International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2017, pp. 8899, Article ID: IJMET_08_01_010

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=1
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
IAEME Publication

EFFECT OF APPLIED AXIAL FORCE ON FSW OF

AA 6082 - T6 ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
Sreenivas P
Dept. of General Engineering, Govt. Model engineering College, Cochin, Kerala

Anil Kumar R
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, NSS Polytechnic College, Pandalam, Kerala

Sreejith P. S
School of Engineering, Cochin University of Science & Technology, Kochi, Kerala

ABSTRACT
Friction stir welding (FSW) offers nearly defect free welds with minimized distortion and fine
grain structure. However, studies about the mechanism of metal joining and the effect of various
process parameters for consistent and reliable results in FSW is yet to be concluded. Tool
rotational speed, tool traversal speed, tool geometry, tool tilt and axial force are considered as the
important process parameters for FSW. Many researchers report the effect of these parameters on
weld quality and microstructural characterization. Nevertheless, the influence of the applied axial
force on FSW process has not been elaborated considerably in these studies. Reported analytical
and numerical analyses suggest that axial force has little effect on the weld characteristics as far as
other parameters are fixed in a range, sufficient to produce good welds. The effect of the applied
axial force on the weld quality and mechanical strength is elucidated in this study, in detail. Weld
strength and microstructural features were examined and it was found that the applied axial force
has considerable effect on the quality and strength of the welds generated. Experimental and
analytical results suggested that there is an optimum value for the applied axial force to obtain
defect free weld even for a FSW process carried out with other parameters selected in the range for
good weld formation.
Key words: Friction stir welding, process parameters, axial force, ultimate tensile strength, defects.
Cite this Article: Sreenivas P, Anil Kumar R and Sreejith P. S. Effect of Applied Axial Force on
FSW of AA 6082 - T6 Aluminium Alloys. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and
Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp. 8899.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=1

1. INTRODUCTION
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a promising development in material joining [1]. Joining of high strength to
weight ratio- materials in automotive and aviation industry has become strongly demanding in order to
ensure the reduction in environmental impact and fuel efficiency. Hence progress in welding technology
employing these materials plays a vital role in the manufacturing industry. FSW has been inducted as a
better option for the joining of such materials especially aluminium alloys. Traditional fusion welding

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 88 editor@iaeme.com
 Effect of Applied Axial Force on FSW of AA 6082 - T6 Aluminium Alloys

methods find it difficult to circumvent the situations of defects formation in these materials especially
some aluminium alloys. FSW has been proved to be effective in welding 2XXX series and 7XXX series
aluminium alloys and Al- Li alloys [2]. FSW is a solid state welding procedure. Since the metal joining is
taken place much below the melting temperature it is deprived of many drawbacks associated with
traditional welding processes [3- 6]. Owing to the low heat input FSW is capable of protecting the
mechanical properties of the base material and of minimising the shrinkage and residual stresses. More
over, as there are no filler materials FSW is environ metal friendly.
In FSW a stirring tool is traversed with a downward force along the faying surfaces of the base metal
pieces which are held in position by clamping adequately to a base plate. The welding tool is specially
made with a complex geometry which has a larger diameter part known as shoulder, which is extended to a
smaller diameter part known as the pin. Friction between the tool shoulder and pin causes intense local
heating of which the major part is contributed by the tool shoulder. The frictional heat plasticizes the
material and forges around the tool beneath the shoulder. The shoulder confines and with the axial force
presses the stirred material in the weld. The material is forced from the front towards the trailing edge,
forged and in order to make a solid joint on solidification with the contact of relatively cold surrounding
material. A schematic representation of FSW is shown as Figure 1. More material is pushed from the
advancing side to the retreating side [7]. The obvious asymmetry in the material flow and heating is
marked by considering the advancing and retreating side of the joints. Conventionally the side where the
material flows with a velocity in the same direction as that of the tool is considered as the advancing side
(AS) and the other side is taken as the retreating side (RS).
In FSW the frictional heat is highly localised around the shoulder and the pin which is associated with
flow of plastic material. As it moves away from the tool axis the heat intensity and the material flow
gradually reduces confining the tool effect to a relatively smaller volume. The material part exposed to
the tool effect is undergone high strain rate and intense heat. Consequently the weld region is transformed
to complex micro structural entities. Based on the microsructural changes occurred the weld region can be
divided in to Nugget zone (NZ), thermo mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and heat affected zone
(HAZ). NZ is that part which comes under the immediate vicinity of the pin, where the heat generation and
degree of stirring is immoderate. In the TMAZ region the material microstructure is modified as a result of
viscoplastic deformation and heat dissipation, but to a lesser degree than that of NZ. HAZ is located
beyond the tool action region and is not subjected to any mechanical stirring. However, the grains are
modified in shape and size due to the exposure of heat. Many researchers reported that the NZ exhibits
dynamically recrystallised structure irrespective of various tool speeds [8, 9]. In aluminium alloys the NZ
is often characterised by fine grains [10]. The part of the material in TMAZ is sustained plastic
deformation, heated and softened.

