Instructor:

Dr.EsmailM.A.Mokheimer

AirConditioning

1
Objectives
Tointroducethemoregeneraldefinitionofair
conditioninganditsapplicationsinourdailylifeand
tointroducedtheenergyeconomicsinthecontextof
airconditioning

LearningOutcomes
Attheendofthislecturethestudentsshouldbeableto:
Toexplainthegeneraldefinitionofairconditioning
ToidentifytheknowledgeoftheACapplicationsin
ourdailylife.
toproperlyusetheunitsanddimensionsusedinair
conditioning.
Toproperlyrelateenergyandeconomicsinthe
energyeconomicsinthecontextofairconditioning

2
Introduction
WhatisAirConditioning
Air conditioning is linked to our feeling of comfort
through controlling the temperature and
humidity.
Airconditioningistheprocessbywhichtheairin
aspaceismodifiedtomakeitcomfortableforthe
occupants.
Theprimaryfunctionofairconditioningiscooling
inhotregionsandheatingincoldregions.
althoughallsystemsfiltertheairandsomealso
provideadjustmentstothehumiditylevels.

Introduction
WhatisAirConditioning
Coolingisneededwhentheroomairtemperature
risesaboveacomfortthresholdof27oC.
Temperatures
riseabovethislevelduetoacombinationofhigh
outsidetemperaturesandinternalheatgains.
Saudi Arabia (specially eastern province) is known
to have a hot and humid climate most of the year.
Controlling the environmental conditions makes
our life healthier and more productive in both
living and work spaces.

3
Introduction
Environment control contributed to many industries
such as manufacturing, printing plants, hospitals and
electronics labs.etc and it is well known now as
HVAC which stands for Heating, Ventilation and Air
Conditioning
Since the seventies, more attention was drawn toward
energy conservation and hence more attention was
given to efficiency in operation.
Furthermore, more attention was given to indoor air
quality for health and performance.
Developments in electronics and controls allowed
HVAC to be a a hightech industry.

Introduction
Basic elements of the HVAC system design and
analysis is the target of this course.
This is a base for presenting recent
developments and procedures for designing
functional, well controlled and energy efficient
systems to maintain:
Human comfort
Health
Industrial productivity. (What if there is no AC in work!)

4
HistoricalBackground
Earlier definition: cooling or otherwise improving
indoor quality during warm months.
Recently: Yearround control of temperature, moisture
content, cleanliness, air quality and air circulation as
required by occupants, a process or a product in space.
(William Carrier).

HistoricalBackground
Very early times: Use of evaporative effects and ice
for cooling.
Middle of nineteenth century: refrigeration
machine was built.
End of nineteenth century: Central heating
Early Twentieth century: Cooling for comfort
started. (Successful attempt by Carrier to achieve
comfort through reducing humidity)
Rapid development is on the way since then.

5
UnitsandDimensions
Consistent units are to be always maintained.

Dimension: A physical characteristic (e.g. length,

force, time, temperature and mass)

Unit: a specific quantitative measure of a physical

characteristic in reference to a standard. (foot,
meter)

Both English (Imperial) system of units and SI

system are used in HVAC industry.

BasicDefinitions
CentralAirConditioners
Central air conditioners circulate cool air through
a system of supply and return ducts.
In a splitsystem central air conditioner, an
outdoor metal cabinet contains the condenser
and compressor, and an indoor cabinet contains
the evaporator.

6
BasicDefinitions
SplitCentralAC

BasicDefinitions
CentralAirConditioners
In a packaged central air conditioner, the
evaporator, condenser, and compressor
are all located in one cabinet, which
usually is placed on a roof or on a
concrete slab next to the house's
foundation.
In this type of air conditioner, air supply
and return ducts come from indoors
through the home's exterior wall or roof
to connect with the packaged air
conditioner, which is usually located
outdoors.

