FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

BETT 3403 SEMESTER 2 SESI 2016/2017

LAB 1: ADAPTIVE DELTA MODULATION (ADM)

1.

NAME OF GROUP
MEMBER(S) & 2.
MATRIX NUMBER(S)

3.

COURSE / GROUP

DATE

1.
NAME OF INSTRUCTOR(S)
2.

EXAMINERS COMMENT(S) VERIFICATION STAMP

TOTAL MARKS

Prepared by
Fakhrullah Bin Idris
Version 1.0
 FTK/JTKEK/BETT3403

1.0 OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the operation theory of adaptive delta modulation (ADM).
2. To understand the signal waveforms of ADM modulation
3. Design and implementation of ADM modulator.
4. Measurement and adjustment of ADM modulator.

2.0 EQUIPMENT

1. EDU-LABS TC-6000-05 module

2. Oscillator
3. Function Generator
4. Dual Power Supply

3.0 SYNOPSIS & THEORY

The Operation Theory of ADM Modulation

The disadvantage of delta modulation (DM) is when the input audio signal frequency
exceeded the limitation of delta modulator, this situation will produce the occurrence of slope
overload and cause signal distortion. However, the adaptive delta modulation (ADM) is the
modification of delta modulation to improve the disadvantage of the DM.

Figure 9-1 is the block diagram of ADM modulator. In figure 9-1, we can see that the delta
modulator is comprised by comparator, sampler and integrator, then the slope controller and the
level detect algorithm comprise a quantization level adjuster, which can control the gain of the
integrator in the delta modulator. ADM modulator is the modification of delta modulator, therefore,
due to the delta modulator has the problem of slope overload at low and high frequencies. The
reason is the magnitude of the (t) of delta -
unable to follow the variation of the slope of the input signal. When the variation of the slope of
the input signal is large, the magnitude of (t) still can increase by following the variation, then
this situation will not occur the problem of slope overload. On the other hand, there is another
technique, which is known as continuous variable slope delta (CVSD) modulation. This technique
is commonly used in Bluetooth application. CVSD modulator is also the modification of delta
modulator, use to improve the occurrence of slope overload. The different between the CVSD
and ADM modulators are the quantization level adjuster of ADM modulator is discrete values and
the quantization level adjuster of CVSD modulator is continuous. Simply, the quantization value of
ADM modulator is the variation of digital, such as the quantization values of +1, +2, +3, -2, -3 and
so on. As for CVSD modulator, the quantization value is the variation of analog, such as the
quantization values of +1, +1.1, +1.2, +1.5, -0.3, -0.9 and so on.

The Implementation of ADM Modulator

Figure 9-2 is the basic circuit diagram of ADM modulator. In figure 9-2, the audio signal
will pass through a low-pass filter, which can remove all the unwanted signal and only obtain the
audio signal. The input signals of the comparator are the audio signal and triangle wave signal,
then the output of the comparator is the square wave signal. The D-type flip flop is used as

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sampling, then the output signal of the flip flop is the modulated ADM signal. After that the signal
will feedback to tunable gain amplifier and level adjuster. In accordance with the different
between the input signal x(t) and the reference signal xs(t), we can change the magnitude of the
gain of the tunable amplifier. If the different of the input signal and the reference signal is very
large, then the level adjuster will change the gain of the tunable amplifier so that the value of (t)
will become large. On the other hand, if the different of the input signal and the reference signal is
very small, then the level adjuster will change the gain of the tunable amplifier so that the value of
(t) will become small. With this advantage, when the frequency variation of the input signal is
large, then we can increase the value of (t) to prevent the occurrence of slope overload. And
when the frequency variation of the input signal is small, then we can decrease the value of (t)
to reduce the error.