Figure 1 Schematic representation of FSW

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 89 editor@iaeme.com
 Sreenivas P, Anil Kumar R and Sreejith P. S

The properties, quality and strength of friction stir welds depend on the microstructural characteristics
of various weld zones resulted from the heat dissipation and material deformation. Certain process
characteristics determine the accurate thermo mechanical processing of FSW. They can be identified as
heat generated, cooling rate, material flow in layers, degree of mixing and filling. Effects of the process
parameters on these characteristics are crucial in deciding the strength and quality of the weld. Welding
speed, tool rotational speed, axial force, tool geometry, tool tilt angle were identified as the most important
welding parameters. Optimized combination of these parameters has been extensively derived in various
studies [11- 14]. Effect of the process parameters on the microstructural changes and weld quality is the
focus of study for suggesting the optimum combination of parameters. In most of the analyses of the FSW,
the selection of process parameters are confined to rotational speed, traversal speed and tool geometry [15
- 20].
Biswas et al. [21] appraised the effect of process parameters on the mechanical properties of friction
stir welds of commercial grade aluminium. They have considered tool rotation, welding speeds and pin
geometry for their investigation. The reported results of their study focussed on the degree of grain
refinement in various weld zones. They recommended tools with tapered cylindrical or trapezoid profile
for the better performance of welds. They have suggested a ratio for welding speed to the tool rotational
speed for better mechanical properties. Dude et al. [22] conducted a series of welding of AA2219- T87
panels to optimize the process parameters by varying the tool rotational speeds. The other parameters viz.
tool speed and pin geometry kept unaltered. They have suggested and optimum parametric window for
welds with good mechanical properties without any volumetric effect. They emphasized a weld parameter
regime with a trade off between the defect free conditions and better mechanical properties. Trueba et al.
[23] deduced the effect of tool shoulder geometry on the defect formation and mechanical properties of
friction stir welded aluminium 6061- T6 alloy. They examined the welds with six different tool shoulder
profiles and found that tool shoulder provided with a raised spiral design produced defect free welds with
best mechanical properties.
In FSW the tool is inserted at some force acting along the tool axis. The applied axial force can be
directly measured in the FSW machines. The applied force plays a significant role in the weld quality and
microstructural changes. However the effect of the axial force on the welds has not been detailed well.
Yan et al. [24] have elaborated the effects of tool rotational speed, welding speed and axial force on the
mechanical and microstructural properties of friction stir welded AA 2524- T351 aluminium alloys. They
suggested that the interactive effect of the process parameters were to be so regulated to obtain the peak
temperature just below the melting point of the base metal. They indicated that the tool rotational speed
had greater influence to achieve this condition. But the effect of axial force limited to the nature of
interaction between the tool and metal interface interaction. Trimble et al. [25] proposed a combination of
welding parameters for achieving friction stir welds of soundness and strength at higher speeds, through
the post weld assessment and force monitoring. Their experimental investigation with AA 2024- T3 was
based on varying the rotational speeds and tool feed. However, they suggested tool geometry with scrolled
shoulder and triflute profile for pin for achieving good results. Su et al. [26] described an economical
method for measuring torque, axial force and traverse force to describe the process mechanism of FSW
and optimisation of the process. Nevertheless the process parameters considered in their study to establish
effects on the process was limited to welding and rotational speeds.
It can be seen that the aforementioned literature have not considered the effect of applied axial force on
friction stir weld formation precisely. Here, in this report the experimental effort to gather the effect of tool
axial force on FSW aluminium alloys is elaborated.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 90 editor@iaeme.com
 Effect of Applied Axial Force on FSW of AA 6082 - T6 Aluminium Alloys

