314

In the amount of g l a s s phase, or to be m o r e exact, the For example, corundum-rich Semiluki refractoz~y does not
amount of it dissolved in HF, the S and C s p e c i m e n s differ undergo m~y phase transformations detrimental to its
substantially. This also applies to the ratio of insoluble strength in either zone. In the process it becomes denser
r e s i d u e s in them p e r zone. F o r example~ in the working and even slightly increases in refractoriness in the working
zone of s p e c i m e n S the insoluble r e s i d u e i n c r e a s e s to 85.64%, zone through the absorption of Cr203 o
as opposed to 79.80% in the s l i g h t l y - a l t e r e d zone, and in
the s p e c i m e n s C it falls f r o m 62.19% to 46.62%. The differ- The Chasov-Yar refractory, relatively poor in corundum
ences between s p e c i m e n s S and C a r e j u s t as c l e a r l y m a r k e d and rich in glass phase (with a high alkal~ content}, absorbed
as r e g a r d s chemical composition of the soluble p a r t s , which considerably more alkali and its interaction with the alkali
in s p e c i m e n S contains 7 and 8% alkalies, and 16 and 22% produces low melting nephelene with a low density (2.6
in s p e c i m e n C. The soluble p a r t of the m a t e r i a l in the g/cm3), as a result of which the refractoriness is sharply
working zone and c r u s t in s p e c i m e n C is c o m p o s e d of reduced and the material begins to swell and loosen [2] ;
Na-K-nephelene. this makes it easier for the alkalies from the kiln atmo-
sphere to seep into the roof brickwork.
As can be seen from this, the phase composition of
high-alumina refractories is modified by the alkalies and It should be pointed out in passing that refractories
chromium oxide, the volatility of which when chromite- made of clay and industrial alumina containing 60--62%
containing green ware with a sulpl~te-cellulose binder is A1203 undergoes phase transformations in the regenerator
fired is well known. checkers of glass furnaces [ 3] similar to those described
in the case of specimen C. The neogenic ~-alumina,
According to the chemical analysis, the sulphite-cellu- nephelene and carnegieite a r e also o b s e r v e d in kaolin
lose base contains I. 20% alkali per dry weight. When the r e f r a c t o r i e s when in contact with w a t e r g l a s s [ 4 ] .
base had been heated at 1600 ~ for 36 hours, 0.28% alkali
evaporated. If this degree of volatility is taken as a basis,
of 55 thousands of tons of green ware passing through the CONCLUSIONS
tunnel-type kiln at the ZaporozhTye Plant there has evapo-
rated about 5 tons of alkali. In actual fac% the amount is
m u c h more. A eornndunl-mullite refractory m a d e of clay and industrial
alumina containing less than 80--85% A1203 is not suitable
At high temperatures, as has been pointed out on a for lining high temperature kilns used to fire refractories
number of occassions in scientific literature, mullite is containing sulphite-celhilose binder in the green state. Nor
comparatively easily decomposed by alkali into glass and should use be made of the refractory with 80--85% A1203
corundum, which is the reason why it was not detected in made with Chasov-Yar or a clay similar to it in chemical
the spalled high-alumina specimens, which underwent a composition for this purpose.
fair de.~ree of modification during service.

In the s p e c i m e n S the alkalies a r e bound by the g l a s s

p h a s e and in s p e c i m e n C they a r e f u r t h e r bound by ~ - a l u m i n a REFERENCES
and nephelene. C h r o m i u m oxide i n t e r a c t s with corundum
and 8 - a l u m i n a , f o r m i n g solid solutions. Clearty, the
f e a t u r e s of t h e s e p h a s e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s and the n o n - u n i f o r m I. L. D. Demidova and other. OgneupozT, 1951, Nee ! .
s t r e n g t h of the Semiluki and C h a s o v - Y a r r e f r a c t o r i e s under 2. S. C. P e t r i e , D. P. Broun. J o u r n . A m e r . Cer. See.,
identical s e r v i c e conditions a r e due to different quantitative 1948, Vol. 31, No. I.
r a t i o s of like p h a s e s composing the b r i c k p r i o r to s e r v i c e 3. B. V. Ivanov and other. Ogneupery, 1958, No. 7.
and p o s s i b l y to the c h e m i c a l composition of the g l a s s p h a s e . 4. A.I. Polinkevskaya and other. Ogneupory, 1955, No. 8

