Food Science

Titration lab report

(13, 16 January 2017)
In this experiment, we learned about acid and base. The
pH level is used to determine that does this substance is
acidic or basic solution. The pH level is a scale from 1 to
14, which from 0 to 7 is acid and from 7 to 14 is base that
mean 7 is the neutral point. For acid, the lower the pH
level are the strength the acid is. For base the higher the
pH level is the strength the base is. Ionization is a process
that an atom requires a negative or positive charge by
gaining or losing electron to form an ions. When ionize
acid or when acid is dissolved in water, they will release
hydrogen (H+) or hydronium (H3O+) ions into the solution
which the solution is called acidic solution. When ionize
base or when base is dissolved in water, they will release
hydroxide ion (OH-) into the solution which the solution is
called basic or alkaline solution. The strength of acid and
base is depended on ionization. If it ionizes completely in
water, mean that almost all the molecule break apart and
release ion in the solution, then it will be either strong acid
or base, but if it doesnt ionize completely in water, mean
that only some molecule break apart and release ion in the
solution, then it will be either weak acid or base.
Titration is a method that used to determine the
concentration or strength of acid or base by neutralization
of acid and base and see that how many volumes of base
it takes to make this acid become neutral and use the
volume of base to compare with other acid result. Acid that
have higher volume of base will be stronger or higher in
concentration. The indicator is needed to be add to the
acidic solution which is Phenolphthalein that it will turn to
pink color in basic solution and clear in acidic solution. So,
when the acidic solution turn to slightly pink it mean that it
is become neutralization which that point is called
Equivalence point. Therefore, as the pH level of the
solution is increased, it color will become darker and
darker pink.

In the experiment, the base is Sodium Hydroxide and the

acid is Vinegar. The indicator is Phenolphthalein.
Phenolphthalein has been added to the acidic solution
which is vinegar before start the experiment. Place the
basic solution which is Sodium Hydroxide into the buret.
Start the process by slowly add the base drop by drop
while swirl it, until the certain amount that it will change the
acid color permanently to slightly pink. When it became
slightly pink it tells that it turns to be neutral.
 Purpose:
The purpose of this experiment is to identify the
concentration of the acidic solution by titration process
which done by neutralization of acid and base.

Materials
1. Safety goggles
2. Gloves
3. Lab coat
4. Ring stands with clamps to hold the burets
5. Burets
6. Erlenmeyer Flask
7. Phenolphthalein solution (indicator)
8. An acid (vinegar)
9. A base (sodium hydroxide)

Methods:
1. Put on lab coat, gloves, and safety goggles (to be worn
throughout the whole experiment).
2. Obtain one 50-mL buret on a ring stand that is filled with
NaOH (sodium hydroxide).
3. Obtain two Erlenmeyer flasks filled with 15 mL different
concentrations of vinegar.
4. Add 3-5 drops of the indicator phenolphthalein to the
vinegar. Place the flask under the tip of the buret
containing NaOH.
5. Slowly add the NaOH to the vinegar. A pink color appears
where the base first contacts the acid. Swirl the flask until
the color disappears.
6. Add the base, drop by drop, while swirling after each drop,
until the base turns the solution to a pale pink (not a bright
pink) that does not disappear.
7. Record the volume of the base NaOH used from the buret.
8. Repeat procedure with the other three flasks.
9. Average for each concentration the amount of base
required.

Data table & Observations

Title : Titration result of each sample
Sample Volume of NaOH pH levels Color
1 11.8 cm3 8 Bright Pink
2 14.1 cm3 8.5 Bright Pink
3 14.2 cm
3
7.5 Light pink
4 14.2 cm3 8 Bright Pink

Observation:
 Titration result

An Erlenmeyer flask on the left side showing that it

was adding too much amount of NaOH (Sodium
hydroxide) so the color turns into bright pink with a pH 8.5.
The middle one result is moderate with a pH of 8 its color
is pale pink and the right one was the best result with a pH
of 7.5
Sample one and two are weaker than sample three
and four because it takes less base to neutralize it.

Discussion Section:
1. What was the function of the indicator in this experiment?
How does it work?

- The indicator in this experiment which is Phenolphthalein,

it is used to determine when does the solution become
neutralization by it is added to the acidic solution before
the experiment start. It color will be clear in acidic solution
and turn to pink in the basic solution. So when the base is
added to the acid it will turn to pink and when swirl it the
 pink color will disappear. Until the certain amount of base
that have been add it will change the acidic color
permanently to slightly pink which tell that it turns to be
neutral. Therefore, as the pH level of the solution is
increased, it color will become darker and darker pink.

2. Which sample of vinegar was more concentrated? Explain

your answer.

- The second sample of vinegar was more concentrated

because it require more drop of base than the first sample
to become neutral.

3. If a neutralization reaction produces salt and water, write

the chemical equation for your experiment, and the name
of the salt produced.
- Sodium hydroxide + acetic acid = sodium acetate and
water. The salt is acetate ion.
HC2H3O2(aq)+NaOH(aq)=C2H3O2-(aq) + H2O(l)
(Senese, 2010)

4. What are some functions of the salt produced from the

titration?

- Acetate ions can be used to extract copper (II), nickel (II),

cobalt (II), magnesium (II) and iron (II, III) (Elsevier, 2005)
5. The human body has a process for maintaining pH and
regulating the amount of acid and base present in the
body. What is this process called and briefly explain some
of its functions and how it works.

- The chemical buffer process is the process that maintain

PH in the body. The most important chemical during this
process is the bicarbonate(HCO3), because H+ binds with
the hydrogen atom(HCO3 + H = H2O + CO2) Water and
CO2 can be easily cleanse through urinating and exhaling.
(Keller, 2012)

Conclusion:
In conclusion the experiment shows that Sodium
Hydroxide mixed with Acetate acid will result in a From the
result, the data table shows that sample one and two have
less strength and concentration than sample three and
four because it takes less base to neutralize it.

References
Keller, D.(2012). Understanding Acid Base Balance in the
Human Body Retrieved from
http://www.brighthubeducation.com/science-homework-
help/108712-acid-base-balance-in-the-human-body/

Senese, F.(2010). How do I compute the pH at the

equivalence point in the titration of acetic acid with
NaOH? Retrieved from
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/acidbase/fa
q/equivalence-point-HOAc-NaOH.shtml

Elsevier, B.V. (2005). Influence of acetate ions and the

role of the diluents on the extraction of copper (II), nickel
(II), cobalt (II), magnesium (II) and iron (II, III) with different
types of extractants Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304386
X05000861?np=y

Work log

Ming Conclusion, Purpose,

Discussion, question(3,4)
Min Discussion section(5), Front
page + Background
Beam Introduction, Reference,
Discussion question(1)
Jenny Materials, Data table,
Methods, Discussion,
question(2)