International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2017, pp. 370381, Article ID: IJCIET_08_01_042

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=1
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
IAEME Publication

A MULTISTAGE, MULTI CRITERIA APPROACH

FOR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITE DESIGN AND
MANAGEMENT: A MODEL STUDY
Bhavya Bhanu Sigirisetty
M. Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering,
K L University, Vaddeswaram-522502, Andhra Pradesh,India

SS. Asadi
Associate Dean-Academics, Department of Civil Engineering,
K LUniversity,Vaddeswaram-522502, Andhra Pradesh, India

A.V.S.Prasad
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
K L University, Vaddeswaram-522502, Andhra Pradesh,India

ABSTRACT
Objectives: The main objective is to select proper site for landfill and its design and
efficient management of solid waste in the study area. Methods/Analysis: The method and
analysis includes the comparing of different landfill sites in various components such as
soil, air, ground water parameters and propose the efficient landfill site and its suitable
design. This also includes the implementing of various strategies in solid waste
management. Findings: The projection of the population determined based on the present
population. The waste generated for the future years is determined by the base of the waste
generation at the current situation. The design of landfill and management of solid waste is
based upon the above said parameters. The result of the research leads to the innovative
selection of site and landfill design. Improvement: This research helps in better
implantation of the efficient methods in solid waste collection throughout the city.
Key words: Solid Waste Management,Land-Fill Design,Site Selection,Population
Projection,Waste Generation
Cite this Article: Bhavya Bhanu Sigirisetty, SS. Asadi and A.V.S.Prasad, A MultiStage,
Multi Criteria Approach For Solid Waste Disposal Site Design and Management: A Model
Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp. 370
381.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=1

1. INTRODUCTION
One of the major problem the world facing now is proper disposal of the solid waste.Due to rapid
increase and urbanisation in the population, many cities and towns doesnot have proper solid waste
management.Inproper disposal and treatment of the solid waste leads to air pollution,soil

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A MultiStage, Multi Criteria Approach For Solid Waste Disposal Site Design and Management: A Model
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pollution,contaminates ground water and may even cause health hazards.The ever lasting disposal
of solid waste is the significant factor of the efficient municipal solid waste management.Urban
Local bodies and government authorities should take the responsibility to dispose the solid waste
according the rules of municipal solid waste1.
Sanitary Landfill is the most appropiate and the efficient way of disposal of minicipal solid
waste. The availability of efficient landfill sites is one of the main problems being faced by Urban
Local bodies and civic bodies in the implementation of their principles .However, regional
municipal solid waste disposal facility can be implemented in the possible cities and towns if the
city is not having sufficient land for disposal. The clustering and merging of 3 to 4 cities can be
done and can set up a disposal facility2. Precautions should be taken that transportation should not
cause any effect on the economy. The advantages of the regional disposal facility of municipal
solid waste are:
Due to regional disposal facility, the existing land can be efficiently used.
The natural resources which are scarcity in that particular region can also be utilised in the
systematic way.
As the disposal facility is situated in the minimum radius of the particular region, it is very easy
to monitor with minimum manpower in well determined way.
The financial and technical burden on the authorities of the urban local bodies can be reduced
which leads to better use of technologies in costeffective manner.
Authorities have the advantage of easy estimation of waste generation in the processing as well
as the disposal of the solid waste.

2. METHODOLOGY
2.1. STUDY AREA
Tadepalli is sub-urban area in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is one of the Urban local
body along with other 12 ULBs present in the Guntur District .It Is a 3rd grade municipality
administered under Guntur revenue division. The town is surrounded by the Krishna River on its
south and NH-5 in the east, Amaravathi on its west and Mangalagiri on its north3.
Tadepalli is panchayat till 2009 and became 3rd municipality by clustering of Tadepalli and
Krishna Nagar Panchayats.Tadepalli held its first municipal elections in the year 2014. The total
area of Tadepalliis 19.52 km and it is divided into 23 No of wards. The total population of
Tadepalli is of 54,362 as per 2011 census. Themunicipal solid waste generated in the respective
municipality per day is 32 MT. The area of Tadepalli town is mentioned in the Figure 1.