RESEARCH W O R K

REFRACTORY CONCRETES
WITH A B A R I U M A L U M I N A T E BINDER
P. P. BUDNIKOV AND V. G. SAVEL'YEV
(Mendeleyev Chemical Technology Institute}

Over the l a s t few y e a r s it has b e c o m e f a i r l y c o m m o n The development of industry and the introduction of
in the building i n d u s t r y to u s e h e a t - r e s i s t a n t (super-duty, high-temperature techniques raises the problem of finding
r e f r a c t o r y and h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e o x i d a t i o n - r e s i s t a n t ) effective new Binders for high-temperature oxidation-
c o n c r e t e s , which o v e r a c e r t a i n t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e can be resistant concretes. One such hinder is haritu~ alumina
s u c c e s s f u l l y employed to r e p l a c e f i r e d r e f r a c t o r i e s , t h e r e - cement, i.e., an alumina cement in which the basic oxide
by making c o n s t r u c t i o n work considerably e a s i e r and cheaper, is represented either mostly or entirely by BaO.
p a r t i c u l a r l y in a r e a s w h e r e i n t r i c a t e l y - s h a p e d p a r t s a r e
required. The c o m m o n e s t f o r m s of b i n d e r f o r t h e s e con- Study of the properties of oxidation-resistant concretes
c r e t e s a r e the s t a n d a r d calcium c e m e n t s -- p o r t l a n d (with with a barium aluminate binder has sho~rn that in accordance
a m i c r o - f i l l e r ) , alumina, and also w a t e r g l a s s . with the type of filler, they are classed mainly as either
 315

TABLE i

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FILLERS, %

Filler S]O: AI203 !]Fe20a CaO MgO Cr~O~ SOz R~O FeO TIO~ i Other
]impurities

Corundum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 0. 15198,301 0.021

Chamotte .............. 58 01136.'791 l.g0[
Chrome-magnesite . . . . . . 5 621 6 78112.41 5 I7 3 --
--i 0~0~7O,
Divas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95h2! f~8! 0~-01 s ~:i6 2:
F o r s t e r i t e .............. 30 68' 1.081 8.68 0.485?.00 -- 0.2~ ~176 - 0:8
Dunito. ................ 138.20 20_ 19' 3.36 O. 644.t6
i
i
i
i
-- 08 0.:011 ]
465