2. MATERIALS & EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

The base metal used in the experiment was AA 6082 T-6 aluminium alloy. The mechanical properties of
the base metal are summarized in Table 1. The base metal in as rolled condition and in the form of metallic
plates of 6.2 mm thickness was cut in to 100 mm length and 50 mm wide rectangular pieces to make butt
joints.

Table1 Mechanical properties of base metal

UTS (MPa) YS (MPa) % Elongation(On Hardness, Hv, 02
50mm GL)
300 245 9 110
The base metal plates of 6.2mm thickness were prepared in to pieces of 100mm long and 50mm wide
to make butt joints. The mating surfaces of the plates were machined by milling to make a perfect square
butt. The plates were provided with adequate clamping with zero root gaps. FSW tool is prepared from H
13 steel with threaded cylindrical pin profile. The FSW tool was fabricated from H13 tool steel and was oil
hardened. The cylindrical pin was provided with right hand threads (Figure 2). Simple tool shoulder with a
flat face was provided. The shoulder diameter and pin diameter were fixed at 18mm and 6mm respectively.
The FSW were performed by varying the axial force while keeping the weld speed and tool rotational
speed as constants. Tool geometry, welding speed and rotational speed were so selected based on the
previous trials and reported studies, that they produce good welds. The process parameters are given in the
Table 2.
The weld samples were subjected to 100% destructive post weld examination. Three specimens were
cut transverse to the weld seam from each sample, in a milling machine. Specimens were prepared in
conformance with American society for testing and materials (ASTM) standard E8M- 04 for the tensile
tests (Figure 3). The average value of the tensile strength was considered for each sample. For micro
structural analysis samples were cut thwart wise to the weld line. The specimens were grounded, polished
and etched with Kellers reagent. A Trinocular metallurgical microscope was used to reveal the
microstructure of the weld.

Figure 2 FSW tool.

Table 2 Process parameters.

Process and tool parameters Value
Welding speed (mm/min) 110
Tool rotational speed (rpm) 1200
Axial force (kN) 2, 3, 4, 5
Tool shoulder diameter (mm) 18
Tool pin diameter (mm) 6

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 91 editor@iaeme.com
 Sreenivas P, Anil Kumar R and Sreejith P. S

Figure 3 Tensile test specimen.

The disparateness in mechanical properties was examined through hardness measurements across the
transverse cross section of the weld. Measurements were taken by a Vickers hardness tester at 0.5 kgf load
with a dwell time of 10 Sec. Readings were taken 1.5 mm below from nugget zone and at an interval of 1
mm.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Tensile Properties
The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) recorded a maximum for the weld produced under an axial load of
4kN. The UTS values and % age elongation at the maximum load for each sample is compared as given in
the Table 3. The variation of UTS with axial force recorded a gradual increase up to 4kN and then
decreases slightly as shown in Figure 4.

Table 3 Ultimate tensile strength and % age elongation

Weld No. Axial load (kN) UTS % Elongation
(kN/mm2)
L1 2 0.167 7.929
L2 3 0.186 7.214
L3 4 0.21 14.321
L4 5 0.204 14.964

Variation of UTS with Axial load

250

200
UTS (MPa)

150

100

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Axial Force (kN)

Figure 4 Variation of UTS with axial load.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 92 editor@iaeme.com
 Effect of Applied Axial Force on FSW of AA 6082 - T6 Aluminium Alloys