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 Bhavya Bhanu Sigirisetty, SS. Asadi and A.V.S.Prasad

Figure 1 Representation of Tadepalli on Google Map

2.2. POPULATION PROJECTION

The waste generation is function of population and lifestyle of people. Therefore, it is essential to
project the population for 20-2525 years for
for setting out the infrastructure for SWM. The population
projection is Tadepalli city is carried out based on following methods:
Incremental increase method
Arithmetic increase
Geometric increase, and
Exponential method
The projected population from 2015 to 2040 by different methods is mentioned in the Table 1.

Table 1 Population projection of Tadepalli Town

Sr. Horizon Year
No. Methodologies
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
As Per National
Average Growth
1 Rate
7539
75393 81605 87816 94027 100239 106450

Incremental Increase
2 Method 78721 90844 104913 120928 138888 158795

Arithmetic Increase
3 Method 76542 84189 91836 99483 107130 114777

Geometrical
4 Increase Method 81471 97746 117274 140702 168811 202535

Exponential Method
5 81052 96620 115177 137300 16371 195107

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A MultiStage, Multi Criteria Approach For Solid Waste Disposal Site Design and Management: A Model
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2.3. WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION

The estimated waste generation in Tadepalli in 2015 is about 32 tons/ day from all sources. The
waste generation rate is about 400 grams/ capita/ day. This rate of generation is similar to other
cities of India of similar size. The waste generating in India is increasing at about 5% per year.
This increase is due to population increase as well as lifestyle changes. The waste generation
estimate and its projection is important step for long term waste management strategy and planning
for the city. Therefore, the waste generation estimate for Tadepalli is carried out in similar way as
of population projection. The waste generation estimate is carried out on following assumptions:
Increment in waste generation rate is 2% per annum
Floating population is considered as 8 %
Waste generation for Tadepalli for year 2015 is taken as 0.40 kg/ capita/ day
The projected waste generation from 2015 to 2040 is mentioned in the Table 2.

Table 2 Waste Generation projection of Tadepalli Town

Total Floating
Total Floating Total
Population Population
Populatio populatio population Solid
Floating Solid (Solid Waste
n (Avg of n SW SW Waste
Year populatio Waste per per capita
II, AI, Generatio Generatio Generate
n@8% capita generation
GI) n (In n (In d (in
generation considered
tons/day) tons/day) tons/day)
considered (in Kgs)
(in Kgs)
2015 78911 6313 0.4 0.04 32 0.25 32
2020 90926 7275 0.44 0.04 40 0.32 40
2025 104674 8374 0.48 0.05 51 0.41 51
2030 120371 9630 0.53 0.05 64 0.51 65
2035 138276 11063 0.59 0.06 81 0.65 82
2040 158702 12697 0.64 0.06 102 0.82 103

2.4 PRESENT SWM SCENARIO

2.4.1. Primary Collection of Waste

Currently 90 % door-to-door collection is prevailing in the respective municipality. The total MSW
generated from the city is about 32 TPD. Almost each and every ward in the town is covered.

2.4.2. Secondary Collection & Transportation

The collected mixed waste (wet and dry) without any segregation is getting dumped in the
dumping yard by tractors and autos. New proposal of dumping yard of an area of 5 acres near
Kolanukonda has been proposed to Government and the allotment is still awaited. There is no
existing treatment of solid waste for wet, and slaughter house wastes. Bio medical waste is being
handled independently by hospitals. Vermi Composting is initiated in Tadepalli municipality.
Waste category in percentages is listed in the Figure 2.

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 Bhavya Bhanu Sigirisetty, SS. Asadi and A.V.S.Prasad

Figure 2 Waste Category Percentages in Tadepalli town

2.5. SELECTION OF PROPER LAND FILL SITE IN STUDY AREA:

After vigorous search for the selection of landfill site for the Tadepalli town, the following three
sites had been identified.

