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Vectorsareanefficientnotationalmethodforrepresentinglistsofnumbers.Atypicalvectormightrepresent
thehightemperatureeverydayforaweek.Suchavectorwouldhavesevenelementsandcouldbewrittenasa
rowvector(asinglerow),
orasacolumnvector(asinglecolumn),
Note,thatIwilluseboldletterswhenreferringtotheentirevector(ormatrix).Inbothcasesabove,theHighTemp
vectorhassevenelements,representingSundaythroughSaturday.Toaccesstheindividualelementsinthearray
weuseanindex.Forexample,thetemperatureSundaywouldbeaccessedasHighTemp(1),andisequalto25.
LikewiseHighTemp(4)=38isWednesday'shightemperature.
Matrices
Amatrix(singularofmatrices)isforourpurposesaseriesofnumberslistedintwodimensions.Asan
example,considerhightemperaturescollectedovera28dayperiod(4weeks).Wecouldwritethematrixasa
singlelist28elementslong,orasacollectionofnumbers(amatrix)thathas4rowsand7columns.
Nowweneedtwoindicestorepresentthenumbers,onefortherow,andoneforthecolumn.Forexamplethehigh
temperatureduringthe2ndweek,onthe3rddayofthatweek,isHighTemp(2,3)andisequalto45.Notethatthe
indexfortherowcomesfirst.
Ingeneralamatrixconsistingofmnelementscanbearrangedinmrowsandncolumns,yielding
anmn(readmbyn)matrix,whichwe'llcallA.
Thesymbolaijrepresentsthenumberintheithrowandthejthcolumn.Notethatavectoristhespecialcaseofa
matrix,wherethereisonlyoneroworcolumnInthiscase,thesecondsubscriptisdropped.
Matrixoperations
Fortheensuingdiscussionassumewehavethreematrices
Equality
Twomatricesareequaliftheyarethesamesize,andcorrespondingelementsareequal.Forexample,A=B,
butAC.
Addition
Twomatricescanbeaddediftheyarethesamesize.Theirsumisgivenbyathirdmatrixwhoseelementsare
thesumofthecorrespondingelementsbeingadded.ofthetwoarrays.Inotherwords,ifD=A+Cthendij=aij+c ij.
Notethatmatrixadditioniscommutative,X+Y=X+Y.
Transposeofamatrix
Wecouldalsowritethematrixwithrowsandcolumnsinterchanged.Thisisreferredtoastakingthe
"transpose"ofthematrix.We'lldenotethetransposewithasinglequote,'.Inotherwords,ifD=A',thendij=aji.
Amatrixneednotbesquareinordertotakeitstranspose.Thetransposeofacolumnvectorisarowvector,and
viceversa.
Multiplicationbyascalar
Amatrixcanbemultipliedbyascalar(ascalarisasinglenumber)bymultiplyingeachelementofthearrayby
thatnumber.ForexampleifD=2A,thendij=2aij.
Multiplicationoftwomatrices
Twomatrices,AandCcanbemultipliedtogetherintheorderACifandonlyifthenumberofcolumns
inAequalsthenumberofrowsinC.IfD=AC,thendijistheelementobtainedbymultiplyingtherowvector
representedbytheithrowofAbythecolumnvectorrepresentedbythejthcolumnofC.ForarraysAandCwithn
columnsandrows,respectively,weget:
Forexample,ifD=AC,usingthematricesgivenpreviously
NotethatingeneralACCA.Inthiscase
Expressedanotherwayinwords.ifD=A.C,thentheelementinDlocatedatrowiandcolumnjisgivenbythe
sumoftheproductoftheelementsinrowiofAandtheelementsincolumnjofC.
Multiplicationoftwovectors
Arowvectorcanbemultipliedbyacolumnvector,inthatorder,ifandonlyifthehavethesamenumberof
elements.If
,then
Determinantofamatrix
ThedeterminantofasquarematrixAisascalardefinedby
whereCikisreferredtoasthecofactorofaik,and
whereMikistheminorofaik.MikisthedeterminantofthematrixthatremainsofAaftertheithrowandjthcolumn
aredeleted.Ingeneralitcanbecomputationallyverydifficulttocalculatedeterminants.Ifthematrixhasmore
than3rowsandcolumns,youshoulduseacomputerorcalculatortohelpyou.For22or33matricesthereis
areshortcuts(thatdon'tworkforlargermatrices).
Thisissimplytheproductofthetermsidentifiedbythebluearrow(downandtotheright)minustheproductofthe
redarrow(upandtotheright).
Asimilarruleappliestothe33matrix(butnotlargermatrices).Theonlycomplicationisthatthearrowswrap
aroundthematrixfromtherightsidetotheleft.
ImportantMatrices
IdentitityMatrix
Theidentitymatrixisasquarematrixthathasonesalongthemaindiagonalandzeroselsewhere.The22
identitymatrixisshownbelow.
TheidentitymatrixhasthespecialpropertythatAI=IA=A.
InverseMatrix
IfthematrixAhasaninverseG,wewriteG=A1,andGA=AG=I.Notethatsomematricesdon'thave
inverses.
YoucancheckforyourselfthatAA1=I.
Theinversecanbecalculatedasfollows
where
andCikisthecofactorofaij.Ingeneraltheinverseofamatrixiscomputationallyverydifficulttocalculate.Ifthe
matrixisgreaterthan22,useacalculatororasoftwarepackagesuchasMatLab.Fora22matrixthe
inversemaybewrittenas:
Fora33matrixtheinversemaybewrittenas:
SolutionofLinearSystemsofAlgebraicEquations
Consideralinearsystemofalgebraicequationswithnequationsandnunknowns:
Intheseequations,aijandbiareconstants,andtheunknownsarex i.Wecanrewritetheequationsas:
where
Wecanfindalltheunknownsinthevectorxbydoingafewsimplematrixmanipulations.Ifwepremultiply
bothsidesofthematrixequationbytheinverseoftheAmatrixweget: