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Vectors

Vectorsareanefficientnotationalmethodforrepresentinglistsofnumbers.Atypicalvectormightrepresent
thehightemperatureeverydayforaweek.Suchavectorwouldhavesevenelementsandcouldbewrittenasa
rowvector(asinglerow),

orasacolumnvector(asinglecolumn),

Note,thatIwilluseboldletterswhenreferringtotheentirevector(ormatrix).Inbothcasesabove,theHighTemp
vectorhassevenelements,representingSundaythroughSaturday.Toaccesstheindividualelementsinthearray
weuseanindex.Forexample,thetemperatureSundaywouldbeaccessedasHighTemp(1),andisequalto25.
LikewiseHighTemp(4)=38isWednesday'shightemperature.

Matrices
Amatrix(singularofmatrices)isforourpurposesaseriesofnumberslistedintwodimensions.Asan
example,considerhightemperaturescollectedovera28dayperiod(4weeks).Wecouldwritethematrixasa
singlelist28elementslong,orasacollectionofnumbers(amatrix)thathas4rowsand7columns.

Nowweneedtwoindicestorepresentthenumbers,onefortherow,andoneforthecolumn.Forexamplethehigh
temperatureduringthe2ndweek,onthe3rddayofthatweek,isHighTemp(2,3)andisequalto45.Notethatthe
indexfortherowcomesfirst.

Ingeneralamatrixconsistingofmnelementscanbearrangedinmrowsandncolumns,yielding
anmn(readmbyn)matrix,whichwe'llcallA.

Thesymbolaijrepresentsthenumberintheithrowandthejthcolumn.Notethatavectoristhespecialcaseofa
matrix,wherethereisonlyoneroworcolumnInthiscase,thesecondsubscriptisdropped.

Matrixoperations
Fortheensuingdiscussionassumewehavethreematrices
Equality
Twomatricesareequaliftheyarethesamesize,andcorrespondingelementsareequal.Forexample,A=B,
butAC.

Addition
Twomatricescanbeaddediftheyarethesamesize.Theirsumisgivenbyathirdmatrixwhoseelementsare
thesumofthecorrespondingelementsbeingadded.ofthetwoarrays.Inotherwords,ifD=A+Cthendij=aij+c ij.

Notethatmatrixadditioniscommutative,X+Y=X+Y.

Transposeofamatrix
Wecouldalsowritethematrixwithrowsandcolumnsinterchanged.Thisisreferredtoastakingthe
"transpose"ofthematrix.We'lldenotethetransposewithasinglequote,'.Inotherwords,ifD=A',thendij=aji.

Amatrixneednotbesquareinordertotakeitstranspose.Thetransposeofacolumnvectorisarowvector,and
viceversa.

Multiplicationbyascalar
Amatrixcanbemultipliedbyascalar(ascalarisasinglenumber)bymultiplyingeachelementofthearrayby
thatnumber.ForexampleifD=2A,thendij=2aij.

Multiplicationoftwomatrices
Twomatrices,AandCcanbemultipliedtogetherintheorderACifandonlyifthenumberofcolumns
inAequalsthenumberofrowsinC.IfD=AC,thendijistheelementobtainedbymultiplyingtherowvector
representedbytheithrowofAbythecolumnvectorrepresentedbythejthcolumnofC.ForarraysAandCwithn
columnsandrows,respectively,weget:

Forexample,ifD=AC,usingthematricesgivenpreviously

NotethatingeneralACCA.Inthiscase

Expressedanotherwayinwords.ifD=A.C,thentheelementinDlocatedatrowiandcolumnjisgivenbythe
sumoftheproductoftheelementsinrowiofAandtheelementsincolumnjofC.
Multiplicationoftwovectors
Arowvectorcanbemultipliedbyacolumnvector,inthatorder,ifandonlyifthehavethesamenumberof
elements.If

,then

Determinantofamatrix
ThedeterminantofasquarematrixAisascalardefinedby

whereCikisreferredtoasthecofactorofaik,and

whereMikistheminorofaik.MikisthedeterminantofthematrixthatremainsofAaftertheithrowandjthcolumn
aredeleted.Ingeneralitcanbecomputationallyverydifficulttocalculatedeterminants.Ifthematrixhasmore
than3rowsandcolumns,youshoulduseacomputerorcalculatortohelpyou.For22or33matricesthereis
areshortcuts(thatdon'tworkforlargermatrices).

Thisissimplytheproductofthetermsidentifiedbythebluearrow(downandtotheright)minustheproductofthe
redarrow(upandtotheright).

Asimilarruleappliestothe33matrix(butnotlargermatrices).Theonlycomplicationisthatthearrowswrap
aroundthematrixfromtherightsidetotheleft.

ImportantMatrices

IdentitityMatrix
Theidentitymatrixisasquarematrixthathasonesalongthemaindiagonalandzeroselsewhere.The22
identitymatrixisshownbelow.
TheidentitymatrixhasthespecialpropertythatAI=IA=A.

InverseMatrix
IfthematrixAhasaninverseG,wewriteG=A1,andGA=AG=I.Notethatsomematricesdon'thave
inverses.

YoucancheckforyourselfthatAA1=I.

Theinversecanbecalculatedasfollows

where

andCikisthecofactorofaij.Ingeneraltheinverseofamatrixiscomputationallyverydifficulttocalculate.Ifthe
matrixisgreaterthan22,useacalculatororasoftwarepackagesuchasMatLab.Fora22matrixthe
inversemaybewrittenas:

Fora33matrixtheinversemaybewrittenas:

SolutionofLinearSystemsofAlgebraicEquations
Consideralinearsystemofalgebraicequationswithnequationsandnunknowns:

Intheseequations,aijandbiareconstants,andtheunknownsarex i.Wecanrewritetheequationsas:

where

Wecanfindalltheunknownsinthevectorxbydoingafewsimplematrixmanipulations.Ifwepremultiply
bothsidesofthematrixequationbytheinverseoftheAmatrixweget:

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