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SS.Asadi
Associate Dean-Academics, Civil Engineering Department,
K L University, Vaddeswaram - 522 502 (A.P)
ABSTRACT
Objective: Identifying the factors which are affecting the labour productivity and
leading to its decline. Defining the major causing factors which minimize 80% of maximum
damage done to decline the labour productivity. Methodology: Survey is conducted and
data collected through questionnaire followed by reliability test, ranking and Pareto
analysis, Pareto analysis is done to indicate the factors which can minimize the damage
about 80%. Findings: Results reveals that Cronbach coefficient value 0.7-0.8 which proves
that collected data is consistent, factors lack of skilled labour with RII value 0.92, improper
planning with RII value 0.83 and malfunctioning of equipment with RII value 0.78 are
major that would affect the labour productivity and Pareto analysis shows that factors from
efficiency related, management related and technical related are main in declining labour
productivity in Indian scenario construction projects. Novelty/Improvement: Decline in
labour productivity is concern for resource management which is critical in execution of
construction projects. Efficiency and technical related factors proves to be critical in
declining the productivity on job site.
Key words: Construction Management, Labour Productivity, Pareto Analysis,
Management Strategies.
Cite this Article: Achuth Kumar N.V and SS.Asadi, Assesement On Factors Declining
Labour Productivity In Construction Projects. International Journal of Civil Engineering
and Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp. 340348.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=1
1. INTRODUCTION
Construction workmen are trade men, labourer or professional employed at the execution of
construction of built environment and its concern infrastructure developlement. Basic Labour
productivity in construction is taken as work done per man hour with concern activity. The
productivity is main achieving the goals which are established in completing the project, but in
recent years the productivity which are produced by labour has been declined for so many reasons
may due size of work, resource availability, economical conditions of organization and as well as
labour who is involved with organization and some miscellaneous reasons.
Labour characteristics: To analysing the declination of production rate of labour we go to roots
of the production of labour about their characteristics, the basic characteristics of labour are age
factor which they are governed with, skills produced by labour, experiences of labour and
leadership qualities of labour1.
Productivity can be measured by various methods by various ways through management by
objectives, measuring productivity quantitatively, 360 degree feedback, measuring sales
productivity, service productivity, time management productivity, productivity by profit2.
To analysis the defects for low labour productivity, primarily we have to measure productivity
which was produced by labour involved in execution of construction .There can taken necessary
steps to improve the labour productivity through few maturing techniques and also reveals concept
about basic definitions and productivity improving techniques by considering two case studies and
providing information through techniques like project management index, covariance coefficient,
project performance and indentifying the factors affecting the productivity3. states that labour
productivity declination was due to many factors which are many departments, so survey was
conducted in and around Nairobi and results reveals that lack of skilled labour 90% was top among
12 factors and also provided management strategies like training ,mentoring, work measurement,
outsourcing and supply crew size to improve the labour productivity4. states that jobsite
productivity is mainly based on labour, they are many factors which affect the productivity among
those the factors are subdivided into project related factors, labour related factors, resource related
factors, efficiency related factors, and management related factors, survey is conducted among
industrial experience people and stated that among increase in price of materials is major factors
which affect the productivity5. that their many categories in factors affecting the labour
productivity they are taken into analytical hierarchy process model taking psychological,
experience, physical, time and work load, supervision and leadership, external and proves that job
satisfaction, job security, lack of incentives, skill and experience and drug use and work load plays
major role in affecting the labour productivity6. There are many factors affecting the labour
productivity and study is followed analysing the data through reliability test factor analysis,
regression analysis and few other tests gives results that planning is major factor that would affect
the productivity followed by material availability. The labour which are involved in the
construction tends to be older persons and sometimes the productivity which is produced by them
might be less as compared to the estimated due various reasons the major would be grouped into
external related factors such as socio economic factors and physical factors relating to their living
standards and policies relating to socioeconomic and living conditions of the labour7. The
manpower relating to the construction activities is largely influenced by the labour involved and
those parameters are influenced by the migration of the labour from other countries and respective
states especially these can witnessed in the Kazakhstan which on improving the global labour
market. Large migration can affect the national labour market and leads to encouraging the illegal
migration of the labour into the nation. These can be reduced by improving the international legal
regulation of labour migrants and streamlining the export based manpower aboard and
implementation of norms of the labour relation laws and rights of labour and also by improving
the knowledge of the labour on the Labour Relations Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan8.