super-duty or refractory concretes, and in a whole number
of characteristics are superior to oxidation-resistant
concretes with standard cement binders [ I, 2].
T h i s a r t i c l e d i s c u s s e s the r e s u l t s of a s t u d y of p r o p -
e r t i e s of r e f r a c t o r y c o n c r e t e s bonded with m o n o b a r i m u
a l u m i n a t e (BaO 9 A1203) , w h i c h is the b a s i c m i n e r a l in
b a r i u m a l u m i n a c e m e n t . The f a c t that r e f r a c t o r y c o n c r e t e s
with a b a r i u m a l u m i n a c e m e n t b i n d e r h a v e not b e e n a d e q u a t e l y
s t u d i e d , as w e l l a s the r e l a t i o n s h i p of the p r o p e r t i e s of t h e s e
c o n c r e t e s and the c o m p o s i t i o n of the b i n d e r m a d e i t n e c e s s a r y
to s e l e c t m o n o m i n e r a l p r o d u c t a s the b i n d e r . T h i s e n a b l e s
us to d e s c r i b e the p r o p e r t i e s of the b a s i c c o m p o n e n t in
b a r i u m a l u m i n a c e m e n t s BaO 9 A1203 in the p u r e f o r m ,
h a v i n g e l i m i n a t e d the effect of s e c o n d a r y c o m p o n e n t s on the
p r o p e r t i e s of the c o n c r e t e .
In o r d e r to stu dy the effect of the f i l l e r on the p r o p e r t i e s
of r e f r a c t o r y c o n c r e t e s with a b a r i u m - a l u m i n a t e b i n d e r and
s e l e c t th e b e s t type of f i l l e r , we t r i e d out the m o s t c o m m o n l y
used basic refractory materials.
As silica r e f r a c t o r i e s we u s e d d i n a s b r i c k powder, of
the a l u m o - s i l i c a t e group we u s e d c h a m o t t e g r o g , of the
h i g h - a l u m i n a g r o u p -- m u l l i t e and c o r u n d u m p o w d e r s , of
the c h r o m i t e group, c h r o m e - m a g n e s i t e , of the m a g n e s i a n
gr oup -- f o r s t e r i t e p o w d e r , and a l s o c r u d e dunite [ 4 ] .
All the f i l l e r s , e x c e p t f o r c o r u n d u m and dunite, w e r e
o b t a i n e d by g r i n d i n g the r e l e v a n t s t a n d a r d r e f r a c t o r y . The
c o r u n d u m f i l l e r w a s o b t a i n e d by g r i n d i n g e l e c t r o - f u s e d
c o r u n d a m and the dunite one by g r i n d i n g c r u d e Uktus dunite.
The c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n of the f i l l e r s is shown in T a b l e 1,
and s o m e of t h e i r p h y s i c a l - c h e m i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a r e g i v e n
in T a b l e 2.
The p o w d e r s u s e d f o r a l l c o n c r e t e s had the followi ng
g r a n u l o m e t r i c c o m p o s i t i o n : 32% g r a i n s i z e 2 - - 0 . 5 ram,
34% 0 . 5 - - 0 . 2 5 m m , 22% 0 . 2 5 - - 0 . 1 5 m m , and 12% f i n e r
than 0.15 r a m . The g r a n u l o m e t r i c c o m p o s i t i o n w a s
s e l e c t e d w i t h a v i e w t o w a r d o b t a i n i n g the l e a s t s h r i n k a g e
and b e s t s i n t e r i n g of the c o n c r e t e . The u p p e r l i m i t of
t he g r a i n s i z e of the f i l l e r w a s d e t e r m i n e d by the m i n i m u m
s i z e of the s p e c i m e n s u s e d f o r the s t udy of s o m e of the
properties.
The b i n d e r (BaO 9 A1203): f i l l e r r a t i o w a s t a k e n a s
15.85 w e i ght , e x c e p t i n t h e c a s e of c o r u n d u m . F o r the
c o n c r e t e w i t h the c o r u n d u m f i l l e r the a m o u n t w a s i n c r e a s e d
to 20% w e i g h t s i n c e t he f o r m e r r a t i o w a s i n s u f f i c i e n t f o r
good p r o c e s s i n g of t he m i x t u r e .
D u r i n g our s t udy of t he r e f r a c t o r y c o n c r e t e w i t h a
b a r i u m - a l t t m i n a t e b i n d e r , we i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e i r r e f r a c t o r i -
n e s s , r e f r a c t o r i n e s s - u n d e r - l o a d of 2 k g / c m 2, t h e r m a l
expansion, spalling r e s i s t a n c e , firing shrinkage, com-
p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h ac, b u l k d e n s i t y , p o r o s i t y and w a t e r
a b s o r p t i o n . When d e t e r m i n i n g the ac, b u l k d e n s i t y and
w a t e r a b s o r p t i o n , we s t u d i e d the k i n e t i c s of the c h a n g e
in t h e s e q u a n t i t i e s d u r i n g h e a t i n g .
In our study we k e p t m a i n l y to t he s t a n d a r d t e s t m e t h o d s ,
w i t h t he f o l l o w i n g e x c e p t i o n . In the c a s e of c o n c r e t e s with
a r e f r a c t o r i n e s s of 1800 ~ o r m o r e , t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c w a s
a s s e s s e d f r o m t he r e s u l t s of h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e t h e r m a l
a n a l y s i s [5] . H e r e we took a s the r e f r a c t o r i n e s s the
t e m p e r a t u r e a t w h i c h a c o n s i d e r a b l e a m o u n t of w a t e r g l a s s
a p p e a r e d i n the s p e c i m e n s u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . The c o m -
p r e s s i v e strength, bulk density, water absorption, porosity
and s p a l l i n g r e s i s t a n c e of t he c o n c r e t e s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d
w i t h r e d u c e d - s i z e d s p e c i m e n s . The s p a r i n g r e s i s t a n c e
w a s a s c e r t a i n e d f r o m the l o s s i n t he s t r e n g t h of p r i s m s
d u r i n g f l e x i o n a f t e r a c e r t a i n n u m b e r of h e a t i n g - c o o l i n g
c y c l e s i n v o l v i n g h e a t i n g to 1300 ~, fol l ow e d by c ool i ng i n
cold r u n n i n g w a t e r . The p h y s i c a l - m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s
of t he r e f r a c t o r y c o n c r e t e s w i t h t h e b a r i u m - a l u m i n a t e b i n d e r

