Artificial Neural Networks for

Beginners 5
Posted by Loren Shure, August 4, 2015
Deep Learning is a very hot topic these days especially in computer vision
applications and you probably see it in the news and get curious. Now the
question is, how do you get started with it? Today's guest blogger, Toshi
Takeuchi, gives us a quick tutorial on artificial neural networks as a starting
point for your study of deep learning.
Contents

MNIST Dataset
Data Preparation
Using the Neural Network Toolbox GUI App
Visualizing the Learned Weights
Computing the Categorization Accuracy
Network Architecture
The Next Step - an Autoencoder Example
Sudoku Solver: a Real-time Processing Example
Submitting Your Entry to Kaggle
Closing
MNIST Dataset
Many of us tend to learn better with a concrete example. Let me give you a
quick step-by-step tutorial to get intuition using a popular MNIST handwritten
digit dataset. Kaggle happens to use this very dataset in the Digit
Recognizer tutorial competition. Let's use it in this example. You can
download the competition dataset from "Get the Data" page:
train.csv - training data
test.csv - test data for submission
Load the training and test data into MATLAB, which I assume was
downloaded into the current folder. The test data is used to generate your
submissions.

tr = csvread('train.csv', 1, 0); % read train.csv

sub = csvread('test.csv', 1, 0); % read test.csv

The first column is the label that shows the correct digit for each sample in
the dataset, and each row is a sample. In the remaining columns, a row
represents a 28 x 28 image of a handwritten digit, but all pixels are placed in
a single row, rather than in the original rectangular form. To visualize the
digits, we need to reshape the rows into 28 x 28 matrices. You can
use reshape for that, except that we need to transpose the data,
because reshape operates by column-wise rather than row-wise.
 figure % plot images
colormap(gray) % set to grayscale
for i = 1:25 % preview first 25 samples
subplot(5,5,i) % plot them in 6 x 6 grid
digit = reshape(tr(i, 2:end), [28,28])'; % row = 28 x 28 image
imagesc(digit) % show the image
title(num2str(tr(i, 1))) % show the label
end

Data Preparation
You will be using the nprtool pattern recognition app from Neural Network
Toolbox. The app expects two sets of data:
inputs - a numeric matrix, each column representing the samples and
rows the features. This is the scanned images of handwritten digits.
targets - a numeric matrix of 0 and 1 that maps to specific labels that
images represent. This is also known as a dummy variable. Neural Network
Toolbox also expects labels stored in columns, rather than in rows.
The labels range from 0 to 9, but we will use '10' to represent '0' because
MATLAB is indexing is 1-based.

1 --> [1; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0]
2 --> [0; 1; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0]

3 --> [0; 0; 1; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0]

0 --> [0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 1]

The dataset stores samples in rows rather than in columns, so you need to
transpose it. Then you will partition the data so that you hold out 1/3 of the
data for model evaluation, and you will only use 2/3 for training our artificial
neural network model.

n = size(tr, 1); % number of samples in the dataset

targets = tr(:,1); % 1st column is |label|
targets(targets == 0) = 10; % use '10' to present '0'
targetsd = dummyvar(targets); % convert label into a dummy variable
inputs = tr(:,2:end); % the rest of columns are predictors

inputs = inputs'; % transpose input

targets = targets'; % transpose target
targetsd = targetsd'; % transpose dummy variable

rng(1); % for reproducibility

c = cvpartition(n,'Holdout',n/3); % hold out 1/3 of the dataset

Xtrain = inputs(:, training(c)); % 2/3 of the input for training

Ytrain = targetsd(:, training(c)); % 2/3 of the target for training
Xtest = inputs(:, test(c)); % 1/3 of the input for testing
Ytest = targets(test(c)); % 1/3 of the target for testing
Ytestd = targetsd(:, test(c)); % 1/3 of the dummy variable for testing
Using the Neural Network Toolbox GUI App
1. You can start the Neural Network Start GUI by typing the
command nnstart.
2. You then click the Pattern Recognition Tool to open the Neural Network
Pattern Recognition Tool. You can also usehe command nprtool to open it
directly.
3. Click "Next" in the welcome screen and go to "Select Data".
4. For inputs, select Xtrain and for targets, select Ytrain.
5. Click "Next" and go to "Validation and Test Data". Accept the default
settings and click "Next" again. This will split the data into 70-15-15 for
the training, validation and testing sets.
6. In the "Network Architecture", change the value for the number of
hidden neurons, 100, and click "Next" again.
7. In the "Train Network", click the "Train" button to start the training.
When finished, click "Next". Skip "Evaluate Network" and click next.
8. In "Deploy Solution", select "MATLAB Matrix-Only Function" and save t
the generated code. I save it as myNNfun.m.
9. If you click "Next" and go to "Save Results", you can also save the
script as well as the model you just created. I saved the simple script
as myNNscript.m
Here is the diagram of this artificial neural network model you created with
the Pattern Recognition Tool. It has 784 input neurons, 100 hidden layer
neurons, and 10 output layer neurons.

