CHAPTER 6 Buoyancy and Flotation 61 62 63 64 65 108 A stone weighs 105 b in air. When submerged in water, it weighs 67.0 Ib. Find the volume and specific gravity of the stone. ' Buoyant force (F,) = weight of water displaced by stone (W) = 105 - 67.0=38.01b W=yW=624v 380=624V V=0.609it sg, = Weight of stone in at ‘weight of equal volume of wate A piece of irregularly shaped metal weighs 300.0N in air. When the metal is completely submerged in water, it weighs 232.5 N. Find the volume of the metal. ' B=W — 300.0-232.5=[(9.79)(1000)(V) _ V = 0.00689 m? A cube of timber 1.25 ft on each side floats in water as shown in Fig. 6-1. The specific gravity of the timber is. 0.60. Find the submerged depth of the cube. ' F=W — 62.4{(1.25)(1.25)(D)] = [(0.60)(62.4)][(1.25)(1.25)(1.25)] D = 0.7508 Fig. 61 Determine the magnitude and direction of the force necessary to hold a concrete cube, 0.300m on each side, in equilibrium and completely submerged (a) in mercury (Hg) and (b) in water. Use 8.2. csuqwe = 2.40. FT @) Since s.g.1, = 13.6 and 5.8.coocere = 2.40, itis evident that the concrete will float in mercury. Therefore, a force F acting downward will be required to hold the concrete in equilibrium and completely submerged in mercury. The forces acting on the concrete are shown in Fig. 6-24, where Fis the force required to hold the concrete cube in equilibrium and completely submerged, W is the weight of the concrete cube in air, and F, is the buoyant force. I) B =0, F + W~ F=0, F + {(2.40)(9.79)]{(0.300)(0.300)(0.300)] — {(43.6)(9.79)]{(0.300)(0.300)(0.300) .96 KN (downward). (b) Since $.2.coxsete = 2.40, it will sink in water. Therefore, a force F acting upward will be required to hold the concrete in equilibrium and completely submerged in water. The forces acting on the concrete in this case are shown in Fig. 6-2. F, = 0, W — F ~F, =, {(2.40)(9.79)]{(0.300)(0.300)(0.300)] — F — 9.79{(0.300)(0.300)(0.300)] = 0, F = 0.370 kN (upward). A concrete cube 10.0 in on each side is to be held in equilibrium under water by attaching a lightweight foam buoy to it, as shown in Fig. 6-3. (In theory, the attached foam buoy and concrete cube, when placed under water, will neither rise nor sink.) If the specific weight of concrete and foam are 150 Ib/ft? and 5.0 Ib/ft?, respectively, what minimum volume of foam is required?66 68 BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION 1 109 os Fig. 6-2(a) |, Fig. 6-2(b) IF The forces acting in this problem are shown in Fig. 6-3, where W, and W, are the respective weights of the foam and the concrete, and Fy, and F,. are the respective buoyant forces on the foam and the concrete. 5) F, = 0, fy + We — Fac = 0, 5.0Vicum ~ 62.4Vioum + 150{(#8)(12)(48)] ~ 62-4{(18)(48)(19)] = 0, Vieum = 0.883 f°, Wire / Wire Concrete Concrete cube 10.0 in on each side: | fl Fig. 6-3 A barge is loaded with 150 tons of coal. The weight of the empty barge in air is 35 tons. If the barge is 18 ft wide, 52 t long, and 9 ft high, what is its draft (ie., its depth below the water surface)? ' F=W — 62.4{(18)(52)(D)] = (150 + 35)(2000) D=6.33 ft Determine the submerged depth of a cube of stee! 0.30 m on each side floating in mercury. The specific gravities of steel and mercury are 7.8 and 