TABLE 2

PHYSICAL-MECHAN IC A L P R O P E R T I E S OF F I L L E R S

Refractoriness under Coefficient of

Refrac- load of 2 kg/cm~ "C
toriness: linear exoail-
Filler oc sion betwben
softening 40% corn- 20 and 1000"
point pression ~.106

Corundum > 1900 1900 8.9--8.5

Mullite 1830 1620 1800 5.5--5.8
Chamotte 1750 1400 1570 4.5--6.0
Chrome-magnesite > 2000 1500 1520" 8.5--10.0
Dinas 1710 1640 1655 11.5--13.0
Forsterite 1850 1580 1640 ~1.0
Dunite 1760 1590 1660"

* Failure of specimens
 311;

TABLE 3

PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF REFRACTORY CONCRETES

WITH BARIUM-ALUMINATE BINDER

Refractoxinessunder I~ "=~
load of 2kF~/c,mz, ~ I~v~
Re~actoriness
FiLler

Corundum ....................... 1950 (1950) 1800 7, 3

Mullite ......... , ................ 1800 (1800--1830 1480 1;;0 1~;0 ~8
Chamotte. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1%0 1300 1480 1530 116
Chromo-magnesite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I >2000 (2200) 1280 I~0 70
Dinas .... ....... .~ .... ... ......[ 1600 184o 1~o 1E0 a.7
Forsterite ........................ [
I Dunite .......................... .1 1780 (1800) 1360 1500 -- I~0 11:5
1730 (1850) 1230 1460 1500 --1 1
[
* Parent he s i s show ~ m p e r a ~ t r e s at which large amount of liquid phase occurs.

are shown in Table 3, and the kinetics of their variation in
s t r e n g t h during heating a r e given in Table 4.
Refractoriness of the concrete shows the beneficial
effect of B a O 9 A l 2 0 3 as a binder for refractory concrete.
E x c e p t for dinas, they all h a d a refractoriness only 2 0 - - 5 0 %
l o w e r than the filler. In this respect the b a r i u m - a l u m i n a t e
binder is superior to binders with an ordinary c a l c i u m
cement b a s e [6] .
C o m p a r i s o n s h o w s that the r e f r a c t o r i n e s s - u n d e r - l o a d of
2 k g / c m 2 of the s p e c i m e n s studied is l o w e r than the c o r r e -
sponding f i g u r e s f o r the f i l l e r s . The m i n i m u m d e c r e a s e
(100 ~ o c c u r s in the c a s e of the c o r u n d u m concrete, and the
m a x i m u m (300 ~ in the case of the dinas concrete. A c h a r -
a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e of r e f r a c t o r y c o n c r e t e s , c o m p a r e d with
the c o r r e s p o n d i n g f i l l e r s , is the i n c r e a s e in the softening
range, p a r t i c u l a r l y noticeable in c h r o m e - m a g n e s i t e , dinas,
f o r s t e r i t e and dunite f i l l e r s .
The coefficients of l i n e a r expansion (a) of the r e f r a c t o r y
c o n c r e t e s w i t h a b a r i u m - a l u m i n a t e b i n d e r a r e l o w e r than f o r
the f i l l e r s . The p o o r coefficient of l i n e a r expansion of
dunite c o n c r e t e at t e m p e r a t u r e s above 700 ~ is due to de--
hydration of the n o n - p r e f i r e d dunite r o c k used f o r the e x p e r i -
ment s 9
The o v e r a l l tendency t o w a r d s the v a r i a t i o n in the s t r e n g t h
of all the b a r i u m - a l u m i n a t e - b o n d e d c o n c r e t e s during heating
is the s a m e (Table 4). A s h a r p decline in s t r e n g t h (20--30%)
due to decomposition of the h y d r a t e s o r b a s i s of the cement
stone s t r u c t u r e o c c u r s during drying at 110 ~.
When heated f u r t h e r , the c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h con-
tinues to decline~ but its r a t e of fall is slowed down. The
m i n i m u m c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h is obtained at 800--1000 ~
after which it begins to i n c r e a s e on account of densification
(sintering) of the m a t e r i a l through interaction between the
binder and filler,