Your model learns through training the weights to produce the correct output.
W in the diagram stands for weights and b for bias units, which are part of
individual neurons. Individual neurons in the hidden layer look like this - 784
inputs and corresponding weights, 1 bias unit, and 10 activation outputs.

Visualizing the Learned Weights

If you look inside myNNfun.m, you see variables
like IW1_1 and x1_step1_keep that represent the weights your artificial neural
network model learned through training. Because we have 784 inputs and
100 neurons, the full layer 1 weights will be a 100 x 784 matrix. Let's
visualize them. This is what our neurons are learning!
load myWeights % load the learned weights
W1 =zeros(100, 28*28); % pre-allocation
W1(:, x1_step1_keep) = IW1_1; % reconstruct the full matrix
figure % plot images
colormap(gray) % set to grayscale
for i = 1:25 % preview first 25 samples
subplot(5,5,i) % plot them in 6 x 6 grid
digit = reshape(W1(i,:), [28,28])'; % row = 28 x 28 image
imagesc(digit) % show the image
end

Computing the Categorization Accuracy

Now you are ready to use myNNfun.m to predict labels for the heldout data
in Xtest and compare them to the actual labels in Ytest. That gives you a
realistic predictive performance against unseen data. This is also the metric
Kaggle uses to score submissions.
First, you see the actual output from the network, which shows the
probability for each possible label. You simply choose the most probable label
as your prediction and then compare it to the actual label. You should see
95% categorization accuracy.
Ypred = myNNfun(Xtest); % predicts probability for each label
Ypred(:, 1:5) % display the first 5 columns
[~, Ypred] = max(Ypred); % find the indices of max probabilities
sum(Ytest == Ypred) / length(Ytest) % compare the predicted vs. actual

ans =

1.3988e-09 6.1336e-05 1.4421e-07 1.5035e-07 2.6808e-08

1.9521e-05 0.018117 3.5323e-09 2.9139e-06 0.0017353

2.2202e-07 0.00054599 0.012391 0.00049678 0.00024934

1.5338e-09 0.46156 0.00058973 4.5171e-07 0.00025153

4.5265e-08 0.11546 0.91769 2.1261e-05 0.00031076

1.1247e-08 0.25335 1.9205e-06 1.1014e-06 0.99325

2.1627e-08 0.0045572 1.733e-08 3.7744e-07 1.7282e-07

2.2329e-09 7.6692e-05 0.00011479 0.98698 1.7328e-06

1.9634e-05 0.0011708 0.069215 0.01249 0.00084255

0.99996 0.14511 1.0106e-07 2.9687e-06 0.0033565

ans =

0.95293
Network Architecture
You probably noticed that the artificial neural network model generated from
the Pattern Recognition Tool has only one hidden layer. You can build a
custom model with more layers if you would like, but this simple architecture
is sufficient for most common problems.
The next question you may ask is how I picked 100 for the number of hidden
neurons. The general rule of thumb is to pick a number between the number
of input neurons, 784 and the number of output neurons, 10, and I just
picked 100 arbitrarily. That means you might do better if you try other
values. Let's do this programmatically this time. myNNscript.m will be handy
for this - you can simply adapt the script to do a parameter sweep.
sweep = [10,50:50:300]; % parameter values to test
scores = zeros(length(sweep), 1); % pre-allocation
models = cell(length(sweep), 1); % pre-allocation
x = Xtrain; % inputs
t = Ytrain; % targets
trainFcn = 'trainscg'; % scaled conjugate gradient
for i = 1:length(sweep)
hiddenLayerSize = sweep(i); % number of hidden layer neurons
net = patternnet(hiddenLayerSize); % pattern recognition network
 net.divideParam.trainRatio = 70/100;% 70% of data for training
net.divideParam.valRatio = 15/100; % 15% of data for validation
net.divideParam.testRatio = 15/100; % 15% of data for testing
net = train(net, x, t); % train the network
models{i} = net; % store the trained network
p = net(Xtest); % predictions
[~, p] = max(p); % predicted labels
scores(i) = sum(Ytest == p) /... % categorization accuracy
length(Ytest);
end