The mode and location of fracture varies with samples (Figure 5). Out of the tensile test specimen
prepared, the samples L1 and L2 using axial force 2 kN and 3 kN respectively, fail by brittle fracture and it
was happened at the joint line of weld whereas L3 and L4 which undergo axial forces of 4 kN and 5 kN
were failed through tensile fracture. More over the specimen prepared under 2 kN and 3 kN failed in the
weld nugget and 4 and 5 kN failed in the TMAZ - HAZ inter face boundary.
The fracture locations reflect the weakest locations in the weld, and hence the mechanical properties of
the weld joints. The local and heterogeneous deformations lead to fracture and it depends on the welding
parameters. It was reported that during tensile tests the fracture of welds occurs at the interface of NZ and
TMAZ, when the welds are free of voids and other defects. On the other hand fracture occurs at the weld
nuggets when defects exist in the welds [27]. The defect formation might have contributed to the variation
in the fracture locations and the tensile properties of the joints as depicted in Figure 4 and 5.

Figure 5 Nature and position of fracture in tension tested sample

The stress strain curves for the base metal and the transverse weld samples are shown in Figure 6.
Stress Vs Strain
400

350

300

250
Stress, MPa

L0 - B M
200 L1 - 2 kN
L2 - 3 kN

150 L3 - 4 kN
L4 - 5 kN

100

50

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Strain

Figure 6 Stress strain curves for tensile specimen: BM- Base metal; A- 2kN; B- 3kN; C- 4kN; D- 5kN.
Friction stir weld is akin to a heterogeneous composite with different material properties for different
parts and their interfaces. When the weld is subjected to a tensile load stress and strain concentration
occurs at the weakest part or location and the weld fractures at this location [28]. The stress strain curve in
Figure 6 indicates the mode of fracture of the welds. It may be concluded that the difference in modes of
fracture was attributed to the presents of defects.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 93 editor@iaeme.com
 Sreenivas P, Anil Kumar R and Sreejith P. S

3.2. Macrostructure and Microstructure

icrostructure of the Welded Joints
The macroscopic facets of the joints are shown in Figure 7. The nugget regions of all the joints had basin
shape which indicates adequate stirring and transfer
transfer of weld material by the tool action.

L1 L1 Crack

L2 L2

L3 L3

L4
L4

Figure 7 Optical macrograph of different joints:

joints L1- 2kN, L2- 3kN, L3- 4kN, L4- 5kN.
All the joints exhibit onion ring structure in the NZ and the strength of the formation is greater for 2, 4
and 5kN joints. It was proposed that the friction stir welding process can be thought to be simply extruding
material in layers through semi cylindrical paths inn one rotation of the tool and a cross-sectional slice
through such a sett of semi cylindrical layers
la appear as onion ring structure [29].
[29 Hence it can be perceived
that all the weld joints especially under 2, 4 and 5kN axial forces, for the given set of other parameters,
were formed with adequate material flow. The macrostructure of L3 and L4 indicate
indicat that the material flow
was more or less symmetrical when it was compared with other joints and it might have strengthened the
mechanical properties of these joints.
joints

Figure 5 Microstructure of base material

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.
IJMET/index.asp 94 editor@iaeme.com
 Effect of Applied Axial Force on FSW of AA 6082 - T6 Aluminium Alloys

AA 6082 has the highest strength among the 6000 series alloys. The presence of larger amount
Manganese controls the grain structure and hence the strength. The microstructure
microstr of the parent alloy
(Figure 5) shows elongated grains of primary alpha aluminium with evenly distributed Mg2Si particles in
solid solution with Aluminium.

L1 L2

L3 L4

Figure 4 Optical macrograph Shoulder Zones: L1-

L1 2kN, L2- 3kN, L3- 4kN, L4-
L4 5kN.
The shoulder zones (Figure 4) of all the welds are appeared to be identical, finer grains with dissolution
of the Mg2Si particles and recrystallisation by the frictional heat generated and intense stirring.
stirring It can be
observed that the variation in axial force doesnt have much effect on the heat generation at the shoulder
zone, as far as the shoulder diameter remains unchanged. Heat affected zones were characterized with
grains finer than the base metal due to the heat. The grains show some disorientation in case of L1& L3&
L4, indicating stronger joint. However the images are not sufficient to establish the
t pin effect.

