xbeePin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{

digitalWrite(xbeePin, HIGH);
delay(3000);
digitalWrite(xbeePin, LOW);
delay(3000);
}

See Also
5HFLSH

450 | Chapter 14: Wireless Communication