Labour related factors (2,3,4,6): No job security, lack of general utilities, low wages, truancy of
work by labour, Disputes among labour.
Technical related (2,3,4,6): Poor planning, delay due to numerical errors, rework due to design
faults.
Management related (2,3,4,6): less crew size, economical condition, not providing incentive
scheme, poor communication between parities, work load.
Efficiency related (2,3,4,6): Incompetent staff, lack of experience supervisors, lack of skilled
labour, malfunction of machinery.
External related (2,3,4,6,8): weather conditions, safety violations, social environment .
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1. QUESTIONAIR SURVEY: A questionnaire survey was conducted with factors from
different aspects which affect the labour productivity they are labour related, technical related,
management related, efficiency related, external, and survey conducted with opinions from
industrial experience persons and rate the factor in the scale of 1-5(2,3,4,6).
1=very poor, 2=poor, 3=neutral, 4=strong, 5= very strong. Factors are considered 5 from labour
related,3 from technical related,5 from management related,4 from efficiency related,3 from
external factors.
those factors which would max benefit if action is taken on those factors in getting the benefit in
maximum closely range .Pareto analysis is a better way of analyzing at root causes of problems,
because it helps in improving thinking and structuring the thoughts in getting results. However, it is
limited by its exclusion of possibly important problems which may be small initially, but will
improve with time. This technique helps to identify the top factors which are needed to be
considered to minimize the maximum of problems. Once the major causes are identified,
identified then tools
are used to identify the root causes of the problems. Pareto says that "80/20" rule, under the
assumption that, in all situations, 20% of causes determine 80% of problems7.
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Achuth Kumar N.V and SS.Asadi
Cumulative weight
Factors
actors affecting labour productivity Weight Weight %
%
low wages compared with living standards 92 4.717 80.037
Safety violations 92 4.717 84.754
Negligence
egligence in incentive scheme providing to them 83 4.256 89.01
No job security 73 3.743 92.753
Work load 62 3.179 95.932
Disputes among labour 40 2.051 97.983
Social environment 39 2.017 100
4. CASE STUDY
Case study was considered to show the declination of labour productivity in execution at job site.
The case study deals with housing complex with 5 construction buildings each building comprises
of 5 floors with completion period about 2 years and about 280 labour was utilised to both skilled
and unskilled per day.
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editor@iaeme.com
Assesement On Factors Declining Labour Productivity In Construction Projects
vertical lifting iss major affect in decline in productivity as compared concrete pouring below
foundation level and mentioned in table 6.
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Achuth Kumar N.V and SS.Asadi
5. CONCULSIONS
A questionnaire survey is conducted with 20 factors from 5 different categories and 78 % is
achieved in return of 30 from 45 persons who had completed projects in overall country
The data which is collected had got reliability value from range 0.7 to 0.8 which is preferred as
highly reliable source and allowed for further analysis
Lack of skilled labour is major factor which would affect the labour productivity with 0.92 RII
value from technical related category
Improper work schedule is second among major factors affecting productivity with RII value
0.833 from technical related factors
Malfunctioning of equipment is 3rd position with RII value 0.786 which affecting Labour
productivity considered from efficiency related factors
Efficiency related, technical related and management related are critical in reducing the damage
about 80% in affecting the labour productivity
Pareto analysis is done among the 20 factors from 5 categories and results reveals that 14
factors shown in figure 2 are critical in minimizing the damage of labour Productivity about
80%
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