L1 L2

L3 L4

Figure 5 Optical macrograph Heat affected Zones: L1-

L1 2kN, L2- 3kN, L3-
L3 4kN, L4- 5kN.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.
IJMET/index.asp 95 editor@iaeme.com
 Sreenivas P, Anil Kumar R and Sreejith P. S

L1 L2

L3 L4

Figure 5 Optical micrograph of TMAZ: L1- 2kN, L2- 3kN, L3- 4kN, L4- 5kN.
The TMAZ region corresponds to the material which is subjected to intense mechanical deformation
and heat. For all the welds, the chosen parameters were apparently sufficient to deform the grains
thermally and mechanically to transform the material layers in to onion rings at a micro level.

L1 L2

L3 L4

Figure 6 Optical micrograph of centre of NZ: L1- 2kN, L2- 3kN, L3- 4kN, L4- 5kN.
The microstructure in NZ is appeared to be subjected to dynamic recrystallization, and showed
dissolution of eutectic particles. Presence of fine and fragmented particles of Mg2Si may be detected.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 96 editor@iaeme.com
 Effect of Applied Axial Force on FSW of AA 6082 - T6 Aluminium Alloys

3.3. Microhardness

Figure 7 Microhardness for various joints: L1, L2, L33 & L4

The microhardness values for various joints under different axial forces are plotted as shown. All the
welds recorded hardness values slightly higher than the base metal, at nugget zones. Two low hardness
zones were identified both at RHS and LHS, near the TMAZ/HAZ boundary.
In the case of FSW, the general perception is that the weld region is subjected to softening because of
the thermal cycle and plastic deformation associated with the process. However, in case of precipitation
hardened alloys like AA 6082 the mechanical properties largely influenced by the coarsening, dissolution
and distribution of strengthening precipitates during welding, than by the grain size [30]. The hardness of
the stir zone is significantly affected by the precipitation of strengthening particles during the welding after
the cooling [31].
Here, in this case the strain rate and heat input may not vary significantly as the shoulder diameter, pin
profile and rotational speeds remain constant for various weld trials [32, 33]. The selection of these
parameters for the weld trials apparently instigated optimum level of precipitation of the strengthening
precipitates to provide the best results for weld hardness.

4. CONCLUSION
FSW of AA 6082- T6 alloy was carried out by varying the axial force where other parameters were kept
constant. Even though other process parameters were selected such that they fall in a FSW window
corresponding to good weld formation, axial force was found to influence the mechanical properties of the
weld joints significantly. The observations from the experimental trials can be concluded as follows.
Tensile strength of the welds increased with axial force, reached a local maximum for 4kN axial force and
then exhibited a decreasing trend.
Microstructure revealed that variation in axial force did not affect the precipitation or distribution of the
strengthening precipitates which indicated that variation in axial force did not influence the heat input.
Microhardness of the nugget was significantly higher than that of the base metal which indicated that
variation in axial force did not affect the precipitation or distribution of the strengthening precipitates.
The variation in tensile properties may be due to the defect formation as revealed by the macro graph of the
welds. The maximum tensile strength corresponded to 4kN axial force which might assure proper material
flow along with the combination of the other parameter level considered.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 97 editor@iaeme.com
 Sreenivas P, Anil Kumar R and Sreejith P. S

Axial force had a significant influence on the material flow when shoulder diameter was kept constant.
Selection of axial force in FSW is very important in achieving a defect free weld with optimum mechanical
properties.

