Electrical

Quan--es,
KCL, KVL
EEE 3 Lecture 01
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Objec-ves
Identify different SI units and pre6ixes used for electrical
quantities

Differentiate current, voltage, power, and energy

Perform KCL and KVL

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Outline
System of units and pre6ixes

Interaction of charges

Current and KCL

Voltage and KVL

Electrical Energy and Power

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System of Units

Quantity Symbol Unit of Measure

Charge Q, q Coulomb (C)
Current I, i Ampere (A)
Voltage V, v Volt (V)
Power P, p Watt (W)
Joule (J)
Energy W, w
Watt-hour (W-hr)
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Standard Prexes
International System of Units (SI)

atto- (a-) 10-18 deci- (d-) 10-1
femto- (f-) 10-15 deka- (da-) 101
pico- (p-) 10-12 hecto- (h-) 102
nano- (n-) 10-9 kilo- (k-) 103
micro- (-) 10-6 mega- (M-) 106
milli- (m-) 10-3 giga- (G-) 109
centi- (c-) 10-2 tera- (T-) 1012
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Standard Prexes
Examples:

23, 000 Volts = 23 kiloVolts = 23kV

1,000,000 Watts = 1 megawatt = 1MW

0.05 Amperes = 50 milliAmperes = 50mA

5x1012 Farad = 5 picoFarad = 5pF

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Charges
Interaction of charges
Responsible for electrical forces
attractive and/or repulsive
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Electric Field Electrical Forces

Charges in the
presence of an
Electric 6ield
Electric Potential
Energy

Difference in
Movement of
Electric Potential
charges
Energy
CURRENT VOLTAGE
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Current (symbol: I, i)
Movement of charges
Conventional current (used in analysis): 6low of positive charges
Rate at which net charges move past a given area in a
speci6ied direction
De6ined by magnitude and direction
Ampere: 1A = 1C/s (passing through an area)

I1 = I2
I1 I2
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Kirchhos Current Law (KCL)

The algebraic sum of the currents at a node must equal zero.


Network elements are considered electrically neutral
No net charge (positive or negative) can accumulate
Net current entering = Net current leaving

I1 I2 In = 0
I3 I4 I1 + I2 + I3 + (-I4) = 0
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KCL Example

KCL Equation:
I1 + I2 I3 I4 I5 = 0
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Voltage (symbol: V, v)
Difference in potential energy of two points
Requires two points with one point considered as reference
A point charge under an electric 6ield requires work to go
from one location to another.
Voltage = work required to move 1C of charge from one
terminal to another = W/C
1V = 1 Joule/C
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Voltage (V, v) Electric Field

B F(x, t)

VAB
+ +
A
+ VBC
VAC
C

Reference Point

Double-subscript notation for voltage across A and B

VAB = Voltage at A wrt B
VAB = VBA
Single-subscript notation
De6ines voltages wrt an absolute reference point
VA= VAC, VB= VBC
VAB = VA VB
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Voltage (V, v)
In a physical system, voltage is measured
across 2 points (called terminals or nodes)
+ A

There is an accumulation of charges at
VAB terminal A, as well as at terminal B, giving
rise to potential difference or voltage.

B
B is assigned as the reference point

VAB = VA VB
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Example

Given VXY = 20V, VXZ = 10V, and VZ = -5V, 6ind

VX and VY

Find VB in terms of VC if VAB = VC and VA = 20V

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Kirchhos Voltage Law (KVL)

The algebraic sum of the voltages around a loop must equal zero.


B
VAB
+ +
A
+ VBC
VAC
C

Reference Point
Vn = 0

VAC VAB VBC = 0

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KVL Example

KVL Equation (following clockwise path):

V4 V1 V2 V3 = 0

KVL Equation (following counter-clockwise):
V4 + V1 + V2 + V3 = 0
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Energy (symbol: W, w)

Work expended on forcing electrical charges

through an element
1 Joule = 1 Nm

W = QV V = W/Q
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Power (symbol: P, p)
Rate at which energy is being transferred, supplied,
or consumed
p = dW/dt
1 W = 1J/s
1 W = 1V*1A = 1 J/C * 1C/s
P = VI
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Power (P, p)
Polarity of voltage and direction of current
determines whether power is being supplied or
consumed.
Power consumed
current enters terminal with higher voltage.
Power supplied
current leaves terminal with higher voltage.
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Power (P, p)
I
+

Electrical power consumed

(rate at which electric energy is being V (a)
converted to other forms of energy)

I
+

Electrical power generated V (b)

(rate at which other forms of energy is
being converted to electrical energy)

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Power (P, p)
2 A
+
In both cases, P = 10 W.

5 V (a)
(a): consuming 10 W or
supplying 10 W.
2 A
+

(b): supplying 10 W or
5 V (b)
consuming 10 W.

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Power (P, p)
2 A
+
In both cases, P = 10 W.

5 V (a)
(a): consuming 10 W or
supplying 10 W.
2 A
+

(b): supplying 10 W or
5 V (b)
consuming 10 W.

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Example A +3-C Charge was placed on point B at t = 0s.

Without mechanical/manual, interven-ons,
the charge was transferred to point A through
circuit element in a 1-second interval. Find
+ A the electrical energy and power supplied by .

Solu-on:
VAB = 5V


Electrical Energy = W = 5V*3C = 15 Joules

- B Electric Power = P = 5V*3C/1s = 15 Watts

Electric power was supplied by since the posi-ve

charge went to a point with higher poten-al energy.
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Summary
1. Movement of charges is current
Convention for current: 6low of positive charges
KCL: Algebraic sum of currents at a node is zero

2. Voltage is potential difference between charges

Accumulation of charges results in voltage
KVL: Algebraic sum of voltages in a loop is zero

3. Electrical energy is work done to move charges through an

element

4. Energy per unit time is power

An element supplies power if current goes out of the positive terminal
An element consumes power if current goes into the positive terminal