13.6, respectively. ' K=W_ — [(13.6)(9.79)]{(0.3)(0.3)(D)] = [(7.8)(9.79)]1(0.3)(0.3)(0.3)]_ D = 0.172 m. A cube of wood (s.g. = 0.60) has 9-in sides. Compute the magnitude and direction of the force F required to hold the wood completely submerged in water. I Since s.g...04 = 0.60, it is evident that the wood will float in water. Therefore, a force F acting downward will ‘be required to hold the wood in equilibrium and completely submerged. The forces acting on the wood are essentially the same as those shown acting on the concrete cube in Fig. 6-2a: E , =0, F+W -F,=0, F + [(0.60)(62.4)][(2)(8)(8)] — 62.4(()(2)(2)] = 0, F = 10.5 1b (downward).110 69 6.10 6.1L 6.12 6.13 6.14 0 CHAPTER 6 A hollow cube 1.0m on each side weighs 2.4 KN. The cube is tied to a solid concrete block weighing 10.0 kN. Will these two objects tied together float or sink in water? The specific gravity of the concrete is 2.40. I Let W = weight of hollow cube plus solid concrete block, (F,), = buoyant force on hollow cube, and juoyant force on solid concrete block. W =2.4+ 10.0 = 12.4KN, (F): =9.79{(1)(1)(1)] = 9.79 KN, 10/{(2.40)(9.79)] = 0.4256 m®, (F,)2 = (9.79)(0.4256) = 4.17 KN, (Fi): + (Fe) .79 + 4.17 = 13.96 KN. i): + (F,)2= 13.96 KN], the two objects tied together will float in water. A concrete cube 0.5m on each side is to be held in equilibrium under water by attaching a light foam buoy to it. What minimum volume of foam is required? The specific weights of concrete and foam are 23.58 kN/m? and 0.79 KN/m’, respectively. I Let W, = weight of foam in air, (F,), = buoyant force on foam, W, = weight of concrete in air, and (&). = buoyant force on concrete. 5} F, =0, W; — (Fy); + W. — (F)e = 0, 0.79Veam ~ 9-79V ica + 23.58{(0.5)(0.5)(0.5)] — 9.79{(0.5)(0.5)(0.5)] = 0, Vioeq = 0-192 m°. A prismatic object 8 in thick by 8 in wide by 16:n long is weighed in water at a depth of 20 in and found to weigh 11.0 1b. What is its weight in air and its specific gravity? I The forces acting on the object are shown in Fig. 6-4. EF, =0, T+ -W water = 62.4{(8)(8)(16)/1728] = 37.0 1b, 11.0 + 37.0- W =0, W =48.01b, s. ), F, = weight of displaced = 48.0/37. 30. r=10 tb Fig. 6-4 ‘A hydrometer weighs 0.00485 Ib and has a stem at the upper end which is cylindrical and 0.1100 in in diameter. How much deeper will it float in oil of s.g. 0.780 than in alcohol of s.g. 0.821? TD Woyaromeser ™ Waipuces igus» For position 1 in Fig. 6-5 in the alcohol, 0.00485 = [(0.821)(62.4)](V;), V, = 0.0000947 ft’ (in alcohol). For position 2 in Fig. 6-5 in the oil, 0.00485 = [(0.780)(62.4)][0.0000947 + (h)()(0.1100/12)"/4], h = 0.0750 ft, or 0.900 in. i spr agzorm Fig. 6S A piece of wood of s.g. 0.651 is 3 in square and 5 ft long. How many pounds of lead wei fastened at one end of the stick so that it will float upright with 1 ft out of water? ' Wont woaieas = Wespaces wer [(0.651)(62.4)]1(5)(i3)()] + 700V = 62.4[(5 — 1)(3)(8) + V] V-=0.00456 f° Wisaa= (0.00456)(700) = 3.19 Ib ‘What fraction of the volume of a solid piece of metal of s.g. 7.25 floats above the surface of a container of ‘mercury? I Let V =volume of the metal and V’ = volume of mercury displaced. F, = W, [(13.6)(62.4)|(V’) = [(7.25)(62.4)|(V), V’/V = 0.533. Fraction of volume above mercury