REFERENCES
[1] Thomas, W. M., Nicholas, E. D., Needham, J. C., Murch, M. G., Temple Smith, P. and Dawes, C. J.
International patent application No. PCT/ GB92/02203 and GB Patent Application No.9125978.8 and U
S Patent Application No 5,460,317, Dec 1991.
[2] Dawes, C.J. and Thomas W. M. Friction Stir Process Welds Aluminum Alloys. Weld. J, 75, 1996, pp.
4145.
[3] Mishra, R. S. and Ma, Z. Y. Friction Stir Welding and Processing. Mater. Sci. Eng. R, 50, 2005, pp. 1
78.
[4] Thomas, W. M., Johnson, K. I. and Wiesner, C. S. Friction Stir Welding- Recent Developments in Tool
and Process Technologies. Adv. Eng. Mater., 5, 2003, pp. 485- 490.
[5] Defalco, J. Friction Stir welding vs Fusion Welding. Weld. J., 85, 2006, pp. 42- 44.
[6] Arbegast, J. W. Friction Stir Welding, Weld. J., 85, 2006, pp. 28-35.
[7] Donatus, U., Thompsun, G. E., Zhou, X., Wang, J. and Beamish, K. Flow patterns in friction stir welds
of AA 5083 and AA 6082 alloys. Materials and design , 83, 2015, pp. 203- 213.
[8] Raza Moshwan., Farazila Yusof, M. A., Hassan. and Rahmat, S. M. Effect of tool rotational speed on
force generation, microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded AlMgCrMn (AA
5052-O) alloy. Materials and design, 66, 2015, pp. 118- 128.
[9] G. Raghubabu, G., Murti, K. G. K. and Ranga Janardhana, G. An experimental study on the effect of
welding parameters on mechanical and microstructural properties of AA 6082- T6 friction stir welded
butt joints. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3 (5), 2008, pp. 68- 74.
[10] Venkata Rao, Ch., Madhusudhan reddy, G. and Srinivasarao, K. Influence of tool pin profile on
microstructure and corrosion behaviour of AA2219 Al- Cu alloy friction stir weld nuggets, Defence
technology, 11 (3), 2015, pp. 197- 208.
[11] Kanwar S Arora., Sunil Pandey., Michael Schaper. and Rajneesh Kumar. Effect of process parameters
on friction stir welding of aluminium alloy 2219- T87. Advanced manufacturing technology, 50 (9),
2010, pp. 941- 952.
[12] Palanivel, R. and Koshy Mathews, P. Prediction and optimization of process parameter of friction stir
welded AA5083-H111 aluminum alloy using response surface methodology. Journal of central south
university, 19 (1), 2012, pp. 1- 8.
[13] Devanathan, C., Murugan, A. and Sureshbabu, A. Optimization of process parameters in friction stir
welding of Al 6063. IJDMT, 4 (2), 2013, pp. 42- 48.
[14] Jayaraman, M. and Balasubramanian, V. Effect of process parameters on tensile strength of friction stir
welded cast A356 aluminium alloy joints. Transactions of nonferrous metals society of China, 23 (3),
2013, pp. 605- 615.
[15] Zhang, Z., Xiao, B. L. and Ma, Z. Y. Effect of welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical
properties of friction stir welded 2219Al-T6 joints. J Mater Sci, 47, 2012, pp. 40754086.
[16] Kamble, L. V., Soman, S. N. and Brahmankar, P. K. Effect of Tool Design and Process Variables on
Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of AA6101-T6 Alloy Welded by Friction Stir Welding. IOSR
Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), 2320- 334X, pp. 30- 35.
[17] Weifeng Xu., Jinhe Liu., Guohong Luan. and Chunlin Dong., Temperature evolution, microstructure and
mechanical properties of friction stir welded thick 2219-O aluminium alloy jopints. Materials and
design, 30, 2009, pp. 1886- 1893.
[18] Rodrigues, D. M., Loureiro, A., Leitao, C., Leal, R. M., Chaparro, B. M. and Vilaa, P. Influence of
friction stir welding parameters on the microstructural and mechanical properties of AA 6016-T4 thin
welds. Materials and Design, 30, 2009, pp. 19131921.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 98 editor@iaeme.com
 Effect of Applied Axial Force on FSW of AA 6082 - T6 Aluminium Alloys