Let's now plot how the categorization accuracy changes versus number of
neurons in the hidden layer.

figure

plot(sweep, scores, '.-')

xlabel('number of hidden neurons')
ylabel('categorization accuracy')
title('Number of hidden neurons vs. accuracy')

It looks like you get the best result around 250 neurons and the best score
will be around 0.96 with this basic artificial neural network model.
As you can see, you gain more accuracy if you increase the number of
hidden neurons, but then the accuracy decreases at some point (your result
may differ a bit due to random initialization of weights). As you increase the
number of neurons, your model will be able to capture more features, but if
you capture too many features, then you end up overfitting your model to
the training data and it won't do well with unseen data. Let's examine the
learned weights with 300 hidden neurons. You see more details, but you also
see more noise.

net = models{end}; % restore the last model

W1 = zeros(sweep(end), 28*28); % pre-allocation
W1(:, x1_step1_keep) = net.IW{1}; % reconstruct the full matrix
figure % plot images
colormap(gray) % set to grayscale
for i = 1:25 % preview first 25 samples
subplot(5,5,i) % plot them in 6 x 6 grid
digit = reshape(W1(i,:), [28,28])'; % row = 28 x 28 image
imagesc(digit) % show the image
end

The Next Step - an Autoencoder Example

You now have some intuition on artificial neural networks - a network
automatically learns the relevant features from the inputs and generates a
sparse representation that maps to the output labels. What if we use the
inputs as the target values? That eliminates the need for training labels and
turns this into an unsupervised learning algorithm. This is known as an
autoencoder and this becomes a building block of a deep learning network.
There is an excellent example of autoencoders on the Training a Deep Neural
Network for Digit Classification page in the Neural Network Toolbox
documentation, which also uses MNIST dataset. For more details, Stanford
provides an excellent UFLDL Tutorial that also uses the same dataset and
MATLAB-based starter code.
Sudoku Solver: a Real-time Processing Example
Beyond understanding the algorithms, there is also a practical question of
how to generate the input data in the first place. Someone spent a lot of time
to prepare the MNIST dataset to ensure uniform sizing, scaling, contrast, etc.
To use the model you built from this dataset in practical applications, you
have to be able to repeat the same set of processing on new data. How do
you do such preparation yourself?
There is a fun video that shows you how you can solve Sudoku puzzles using
a webcam that uses a different character recognition technique. Instead of
static images, our colleague Teja Muppirala uses a live video feed in real time
to do it and he walks you through the pre-processing steps one by one. You
should definitely check it out: Solving a Sudoku Puzzle Using a Webcam.

Submitting Your Entry to Kaggle

You got 96% categorization accuracy rate by simply accepting the default
settings except for the number of hidden neurons. Not bad for the first try.
Since you are using a Kaggle dataset, you can now submit your result to
Kaggle.

n = size(sub, 1); % num of samples

sub = sub';
[~, highest] = max(scores);
net = models{highest};
Ypred = net(sub);
[~, Label] = max(Ypred);
% transpose
% highest scoring model
% restore the model
% label probabilities
% predicted labels
Label = Label'; % transpose Label
Label(Label == 10) = 0; % change '10' to '0'
ImageId = 1:n; ImageId = ImageId'; % image ids
writetable(table(ImageId, Label), 'submission.csv');% write to csv

You can now submit the submission.csv on Kaggle's entry submission page.
Closing
In this example we focused on getting a high level intuition on artificial
neural network using a concrete example of handwritten digit recognition.
We didnt go into details such as how the inputs weights and bias units are
combined, how activation works, how you train such a network, etc. But you
now know enough to use Neural Network Toolbox in MATLAB to participate in
a Kaggle competition.

Get the MATLAB code

Published with MATLAB R2015a
Category:
Machine learning

%% Artificial Neural Networks for Beginners

% <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning Deep Learning> is a very hot
% topic these days especially in computer vision applications and you
% probably see it in the news and get curious. Now the question is, how do
% you get started with it? Today's guest blogger, Toshi Takeuchi, gives us
% a quick tutorial on
% <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network artificial
% neural networks> as a starting point for your study of deep learning.

