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MODERN AVIATION
_____________________________
_
By :
Angelo De Lemos
John Recto
Chelsie Gonzalo
Esteban Benavidez III
November 2016
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Approval Sheet
______________________
Major Martha dela Paz
Instructor, Aviation Research
Table of Contents
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Title Page --------------------------------------------- 1
Approval Sheet-------------------------------------- 2
Table of Contents----------------------------------- 3
Introduction------------------------------------------ 4
Background of the study--------------------------- 4
Theoretical Framework----------------------------4
Conceptual Framework---------------------------5-6
Statement of the Problem------------------------7-17
Significance of the Study--------------------------18
Scope--------------------------------------------------18
Limitation--------------------------------------------18
Definition of Terms--------------------------------19
Research Design------------------------------------20
Conclusion-------------------------------------------20
Sources of Data-------------------------------------20
List Of Charts
Chart. 1 -- pg. 5-6
Chart. 2 -- pg. 6
List of Figures
Fig. I -- pg. 8
Fig. II -- pg. 9
Fig. III -- pg. 10
Fig. IV -- pg. 11
Fig. V -- pg. 12
Fig.VI -- pg. 13
Fig. VII -- pg. 13
Fig. VIII -- pg. 14
Fig. IX -- pg. 15
Fig. X -- pg. 16
Fig. XI -- pg. 17
I. Introduction
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Aviation has had a lot of accidents since it was born. Even with these
accidents occurring Airmen never failed to learn from their mistakes. This study
will go through accidents and how it affected modern aviation. Each crash in
this study will be thoroughly analyzed and dissected to properly know how it
affected modern aviation.
The main question for this study is How did past accidents affect
aviation today?. Aviation has been an ever changing tapestry. It has been
changing ever since it has been born. Aviation is a masterpiece derived from
numerous ingenious inventions of brilliant individuals. Aviation has its dark
past of mistakes that caused fatal casualties. While tragic, these crashes was a
wakeup call to aviators to move and learn from their mistakes and prevent it
from ever happening again. Through endless hours of work and brainstorming,
aviation is now the safer than driving an land vehicles.
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There are different kinds of crashes in aviation. Each and every category
has its own study and its own investigation. We wont dive into each category
since its not the main purpose. This study will only distinguish the categories
and statistics But here is some examples of the types of crashes. The sources
has been provided for further study.
Improper Severe
Engine failure Hijacking ATC error
procedure turbulence
Flying VFR
Equipment Ground crew
into IFR Wind shear Shot down
failure error
conditions
Controlled Explosive
Structural
flight into Mountain wave device Overloaded
failure
terrain aboard
Descending
Improperly
below Design flaw Poor visibility
loaded cargo
minimals
Spatial Maintenance
Heavy rain Bird strike
disorientation error
Premature Fuel
Severe winds
descent contamination
Excessive Pilot
Icing
landing speed incapacitation
Obstruction
Missed runway Thunderstorms
on runway
Midair
Lightning collision
Fuel starvation
strike caused by
other plane
Navigation Fire/smoke in
error flight
Wrong runway
takeoff/landing
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Midair
collision
caused by
both pilots
ACCIDENTS BY CAUSE
Weather 6% 5% 6% 6% 7% 6%
Alternative Hypothesis
Within the history of aviation accidents, theres quite a few accidents that
created certain organizations and departments that has affected aviation the
most. Here are 10 accidents that affected aviation the most.
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1. GRAND CANYON | TWA FLIGHT 2 AND UNITED AIRLINES
FLIGHT 718
2. PORTLAND | UNITED AIRLINES FLIGHT 173
3. CINCINNATI | AIR CANDA FLIGHT 797
4. DALLAS | DELTA AIRLINES FLIGHT 191
5. LOS ANGELES | AEROMEXICO FLIGHT 498
6. MAUI | ALOHA AIRLINES FLIGHT 243
7. PITTSBURGH | US AIR FLIGHT 427
8. MIAMI | VALUJET FLIGHT 592
9. LONG ISLAND | TWA FLIGHT 800
10. NOVA SCOTIA | SWISSAIR FLIGHT 111
How did the said accidents change aviation to what it is today? That is
the main question to this whole study. With proper analysis of data, here are
evidence of how crashes affected modern aviation.
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Fig. I
The crash in grand canyon was between two airliners. On June 30, 1956,
a United Air Lines DC-7 and a TWA L-1049 Constellation collided in midair
over the Grand Canyon. Based on their destinations and routes, both aircraft
would be flying converging courses to their destination. Within the flight, a
request for altitude change by TWA Flight 2 due to weather brought both
aircraft to fly at a cruising altitude of 21,000 feet and brought both aircrafts in a
collision course above the grand canyon. This was the reason for the FAA. It
also gave the ATC a 250 million dollar upgrade. After that massive upgrade.
There wasnt a single accident involving two airliners for 47 years.
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Fig. III
Delta 191, a Lockheed L-1011, was en route from Fort Lauderdale, Fla.,
and approached D/FW Airport for a landing about 6 p.m. All was going
smoothly until the jet flew into a rain cloud two miles north of the airport. A
violent down-flow of air, known as a microburst, forced the jet into a sudden
drop. The aircraft struck a car on State Highway 114, killing the driver. It hit the
ground short of the runway, plowed into a water tank, broke apart and caught
fire. Only 29 of the 163 passengers and crew survived, and two of them later
died of their injuries. There had been previous crashes attributed to so-called
wind shear, but this one finally made aviation officials confront the necessity for
microburst warning systems. Most large airports, including D/FW, also now
have low-level wind-shear alert systems, which notify flight controllers of
dangerous air currents. And in the wake of Delta 191, D/FW Airport
implemented improvements in emergency notification to hospitals and first-
responder communications. The crash also helped change the way flight crews
are trained. The pilot and co-pilot of the Delta jet, both of whom were killed in
the crash, took some of the blame in subsequent investigations for not going
around the storm.
