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LUASDANPEMBUATAN
TEROWONGAN
Oleh:
Dr.SinggihSaptono

TUNNELDESCRIPTION
1. Madeintonaturalmaterial(rocks)
2. Emptyinside
3. Carrytheloadsitself
4. Bothendsareopentoatmosphere
5. Generallyhorizontal
6. Thickwalledstructurelookslikecylinder
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Crosssections
Theshapeofatunnelcrosssectionisalsocalledprofile.Variousprofile areconceivable,e.g.
rectangularones.Themostwidespreadones,however,arecircularand(mostlyoblate)mouth
profile).
Thechoiceoftheprofileaimsataccommodatingtheperformancerequirementsofthetunnel.
Moreoverittriestominimizebendingmomentsinthelining(whichisoftenacademic,sincethe
loadscannotbeexactlyassessed)aswellascostsforexcavationandlining.
Furtheraspectsforthechoiceoftheprofileare:ventilation,maintenance,riskmanagementand
avoidanceofclaustrophobiaofusers.
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Crosssections
Amouthprofileiscomposedofcircularsections.
Theratioofadjacentcurvatureradiusesshouldnotexceed5(r1/r2 <
5)

Geometryofamouthprofile
Exampleofamouthprofile
Thefollowingrelationsrefertogeometricalpropertiesofmouthprofile.Withthe
initialparametersr1,r2,r3 itisobtained:
1 2

3 2

2 2
3 2 2 3 1 1
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2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2
2 2
1 3
2 1

Atypicalproblemoftunneldesignistofitarectangleintoamouthprofile
i.e.tochooser1,r2,r3 insuchawaythatthemouthprofilecomprisestherectangle.

TypicaltunnelcrosssectionsArea (m2)
sewer 10
hydropowertunnels 10 30
motorway(onelane) 75
rail(onetrack) 50
metro(onetrack) 35
highspeedrail(onetrack) 50
highspeedrail(twotracks) 80 100

Hochrheinautobahn Burgerwaldtunnel,A98
WaldshutTiengen
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Hochrheinautobahn Burgerwaldtunnel,A98Waldshut
Tiengen

Vereina TunnelSouth,Ratische Bahn;twotracks

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Roadtunnels

ChannelCrossSectionParameters
Commoncrosssectionshapesarerectangular,trapezoidalandcircular
Geometrically,rectangularcrosssectionarejustspecialcasesoftrapezoidssections
Circularcrosssectionarehydraulicallymoreefficientthanothercrosssectionalshapes,
buttheyareonlyusedforsmallchannelsizes
Circularcrossectionsareusuallymadeofprecastconcretemixes,andelevatedabove
theground
Tunnelsdesignedforopenchannelflowaresometimesbuiltwithspecialcrosssection
(e.g.Horseshoesection)
Thestandardhorseshoecrosssectionhasasemicirculartopportion,andanintersection
ofthreelargercirclesforthelowerportion itcanbeconsiderdamodificationofa
circularsection
Asemicircularchannelcrosssectionisthebestshapeforanopenchannelincluding
openchannelflowintunnels,butthehorseshoeshapehasbeenusedindozensof
tunnelstoallowforgreaterfloorwidth,thereby,facilatingthepassageofequipment
throughthetunnel.
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Standrdhorsesshoecrosssection(boldcruves):
Diameterofuppersectionishalfofdiameterof
Threelargercricles.

CircularCrossSection
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Thefollowingisfora
standardhorseshoecross
section
Devidethedepthintothree
segments
Notethath1+h2+h3=r
Determineh1bysolvingfor
theintersectionoftwoof
thecircles
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Bahan Peledak dan Teknik Peledakan

Pemilihan bahan peledak dan diameter

Desain peledakan terowongan Cut,
Stoping,Contourholes
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Bahan Peledak dan Teknik Peledakan

Prediksi kerusakan hubungannya dengan klasifikasi massa

batuan

Pengeboran dan Penggalian

Continuousminer

RobbinsMobileMiner
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Pengeboran dan Penggalian

Tunnelboring
machine