2.5.1. LANDFILL AT KRISHNA NAGAR:

Krishna Nagar is situated 2km from the Tadepalli town situated at 164667 N and
806000E.The area proposed in the Krishna nagar is of 5 acres which is once a cement factory.
f
But now the cement factory is closed and the land is abonded. The land is also not suitable for the
agriculture. Due to existence of cement factory long back the ground water quality and the soil
quality are not so good. The residential areas are alsoalso far away from the site. There is good
transportation
sportation to the proposed site, shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Segregation of solid waste using colour bins

2.5.2. NUNNA LANDFIL

Nunna is a village which is situated in the Vijayawada outskirts at 163640.34 N latitude and
804111.47 E longitudes. It is located 23 km from Tadepalli Town. Nunna is fully covered with
residential buildings surrounded by hills, highly fertile fields, and even with Educational
institutions. This area consists mostly of highly fertile land and famous for mango fields. The
Th

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A MultiStage, Multi Criteria Approach For Solid Waste Disposal Site Design and Management: A Model
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groundwater table is at low depth. The landfill construction needs a lot of earth work and lot of
equipment and manpower, as the area is hilly. The areas is also mostly covered with quarries which
does not have proper road network to this area. So, construction of road is very important to full fill
the landfill project. And the main drawback is the residents of the area opposed the construction of
the landfill, shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Proposed landfill site at Krishna Nagar

2.5.3. KONDURU LANDFILL

Konduru is a village which is 43 km from Tadepalli, at 164022.48 N latitude and 803312.82
E longitudes. The area consists of less vegetation which in turn consists of lots of quarry pits. The
proposed site has less percentage of fertile lands or forest area. The respective landfill site has the
residential buildings far away from the site The groundwater table is present atmost depth.
Transportation is very easy as there were already constructed roads for the purpose of quarry. And
finally there is no such restrictions from the residents.
By comparing all the possible parameters of the above proposed sites, KrishnaNagar and area
at Konduru are suitable for the land filling. But as Konduru is far away from the Tadepalli town,
area at Krishna Nagar can be recommended for the suitable landfill site for the disposal of
municipal solid waste of Tadepalli town

2.6. DESIGN OF SANITARY LANDFILL FACILITY

Preliminary design & engineering has been done for the construction of Regional Integrated
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfill facility for Tadepalli town. The regional facility for this
town will be developed at Krishna Nagar; as area of approximate 5 acres for the proposed ISWM
facility would be required. The 5 acres area would be required to set up the regional sanitary
landfill facility only for 25 years. The construction of landfill shall be taken up into five phases.
Each phase will serve for approximately 5 years. After filling of each phase, it will be covered with
top cover and subsequently the landfill will be used. The landfill facility shall require around 5
arces of area to accommodate the landfillable waste for 25 years of Tadepalli town. The landfill
can be further adjusted with the remaining available area for future use.

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 Bhavya Bhanu Sigirisetty, SS. Asadi and A.V.S.Prasad

Sanitary Landfilling of non-biodegradable /non-recyclables/inert component of municipal solid

waste is mandatory as per the MSW rules 2000. Therefore it is proposed to set up a Regional
Sanitary Landfill facility for final disposal of inert waste / rejects from compost plants, RDF and
street sweeping which cannot be further processed for any use. The 20% of total generated waste in
a day is considered as the landfill waste. The projected landfill generation is mentioned in the
Table-3.