%% MNIST Dataset
% Many of us tend to learn better with a concrete example. Let me give you
% a quick step-by-step tutorial to get intuition using a popular
% <http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/index.html MNIST handwritten digit
% dataset>. Kaggle happens to use this very dataset in the
% <https://www.kaggle.com/c/digit-recognizer Digit Recognizer> tutorial
% competition. Let's use it in this example. You can download the
% competition dataset from <https://www.kaggle.com/c/digit-recognizer/data
% "Get the Data"> page:
%
% * train.csv - training data
% * test.csv - test data for submission
%
% Load the training and test data into MATLAB, which I assume was
% downloaded into the current folder. The test data is used to generate
% your submissions.

tr = csvread('train.csv', 1, 0); % read train.csv

sub = csvread('test.csv', 1, 0); % read test.csv

%%
% The first column is the label that shows the correct digit for each
% sample in the dataset, and each row is a sample. In the remaining
% columns, a row represents a 28 x 28 image of a handwritten digit, but all
% pixels are placed in a single row, rather than in the original
% rectangular form. To visualize the digits, we need to reshape the rows
% into 28 x 28 matrices. You can use
% <http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/reshape.html reshape> for that,
% except that we need to transpose the data, because |reshape| operates by
% column-wise rather than row-wise.

figure % plot images

colormap(gray) % set to grayscale
for i = 1:25 % preview first 25 samples
subplot(5,5,i) % plot them in 6 x 6 grid
digit = reshape(tr(i, 2:end), [28,28])'; % row = 28 x 28 image
imagesc(digit) % show the image
title(num2str(tr(i, 1))) % show the label
end

%% Data Preparation
% You will be using the
% <http://www.mathworks.com/help/nnet/ref/nprtool.html nprtool> pattern
% recognition app from <http://www.mathworks.com/products/neural-network/
% Neural Network Toolbox>. The app expects two sets of data:
%
% * inputs - a numeric matrix, each column representing the samples and
% rows the features. This is the scanned images of handwritten digits.
% * targets - a numeric matrix of 0 and 1 that maps to specific labels that
% images represent. This is also known as a dummy variable. Neural Network
% Toolbox also expects labels stored in columns, rather than in rows.
%
% The labels range from 0 to 9, but we will use '10' to represent '0'
% because MATLAB is indexing is 1-based.
%
% 1 --> [1; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0]
% 2 --> [0; 1; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0]
% 3 --> [0; 0; 1; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0]
% :
% 0 --> [0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 1]
%
% The dataset stores samples in rows rather than in columns, so you need to
% transpose it. Then you will partition the data so that you hold out 1/3
% of the data for model evaluation, and you will only use 2/3 for training
% our artificial neural network model.

n = size(tr, 1); % number of samples in the dataset

targets = tr(:,1); % 1st column is |label|
targets(targets == 0) = 10; % use '10' to present '0'
targetsd = dummyvar(targets); % convert label into a dummy variable
inputs = tr(:,2:end); % the rest of columns are predictors

inputs = inputs'; % transpose input

targets = targets'; % transpose target
targetsd = targetsd'; % transpose dummy variable

rng(1); % for reproducibility

c = cvpartition(n,'Holdout',n/3); % hold out 1/3 of the dataset

Xtrain = inputs(:, training(c)); % 2/3 of the input for training

Ytrain = targetsd(:, training(c)); % 2/3 of the target for training
Xtest = inputs(:, test(c)); % 1/3 of the input for testing
Ytest = targets(test(c)); % 1/3 of the target for testing
Ytestd = targetsd(:, test(c)); % 1/3 of the dummy variable for testing