Figure 9-3 is part of the circuit diagram of ADM modulator. The main reason is the circuit
diagram in figure 9-3 is similar to the circuit diagram of delta modulator in chapter 7, therefore,
please refer to chapter 7 for the operation theory of this circuit. Since the ADM modulator is the
modification of delta modulator, which is used to improve the occurrence of slope overload, so, in
this chapter, we will focus on the implementation of auto alteration of the value (t).
Figure 9-4 is the controlled circuit of (t) value of ADM modulator. In figure 9-4, connect
the point A and point B in figure 9-4(a) to the point A and point B of the analog switch in figure 9-
3. Since by changing the values of point A and point B, we can change the gain of the integrator,
and then we can also change the magnitude of the period between the output slope of the
integrator and the output of the delta modulator. In figure 9-4(a), U1 is the inverter. U5 and U6
comprise a synchronous counter, however, the CLK of the flip-flop is positive edge trigger and the
CLK of the counter is negative edge trigger. Therefore, in order to synchronize the flip-flop and
the counter, we need to add an inverter. Figure 9-4(b) is the output signal waveforms of each test
points. Test point A is the modulated ADM signal; test point B is the output signal waveform of Q
of U5, which will operate result
of the circuit in figure 9-4(a) utilize synchronous counter as the pulse detector and latch, so, the
results of test point C and test point F will be similar to each others. Test point G is the AND
between test point D and test point E. When the test point G is zero, the counter will reset. At this
moment, the output of the counter is zero and refer to the integrator in figure 9-3, the gain will be;

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From the above-mentioned equations, we know that when the value of the counter
become larger, the gain of the integrator also become larger. If the output value of the counter is
larger than 3 but not yet reset to zero, then the counter will load the output value into the counter,
which means the increment will always maximum. The counter will only reset until the pin CLR is
LOW. With this method, we can achieve the auto gain control of the integrator. The different
between the delta modulator and adaptive delta modulator is that the gain of the integrator of the
delta modulator is fixed. However, the adaptive delta modulator will change the gain of the
integrator according to the modulated signal in present and past. In this chapter, the counter that

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we use is a 2-bits counter, therefore, there are only 4 variations of the increment values. In order
to obtain more increment values, we just need to change the counter and the analog switch.

4.0 PROCEDURE
Experiment 1: Adaptive Delta Modulator
1. Refer to figure DCT 9-1 on EDU-LABS TC-6000-05 module.

2. At the audio signal input port (Audio I/P), input a 2 Vpp amplitude and 500 Hz sine wave
frequency. Next at the CLK input port (CLK I/P), input a 5 Vpp amplitude and 32 kHz TTL
signal. Then observe the input signal (TP1), the output port of comparator (TP2), the
output port of the conversion from unipolar to bipolar (TP3), the gain selection A (TP4),
the gain selection B (TP5), the output port of tunable gain (T6), the output port of slope
controller (TP7), the output port of integrator (T8) and the output port of adaptive delta
modulation signal (ADM O/P) by using oscilloscope. Finally record the measured results
in table 5-1.

3. According to the input signals in table 9-1, repeat step 2 and record the measured results
in table 5-1.

4. At the audio signal input port (Audio I/P), input a 2 Vpp amplitude and 500 Hz sine wave
frequency. Next at the CLK input port (CLK I/P),input a 5 Vpp amplitude and 128 kHz TTL
signal. Then observe the output signal waveforms of TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4, TP5, TP6,
TP7, TP8 and ADM O/P. Finally record the measured results in table 5-2.

5. According to the input signals in table 9-2, repeat step 4 and record the measured results
in table 5-2.

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5.0 RESULTS
(Attached all the figures)
Table 5-1: Measured results of ADM modulator with 32 kHz CLK signal.
Input Output Signal Waveforms
Signals
TP1 TP2

TP3 TP4

TP5 TP6

500Hz
2V

TP7 TP8

ADM O/P

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Table 5-1: Measured results of ADM modulator with 32 kHz CLK signal.
Input Output Signal Waveforms
Signals
TP1 TP2

TP3 TP4

TP5 TP6

1 kHz
2V

TP7 TP8

ADM O/P

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Table 5-2: Measured results of ADM modulator with 128 kHz CLK signal.
Input Output Signal Waveforms
Signals
TP1 TP2

TP3 TP4

TP5 TP6

500Hz
2V

TP7 TP8

ADM O/P

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Table 5-2: Measured results of ADM modulator with 128 kHz CLK signal.
Input Output Signal Waveforms
Signals
TP1 TP2

TP3 TP4

TP5 TP6

1 kHz
2V

TP7 TP8

ADM O/P

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6.0 DISCUSSION

Answer and discuss all questions available in the software for each Practical respectively.

1. Explain the differences between adaptive delta modulation (ADM) and continuous
variable slope delta modulation (CVSD).
2. Explain the differences between delta modulation (DM) and adaptive delta
modulation (ADM).
3. Refer to figure 9-3, explain the functions of the integrator.
4. Refer to figure 9-4, explain how the circuit achieve auto gain control.

7.0 CONCLUSION

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