Table 3 Details of the Landfillable Waste of Tadepalli

Total
Floating
Population Total Floating Total
Population Landf
Populati Solid populatio population Solid
Floating (Solid Waste illable
on (Avg Waste per n SW SW Waste
Year populatio per capita Waste
of II, AI, capita Generatio Generatio Generate
n@8% generation in
GI) generation n (In n (In d (in
considered MT/D
considered tons/day) tons/day) tons/day)
(in Kgs) ay
(in Kgs)

2015 78911 6313 0.4 0.04 32 0.25 32 6.4

2020 90926 7275 0.44 0.04 40 0.32 40 8
2025 104674 8374 0.48 0.05 51 0.41 51 10.2
2030 120371 9630 0.53 0.05 64 0.51 65 13
2035 138276 11063 0.59 0.06 81 0.65 82 16.4
2040 158702 12697 0.64 0.06 102 0.82 103 20.6

2.6.1. BASIC DATA

In order to design the sanitary landfill facility, the base year for garbage generation has been taken
as 2017 and design year has been considered as 2042 A.D.
Base Year: - 2018 AD
Design Year: - 2042 AD
Design of Landfill: - 2042 AD
Total Operative Life of the Landfill: - 25 Years (Considering that from 2017, waste will start
coming to the Landfill Site)
As per the CPHEEO Manual, maximum 20% of total MSW generation will be allowed for
landfilling. Therefore, we have considered the same for calculation:
Waste Generation : 35 tons per day (in 2018)
Design Life : 25 years
Water table : 2-5 m below ground surface

2.6.2. CAPACITY, HEIGHT, AREA OF LANDFILL

Estimated Waste Generation for the landfill in 2018 A.D =7.2 TPD
Proposed Landfill Waste Generation in 2042 A.D = 22 TPD
Total Landfill Waste Generation in 25 Years = 0.5 (7.2+22) x 365 daysx 25 years= 1,33225
tonnes
Waste Volume (assumed density 0.85 t / cum for inert waste as per CPHEEO manual) =
1,33,225 / 0.85 = 1,56,735cum
Volume of Daily Cover = 0.1 x 1,56,735= 15674cum

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A MultiStage, Multi Criteria Approach For Solid Waste Disposal Site Design and Management: A Model
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Volume of Liner and Cover System = 0.25 x 156735= 39183 cum

Volume of settlement = 0.05 x 3156735 = 7837cum
First Estimate of landfill Volume Ci = (156735+15674+39183-7837) = 203755 cum
Proposed Shape of Landfill =Rectangular (length: width = 2:1)
Area Restriction :- No restrictions
Height of the landfill to possible limit = 10 m
Area = (203755) / 10 = 20375 sq. m
Approximate Areas including area of embankment = 8147 sq. m
Length of Sanitary Landfill including embankment = 125 m
Width of Sanitary Landfill including embankment = 65 m

Other Dimensions
Height of Embankment above GL = 3 m
Top width of Embankment = 5 m
Slope of Embankment (2H:1V) = 2
Slant Height inside base to top of embankment = 7.71 m
Slant length outside GL to top of embankment = 6.71 m

2.6.3. LANDFILL PHASES

Landfill Active life :- 25 Years
One phase Duration :- 5 Years
No. of Phases :- 5
Volume of phase-I (2018-2022) :- 2590 Cum

2.6.4. LINER AND LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM

The liner system will consists of the following layers below the waste:
0.3 m thick leachate drainage layer consisting of sand (coarse sand) or gravel having 25-50 mm
size
0.2 m thick protective layer of silty soil
1.50 mm thick HDPE geo-membrane (iv) 0.9 m thick clay layer

2.6.5. LEACHATE EVALUATION

The leachate collection layer is provided in the granular soil (drainage) layer of the bottom liner
system. The collection layer shall comprise of a network of perforated HDPE lateral pipes laid at a
slope of 2% and 20 m c/c spacing. These laterals shall collect leachate and transfer it to the HDPE
header pipe, which is laid at a slope of 1%. The header pipe ultimately transfers the leachate into
the Leachate collection sump. The general arrangement of header and laterals is provided in the
layout plan of MSW landfill.
The landfill receives municipal solid waste only. All operations are planned in such a way that
generation of liquid waste is minimum and the leachate directly reaches the leachate collection
sump for treatment. Apart from the leachate generated as a result of inflow of rainwater into the

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 Bhavya Bhanu Sigirisetty, SS. Asadi and A.V.S.Prasad

landfill, the seepage from the moisture content present in the solid waste and the moisture present
in the daily soil cover are the few sources of leachate generation. 10 % evaporation has been
considered.