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Fig. V
Fig. VI
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As Aloha Flight 243, a weary, 19-year-old Boeing 737 on a short hop
from Hilo, Hawaii, to Honolulu, leveled off at 24,000 ft., a large section of its
fuselage blew off, leaving dozens of passengers riding in the open-air breeze.
Miraculously, the rest of the plane held together long enough for the pilots to
land safely. Only one person, a flight attendant who was swept out of the plane,
was killed.
Fig. VII
Fig VIII
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When USAir Flight 427 began its approach to land at Pittsburgh, the
Boeing 737 suddenly rolled to the left and plunged 5000 ft. to the ground,
killing all 132 on board. The plane's black box revealed that the rudder had
abruptly moved to the full-left position, triggering the roll. But why? USAir
blamed the plane. Boeing blamed the crew. It took nearly five years for the
NTSB to conclude that a jammed valve in the rudder-control system had caused
the rudder to reverse: As the pilots frantically pressed on the right rudder pedal,
the rudder went left.
As a result, Boeing spent $500 million to retrofit all 2800 of the world's
most popular jetliner. And, in response to conflicts between the airline and the
victims' families,
Fig. IX
Although the FAA took anti-cabin-fire measures after the 1983 Air
Canada accident, it did nothing to protect passenger jet cargo compartments--
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despite NTSB warnings after a 1988 cargo fire in which the plane managed to
land safely. It took the horrific crash of ValuJet 592 into the Everglades near
Miami to finally spur the agency to action.
The fire in the DC-9 was caused by chemical oxygen generators that had
been illegally packaged by the airline's maintenance contractor. A bump
apparently set one off, and the resulting heat started a fire, which was fed by the
oxygen being given off. The pilots were unable to land the burning plane in
time, and 110 people died. The FAA responded by mandating smoke detectors
and automatic fire extinguishers in the cargo holds of all commercial airliners. It
also bolstered rules against carrying hazardous cargo on aircraft.
Fig. X
The FAA has since mandated changes to reduce sparks from faulty wiring
and other sources. Boeing, meanwhile, has developed a fuel-inerting system that
injects nitrogen gas into fuel tanks to reduce the chance of explosions. Retrofit
kits for in-service Boeings will also be available.
Fig. XI
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About an hour after takeoff, the pilots of Swissair's Flight 111 from New
York to Geneva--a McDonnell Douglas MD-11--smelled smoke in the cockpit.
Four minutes later, they began an immediate descent toward Halifax, Nova
Scotia, about 65 miles away. But with the fire spreading and cockpit lights and
instruments failing, the plane crashed into the Atlantic about 5 miles off the
Nova Scotia coast. All 229 people aboard were killed.
Airmen need to study these topics so that they have knowledge of the
history of what came to be the field of aviation. Airmen study the history to be
able to learn from the mistakes airmen did in the past in order for them to
prevent it from ever happening again. In knowing the lessons past airmen gave
to their predecessors, we as a unit of airmen will function more efficiently and
professionally. The crashes discussed above was the reason for innovation in the
equipment that evolved the technical and mechanical factors in aviation. Not
only did the planes and technology improved but also the airmen themselves
improve alongside the technology. Crashes made airmen more efficient and
more knowledgeable. Airmen improved greatly as a unit. Flight crew and
ground crew operations has improved drastically over the years of aviation.
This study are not only for airmen but its for civilians also. Some of the crashes
was caused by civilians on board the aircraft. This study also proves that in
order to make safety stable and away from any compromises, passenger
boarding the plane must also follow procedures to create a safe flight.
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VII. SCOPE
The scope of the study of Aviation related crashes that affected aviation
today focus only on crashes that has factual information and investigations.
Crashes stated above has already been fully investigated and all evidence are
accounted for.
VIII. LIMITATIONS
X. RESEARCH DESIGN
The research design that was used for this study is called Research
Design. The design of a study defines the study type. The study was conducted
through research and analysis of the NTSB and videos of Air crash
Investigation. Thorough analysis of actual aviation accident reports of each
crash.
XI. CONCLUSION
After analyzing and studying the research about the topic I therefore
conclude that accidents or air crash affects the aviation industry it can develop
everything including pilots and crews by learning from it to have safer flights
and minimize the accidents.
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XII. SOURCES OF DATA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ECrC0-LImc
http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/accidentreports/pages/AAR9006.aspx
http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/accidentreports/pages/AAR8602.aspx
http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Pages/AAR8605.asp
x
http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/accidentreports/pages/AAR8707.aspx
http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/accidentreports/pages/aar8903.aspx
http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/accidentreports/pages/AAR9901.aspx
http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/accidentreports/pages/AAR9706.aspx
http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Pages/AAR0003.asp
x
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zt49r4LueK0
http://www.popularmechanics.com/flight/g73/10-airplane-crashes-that-
changed-avia
http://www.planecrashinfo.com/cause.htm
related literature
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