7
 BasicDefinitions
SinglePackageCentralAC

Sampleofunits thatare
commonlyusedinHVACindustry:
gpm: Gallon per minute for liquid volume flow
rate.
cfm: cubic feet per minute for air flow rate.
in.wg: inches water gauge for air pressure
measurement
ton: 12000 Btu/hour for cooling capacity
tonhr: 12000 Btu for energy
Btuin/hrft2F: thermal conductivity
gc: dimensional constant (Overdetermined
system)

8
EnergyVersusPowerforHVAC
systems
Poweristherateofproducingorconsumingenergy.
TheelectricpowerrequiredbytheHVAC
system(usuallymeasuredinkW)dependonthesizeor
alternativelythecapacity,load,ordemandwhichis
therateatwhichtheheatshouldbeextractedfromthe
cooled(airconditionedspace).Inimperialsystemof
units,thesizeorcapacity,loadordemandismeasured
inBTU/hrwhichstandforthermalBritishunitsper
hour

EnergyVersusPowerforHVAC
systems
Theenergy(usuallyexpressedintermsofkWhr)
dependonnotonlythesizeoftheunitbutalsoon:
Theloadordemand(fractionofthecapacityorsizeof
theunitduringoperation)
Thetimeorperiodofoperation
So,theenergyconsumed=powerduringoperation
(kW)Xtimeofoperationin(hrs)=kW.hr

9
 ThecostofrunningHVACsystemsisoftenthelargest
partoftheutilitybillsforabuilding.
HVACsystemsmustbedesignedandoperatedtoincur
reasonableutilitychargesconsistentwithsatisfactory
performanceinmaintainingcomfort.
ASHRAEGuideline142002,MeasurementofEnergy
andDemandSavings,givesguidanceonreliably
measuringenergyanddemandsavingsofcommercial
equipment.

Anengineeringeconomycourseisrequiredasabasic
backgroundforthosewhomustmakeinvestment
decisionsandstudiesofalternativedesignsinvolving
energycosts.
Usuallydecisionsinvolvethetradeoffbetweenfirst
costandoperatingcostsorsavings.
Forexample,analysiscouldbemadetodetermine
whetherthefirstcostofinstallinginsulationtoa
buildingenvelopwouldbeeconomicallyjustifiedby
thereductioningasand/orelectricbills.

10
 Anyproposedprojectwillhaveinitialorfirstcosts,
expendedtomaketheprojectupandrunning.
Uponstarting,fixedchargesandoperatingexpenses
aretobespreadoutoverthelifeofthe.
Todeterminethefeasibilityoftheprojectand/orto
comparealternatives,oneneedsabasisonwhichto
compareallofthesecosts,whichoccuratdifferent
timesandareusuallyspreadoutoveryears.
Thefollowingformulacanbeusedforsimple

P=A[1(1+(i))(n)]/i

Where
Pisthepresentvalueofauniformseriesofpayments
orincomeAmadeattheendofeachyearoveraperiod
ofnyears
iistheinterestrate,compoundedannually.
Example11
Considertheinitialcostof$8000isrequiredto
improveaheatingsystem.Theexepectedannual
savingsare$720overthe15yearlifeoftheequipment.
Theinterestrateusedformakingthecalculationis9
percentperyearandsavingsareassumedtooccur
uniformlyattheendofeachmonthastheutilitybillis
paid.

11
 SOLUTION
Usingtheaboveequationsandnotingthatthesavings
isassumedtobe$60permonth,thepresentworthof
thesavingsiscomputed.

P=($60)[1(1+(0.09/12))(15)(12)]/(0.09/12)

P=$5916<$8000

Sincethepresentworthofthesavingsislessthanthe
firstcost,theproposedprojectisnotfeasible.Thisis
trueeventhoughthetotalsavingsovertheentire15
yearsis($720)(15)=$10,800,morethanthefirstcostin
actualdollars.Dollarsinthefutureareworthlessthan
dollarsinthepresent.Noticethatwithalowerinterest
rateorlongerequipmentlifetheprojectmighthave
becomefeasible.Computationsofthistypeare
importanttobusinessesinmakingdecisionsaboutthe
expenditureofmoney.Sometimeslessobviousfactors,
suchas~creasedproductivityofworkersdueto
improvedcomfort,mayhavetobetakenintoaccount.

12