2.6.6. MONITORING FACILITIES

The soil, air and water in the area shall be continuously monitored for no contamination. Both
sampling methods and non-sampling methods are adopted and monitored as per the monitoring
plan for timely action to be taken before water contamination and leakage of gases into the soil.
The facility is provided with a minimum four monitoring wells for soil water and gas
measurements. The details of the monitoring plan are given in Table -4, wherein instruments
/monitoring areas proposed are listed.

2.6.7. DESIGN LIFE

The landfill design life relates to active period, closure period and post closure period. The active
period is the period in which actual filling takes place. In this case, this will be 25 years. The
closure and post-closure period for which a landfill will be monitored and maintained shall be 25
years after the active period.

2.7. EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE IN RESPECTIVE STUDY

AREA
Generally the efficient treatment for the municipal solid waste depends upon the composiyion the
waste. From the studies we can say solid waste generally consists of 45-50% of degradable waste
and 15-25 % inert waste, rest consists of plastic, paper, glass and other compositions. The suitable
technology for the solid waste can be proposed by knowing the calorific value of the waste.
Based up on the waste generation in the Tadepalli town the following circumstances are identified:
Segregation of organic and in-organic waste is not done at the initial stage i.e at the house-hold
level.
The waste generated from hospitals, clinics and slaughter houses mixes with the other solid
waste.
The community bins are not properly maintained and causes severe public nuisance Cattle and
other animals are easily attracted by such bins. Foul smell makes the surrounding areas
suffocated and irritated.
The collected waste from bins is transported to the dumping sites with out proper covering of
the waste. This leads to the spilling of waste while transporting.
Urban Local bodies are not much interested in framing of the action plan and the efficient solid
waste management system.

2.7.1. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN

TADEPALLI TOWN

2.7.1.1. ADOPTION OF TWO BIN SYSTEM

The municipality should initiate providing of two bins to each house-hold one for organic
waste and other for in-organic waste. The residents of the house-holds should segregate the waste
from organic to inorganic from the household it-self. This makes the collection easier for the
sanitary workers who are collecting the waste.
It is proposed that for every 1000 population one tricycle is required to be deployed. Door-to-
door waste collection could be privatized in the entire Tadepalli city. Ward wise responsibility will
be assigned to private operators/NGO for implementation of this plan. Waste collectors will collect

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waste on a day-to-day basis in two types of bins - green bins for bio-degradable and blue bins for
recyclables. The door to door collection from congested roads shall be done on a daily basis
between 6:00 AM and 1:00 PM. The waste so collected is proposed to be transported to the nearest
community bins placed at convenient location on the approach roads.

2.7.1.2. EFFICIENT SECONDARY COLLECTION

The solid waste collected from the households by the push-carts and trolleys should be
transported to the secondary collection points from where it is carried to the landfill site. Efficient
number of man power and procurement of highly mechanised vehicles should be hired for the easy
transport of the solid waste. This stage mostly involves the equipment such as autos, trucks,
Dumper Bins with Placers, Tractors, Compactor bins etc. The perfectness at this stage can be
obtained by as follows:
Efficient collection and transportation of domestic, commercial and Institutional waste etc
The waste collected from the primary collection should be stored at the efficient collection
points.
The size of the waste collectors and the containers such be as per the requirement and the
volume the waste generated.
The route map proposed for the transportation the vehicles should be free from the traffic.
Using of vehicles in possible shifts increases the utilisation.
The top covered vehicles should be preferred for the transportation.
The wastes generated from the primary health centres, clinics, medical shops and other
pharmacy establishments should collected separately and should not get mixed with other
wastes.
The waste collected from the construction sites and others should be transported separately.
The waste in the narrow lanes should be directly collected in small vehicles and from there
directly to the dumping site.