%% Using the Neural Network Toolbox GUI App

%
% # You can start the Neural Network Start GUI by typing the command
% <http://www.mathworks.com/help/nnet/ref/nnstart.html nnstart>.
% # You then click the Pattern Recognition Tool to open the Neural Network
% Pattern Recognition Tool. You can also use the command
% <http://www.mathworks.com/help/nnet/ref/nprtool.html nprtool> to open it
% directly.
% # Click "Next" in the welcome screen and go to "Select Data".
% # For |inputs|, select |Xtrain| and for |targets|, select |Ytrain|.
% # Click "Next" and go to "Validation and Test Data". Accept the default
% settings and click "Next" again. This will split the data into 70-15-15
% for the training, validation and testing sets.
% # In the "Network Architecture", change the value for the number of
% hidden neurons, 100, and click "Next" again.
% # In the "Train Network", click the "Train" button to start the training.
% When finished, click "Next". Skip "Evaluate Network" and click next.
% # In "Deploy Solution", select "MATLAB Matrix-Only Function" and save the
% generated code. I save it as
% <http://blogs.mathworks.com/images/loren/2015/myNNfun.m myNNfun.m>.
% # If you click "Next" and go to "Save Results", you can also save the
% script as well as the model you just created. I saved the simple script
% as <http://blogs.mathworks.com/images/loren/2015/myNNscript.m
% myNNscript.m>
%
% Here is the diagram of this artificial neural network model you created
% with the Pattern Recognition Tool. It has 784 input neurons, 100 hidden
% layer neurons, and 10 output layer neurons.
%
% <<network_diagram.png>>
%
% Your model learns through training the weights to produce the correct
% output.
%
% |W| in the diagram stands for _weights_ and |b| for _bias units_, which
% are part of individual neurons. Individual neurons in the hidden layer
% look like this - 784 inputs and corresponding weights, 1 bias unit,
% and 10 activation outputs.
%
% <<neuron.png>>

%% Visualizing the Learned Weights

% If you look inside |myNNfun.m|, you see variables like |IW1_1| and
% |x1_step1_keep| that represent the weights your artificial neural
% network model learned through training. Because we have 784 inputs and
% 100 neurons, the full layer 1 weights will be a 100 x 784 matrix. Let's
% visualize them. This is what our neurons are learning!

load myWeights % load the learned weights

W1 =zeros(100, 28*28); % pre-allocation
W1(:, x1_step1_keep) = IW1_1; % reconstruct the full matrix
figure % plot images
colormap(gray) % set to grayscale
for i = 1:25 % preview first 25 samples
subplot(5,5,i) % plot them in 6 x 6 grid
digit = reshape(W1(i,:), [28,28])'; % row = 28 x 28 image
imagesc(digit) % show the image
end

%% Computing the Categorization Accuracy

% Now you are ready to use |myNNfun.m| to predict labels for the heldout
% data in |Xtest| and compare them to the actual labels in |Ytest|. That
% gives you a realistic predictive performance against unseen data. This is
% also the metric Kaggle uses to score submissions.
%
% First, you see the actual output from the network, which shows the
% probability for each possible label. You simply choose the most probable
% label as your prediction and then compare it to the actual label. You
% should see 95% categorization accuracy.

Ypred = myNNfun(Xtest); % predicts probability for each label

Ypred(:, 1:5) % display the first 5 columns
[~, Ypred] = max(Ypred); % find the indices of max probabilities
sum(Ytest == Ypred) / length(Ytest) % compare the predicted vs. actual

%% Network Architecture
% You probably noticed that the artificial neural network model generated
% from the Pattern Recognition Tool has only one hidden layer. You can
% build a custom model with more layers if you would like, but this simple
% architecture is sufficient for most common problems.
%
% The next question you may ask is how I picked 100 for the number of
% hidden neurons. The general rule of thumb is to pick a number between the
% number of input neurons, 784 and the number of output neurons, 10, and I
% just picked 100 arbitrarily. That means you might do better if you try
% other values. Let's do this programmatically this time. |myNNscript.m|
% will be handy for this - you can simply adapt the script to do a
% parameter sweep.

sweep = [10,50:50:300]; % parameter values to test

scores = zeros(length(sweep), 1); % pre-allocation
models = cell(length(sweep), 1); % pre-allocation
x = Xtrain; % inputs
t = Ytrain; % targets
trainFcn = 'trainscg'; % scaled conjugate gradient
for i = 1:length(sweep)
hiddenLayerSize = sweep(i); % number of hidden layer neurons
net = patternnet(hiddenLayerSize); % pattern recognition network
net.divideParam.trainRatio = 70/100;% 70% of data for training
net.divideParam.valRatio = 15/100; % 15% of data for validation
net.divideParam.testRatio = 15/100; % 15% of data for testing
net = train(net, x, t); % train the network
models{i} = net; % store the trained network
p = net(Xtest); % predictions
[~, p] = max(p); % predicted labels
scores(i) = sum(Ytest == p) /... % categorization accuracy
length(Ytest);
end