[19] Adamowski, J., Gambaro, C., Lertora, E., Ponte, M. and Szkodo, M. Analysis of FSW welds made of
aluminium alloy AW6082-T6. Archives of Materials Science and Engineering, 28 (8), 2007, pp. 435-
460.
[20] Ana, C. F. Silva., Daniel, F. O. Braga., Figueiredo, M. A. V. de. and Moreira, P. M. G. P. Ultimate
tensile strength optimization of different FSWaluminium alloy joints. J Adv Manuf Technol, 79, 2015,
pp. 805- 814.
[21] Biswas, P., Kumar, D. A. and Mandal, N. R. Friction stir welding of aluminum alloy with varying tool
geometry and process parameters. J. Engineering Manufacture, 226 B, 2011, pp. 641- 648.
[22] Doude, H., Schneider, J., Patton, B., Stafford, S., Waters, T. and Varner, C. Optimizing weld quality of a
friction stir welded aluminum alloy. Journal of material processing technology, 222, 2015, pp.188- 196.
[23] Luis Trueba Jr., Georgina Heredia., Daniel Rybicki. and Lucie, B. Johannes. Effect of tool shoulder
features on defects and tensile properties of friction stir welded aluminium 6061-T6. Journal of material
processing technology, 219, 2015, pp. 271- 277.
[24] Junhui Yan., Sutton, M. A. and Reynolds, A. P. Processstructureproperty relationships for nugget and
heat affected zone regions of AA2524T351 friction stir welds. Science and Technology of Welding and
Joining, 10 (6), 2005, pp. 725-736.
[25] Trimble, D., O Donnell, G. E., Monaghan, J., Characterisation of tool shape and rotational speed for
increased speed during friction stir welding of AA 2024- T3. Journal of manufacturing process, 17,
2015, pp. 141- 150.
[26] Su, H., Wu, C. S., Pittner, A. and Rethmeier, Simultaneous measurement of tool torque, traverse force
and axial force in friction stir welding. Journal of manufacturing process, 15, 2013, pp. 495- 500.
[27] Liu, H. J., Fujii, H., Maeda, M. and Nogi, K. Tensile properties and fracture locations of friction stir
welded joints of 2017- T351 aluminium alloy. Journal of materials processing technology, 142 (3),
2003, pp. 692- 696.
[28] Liu, H. J., Fujii, H., Maeda, M. and Nogi, K. Heterogeneity of mechanical properties of friction stir
welded joints of 1050-H24 aluminum Alloy. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 22, 2003, pp. 441- 444.
[29] Krishnan, K. N. On the formation of onion rings in friction stir welds. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 327, 2002, pp.
246- 251.
[30] Rodrigues, D. M., Loureiro, A., Leitao, C., Leal, R. M., Chaparro, B. M. and Vilaa, P. Influence of
friction stir welding parameters on the microstructural and mechanical properties of AA 6016-T4 thin
welds. Materials and Design, 30, 2009, pp. 1913- 1921.
[31] Wang, F. F., Li, W. Y., Shen, J., Hu, S.Y. and dos Santos, J. F. Effect of tool rotational speed on the
microstructure and mechanical properties of bobbin tool friction stir welding of Al- Li alloy. Materials
and Design, 86, 2015, pp. 933- 940.
[32] Biswas, P., Kumar, D. A. and Mandal, N. R. Friction stir welding of aluminum alloy with varying tool
geometry and process parameters. Proc. I Mech E part- B J. Engineering Manufacture, 226 (4), 2012,
pp. 641- 648.
[33] Ana, C. F. Silva., Daniel, F. O. Braga., de Figueiredo, M. A. V., Moreira, P. M. G. P., Ultimate tensile
strength optimization of different FSW aluminium alloy joints. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 79, 2015,
pp. 805- 814.
[34] Shalin P.Marathe,Mahantfenil kumarsan jaykumar,Deladamayursinh dilipsinh and Kharadi faiyazanwar
husain, Experimental Analysis of the Weld Strength in Friction Stir Welding (FSW) of Different Grades
of Aluminum Alloy Using Different Tool Geometry. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering
and Technology, 5(4), 2014, pp. 153159.
[35] Syed Khaja Naimuddin, Md Touseef Ahamad, B. Purna Chandra Sekhar, P. Narendra Mohan, Dr. Vidhu
Kampurath and Dr. Yousuf Alif, Wear Behaviour of Welded and Non- Welded Samples of Friction Stir
Welding of Similar and Dissimilar Joints of Aluminium Alloys (AA6061-AA6061), (AA6082-AA6082)
& (AA6061-AA6082) Under T6 Condition. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and
Technology , 7(4), 2016, pp. 289299

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 99 editor@iaeme.com