2.7.1.3. TRANSPORT DISTANCE AND ROAD CONDITIONS

Road surface conditions, traffic density and overall haul distance have an important influence on
vehicle choice and also affect any decision about using transfer stations. The conditions at both the
collection and disposal sites will be evaluated. There is little point in using costly high-speed
vehicles with high fuel consumptions in situations where haul distances are short and traffic speeds
are slow, making lower powered and lower cost vehicles more efficient. The choice of any
collection vehicle will be a compromise between its efficiency when collecting and its efficiency
when transporting the waste to a transfer, treatment or disposal site.

2.7.1.4. AWARENESS PROGRAMMES

Awareness is to be created on how to handle the waste, ensuring complete participation,
consultation and commitment from all stakeholders at all levels, efficient and effective segregation
at generator level as well as for workers handling waste at primary and secondary level. Awareness
on usage of safety equipment and Personal Protection Equipment (PPEs) is to be promoted. Thus,
it is anticipated that customized training programs needs to be conducted for the staff at all levels.
Well-equipped devices will be required to make these awareness campaigns/training programs
successful.

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 Bhavya Bhanu Sigirisetty, SS. Asadi and A.V.S.Prasad

First of all, sufficient place/venue for conducting these programs needs to be finalized. Well-
trained trainers will be required to deliver these training programs. A group of experienced trainers
who have similar kind of experience in conducting the awareness campaigns/training programs
should provide training to the target group on municipal solid waste management practices. During
the training program, participants should be given questionnaires, which must be used to collect
feedback from the participants. This will help to review the success of the program. The different
ways of promoting awareness is:
Door to Door Campaign
Public Address Meeting
Media Support
Social Mobilization

2.7.1.5 MODELS OF ARRANGEMENT

Though the municipal solid waste rules makes the Urban Local Bodies responsible for
management of waste, there are various examples where innovative partnerships models have been
developed to carry out the waste management services in the Indian cities. Broadly, four models of
engagement are Existing:
ULBs
ULB + Private Operator (PPP mode)
ULB + Community
ULB + Private Operator + Community
Out of above all, PPP model will be best suitable for the solid waste management in the
Tadepalli town. The PPP model is explained in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Proposed Site at Nunna area

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A MultiStage, Multi Criteria Approach For Solid Waste Disposal Site Design and Management: A Model
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Figure 6 Proposed Site at Konduru area

3. CONCLUSIONS
From the above, we can conclude that as there is no sanitary landfill for Tadepalli town, the area in
the Krishna Nagar will be suitable based upon the possible parameters and same can be proposed
for the construction of sanitary landfill. The design for the same area is given considering all the
dimensions. And also only 20% of the daily waste which is generated can be considered as the land
fill waste and remaining waste is treated in the form of recycling, reusing, composting etc..In
order to have efficient management of municipal solid waste in the Tadepalli town, it is better to
implement the PPP model and should motivate the citizens about the importance of the segregation
of the solid waste at the primary collection stage.

4. REFERENCES
[1] Data collected from the Commissioner and Environmental Engineer of Tadepalli Municipality.
2015, pp .1-53.
[2] D.P.R Report of the Tadepalli Municipality prepared by the Tata Consultancy Services
[3] Solid Waste Management from the D.P.R prepared by IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure &
Services Limited.
[4] D. Satish Chandra, SS. Asadi and M.V.S. Raju, Design of Web Based Decision Support System
- Model Study of Vijayawada, A.P. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology,
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[5] G.S. Sarma, SS. Asadi and S. Lakshmi Narayana, Creation of Web Based Decision Support
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GIS and Visual Basic Programe. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology,
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[6] Varun Teja T and SS Asadi, An Integrated Approach for Evaluation of Environmental Impact
Assessment-A Model Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(6),
2016, pp. 650659.
[7] Aditya Varma K.V, Manideep T and SS. Asadi. A Critical Comparison of Quantity Estimation
for Gated Community Construction Project Using Traditional Method Vs Plan Swift Software:
A Case Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(6), 2016, pp. 707
713.

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