%%
% Let's now plot how the categorization accuracy changes versus number of
% neurons in the hidden layer.
figure
plot(sweep, scores, '.-')
xlabel('number of hidden neurons')
ylabel('categorization accuracy')
title('Number of hidden neurons vs. accuracy')

%%
% It looks like you get the best result around 250 neurons and
% the best score will be around 0.96 with this basic artificial neural
% network model.
%
% As you can see, you gain more accuracy if you increase the number of
% hidden neurons, but then the accuracy decreases at some point (your
% result may differ a bit due to random initialization of weights). As you
% increase the number of neurons, your model will be able to capture more
% features, but if you capture too many features, then you end up
% overfitting your model to the training data and it won't do well with
% unseen data. Let's examine the learned weights with 300 hidden neurons.
% You see more details, but you also see more noise.

net = models{end}; % restore the last model

W1 = zeros(sweep(end), 28*28); % pre-allocation
W1(:, x1_step1_keep) = net.IW{1}; % reconstruct the full matrix
figure % plot images
colormap(gray) % set to grayscale
for i = 1:25 % preview first 25 samples
subplot(5,5,i) % plot them in 6 x 6 grid
digit = reshape(W1(i,:), [28,28])'; % row = 28 x 28 image
imagesc(digit) % show the image
end

%% The Next Step - an Autoencoder Example

% You now have some intuition on artificial neural networks - a network
% automatically learns the relevant features from the inputs and generates
% a sparse representation that maps to the output labels. What if we use
% the inputs as the target values? That eliminates the need for training
% labels and turns this into an unsupervised learning algorithm. This is
% known as an autoencoder and this becomes a building block of a deep
% learning network. There is an excellent example of autoencoders on the
% <http://www.mathworks.com/help/nnet/examples/training-a-deep-neural-network-
for-digit-classification.html
% Training a Deep Neural Network for Digit Classification> page in the
% Neural Network Toolbox documentation, which also uses MNIST dataset. For
% more details, Stanford provides an excellent
% <http://deeplearning.stanford.edu/tutorial/ UFLDL Tutorial> that also
% uses the same dataset and MATLAB-based starter code.
%
%% Sudoku Solver: a Real-time Processing Example
% Beyond understanding the algorithms, there is also a practical question
% of how to generate the input data in the first place. Someone spent a lot
% of time to prepare the MNIST dataset to ensure uniform sizing, scaling,
% contrast, etc. To use the model you built from this dataset in practical
% applications, you have to be able to repeat the same set of processing on
% new data. How do you do such preparation yourself?
%
% There is a fun video that shows you how you can solve Sudoku puzzles
% using a webcam that uses a different character recognition technique.
% Instead of static images, our colleague
% <http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/profile/authors/1905880-teja-
muppirala
% Teja Muppirala> uses a live video feed in real time to do it and he walks
% you through the pre-processing steps one by one. You should definitely
% check it out:
% <http://www.mathworks.com/videos/solving-a-sudoku-puzzle-using-a-webcam-
68773.html
% Solving a Sudoku Puzzle Using a Webcam>.
%
% <<solveSudokuWebcam.png>>

%% Submitting Your Entry to Kaggle

% You got 96% categorization accuracy rate by simply accepting the default
% settings except for the number of hidden neurons. Not bad for the first
% try. Since you are using a Kaggle dataset, you can now submit your result
% to Kaggle.

n = size(sub, 1); % num of samples

sub = sub'; % transpose
[~, highest] = max(scores); % highest scoring model
net = models{highest}; % restore the model
Ypred = net(sub); % label probabilities
[~, Label] = max(Ypred); % predicted labels
Label = Label'; % transpose Label
Label(Label == 10) = 0; % change '10' to '0'
ImageId = 1:n; ImageId = ImageId'; % image ids
writetable(table(ImageId, Label), 'submission.csv');% write to csv

%%
% You can now submit the |submission.csv| on
% <https://www.kaggle.com/c/digit-recognizer/submissions/attach Kaggle's
% entry submission page>.

%% Closing
% In this example we focused on getting a high level intuition on
% artificial neural network using a concrete example of handwritten digit
% recognition. We didnt go into details such as how the inputs weights and
% bias units are combined, how activation works, how you train such a
% network, etc. But you now know enough to use Neural Network Toolbox in
% MATLAB to participate in a Kaggle competition.

%%
% _Copyright 2015 The MathWorks, Inc._