The deformation of the c o n c r e t e a c q u i r e s a c l e a r l y - After heating to h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s , the c o m p r e s s i v e

m a r k e d p l a s t i c nature, inherent, f o r example, in c h a m o ~ e s t r e n g t h of m o s t c o n c r e t e s exceeds the initial ac of the
r e f r a c t o r i e s . The p l a s t i c n a t u r e of the deformation is specimens, which is due to the formation of a certain amount
c l e a r l y a s s o c i a t e d with the f o r m a t i o n of w a t e r g l a s s through of water glass during the interaction between the binder and
interaction between the binder and filler; and the amount of filler, which, on cooling, imparts ceramic properties to the
it as well as v i s c o s i t y i n c r e a s e as the t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e s on specimens.
account of the continued i n t e r a c t i o n s of the components.
b a r i u m - a l u m i n a t e bonded c o n c r e t e s have a h i g h e r r e f r a c t o r i - The m i n i m m n ac f o r c o r u n d u m and dinas c o n c r e t e s is
n e s s - u n d e r load than high t e m p e r a i ~ r e c o r r o s i o n - r e s i s t a n t 55 o r 56%, and the c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h of the r e m a i n i n g
c o n c r e t e s with s t a n d a r d calcium c e m e n t b a s e s . c o n c r e t e s is 64--73% of the initial figure. The decline in

TABLE 4

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, k g / c m 2 OF REFRACTORY CONCRETES WITH

BARIUM-ALUMINATE BINDER A F T E R HEATING AT D I F F E R E N T TEMPERATURES

I ~ Tern )erature, ~C
Filler
]
~~ . ~ II0 300 600 800 lO00 1200 1350

Corundum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [115 82 71 68 63 63 103 Ii0

Mul~te . . . , . , , . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . ' 7 0 l 55 48 46 45 49 50 59
Chamotte o . . . . . . . . . , ~ . . . . . . . . . [ 70 56 52 50 50 53 55 I00
Chrome-magnesite
9 e ~ 1 7 6 1 7 6 1 7 6 1 7 6 1 7 6 I 100 iI 78 75 73 73 75 78 150
D m a s 9 ~ . . . m ~ 1 7 6 1 7 4 . . . . . . . . . . ~. . . . 125 94 8l 75 70 68 83 205
Fo~tente ,..~ ..... . ..... 117 , 81 77 76 74 82 84 119
Dunite ......................... I 134 I 111 107 101 81 102 89 87
i [

s t r e n g t h of c o r u n d u m c o n c r e t e is due to t h e r e d u c e d c h e m i -
cal activity of e l e c t r o - f u s e d c o r u n d u m and, c o n s e q u e n t l y ,
the p o o r i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n it and t h e b i n d e r , a s a r e s u l t
of w h i c h t h e d e s t r u c t i v e p r o c e s s e s due to d e h y d r a t i o n of
the binder predominate over those processes strengthening
t h e s t r u c t u r e , which include, a m o n g o t h e r s , r e a c t i o n s in
t h e solid p h a s e b e t w e e n b i n d e r and f i l l e r l e a d i n g to d e n s i f i -
cation of the r e f r a c t o r y c o n c r e t e .
A c o n s i d e r a b l e r e d u c t i o n in t h e s t r e n g t h of d i n a s c o n -
c r e t e i s a p p a r e n t l y due to the d i f f e r e n t s i g n s of the t e m p e r a -
t u r e d e f o r m a t i o n s in t h e f i l l e r and b i n d e r d a r i n g h e a t i n g --
the p u r e h y d r a t e d BaO 9 A1203 e x h i b i t s a m a x i m u m s h r i n k -
age at 800 ~ while dinas s h o w s n o n - u n i f o r m d e f o r m a t i o n by
e x p a n s i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y b e t w e e n 500 and 600 ~ with t r a n s -
f o r m a t i o n of the n o n - r e g e n e r a t e d q u a r t z i t e (/3 - - - , ~). T h e
k i n e t i c s of t h e s t r e n g t h v a r i a t i o n f o r dunite c o n c r e t e , which
d i f f e r s s l i g h t l y f r o m the o t h e r c o n c r e t e s , i s due to p h y s i c a l -
c h e m i c a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s o c c u r r i n g in the c r u d e dunite
during heating.
A c h a r a c t e r i s t i c fea~Lre of t h e k i n e t i c s of the v a r i a t i o n
in s t r e n g t h of r e f r a c t o r y c o n c r e t e s with a b a r i u m - a l u m i n a t e
b i n d e r i s the s l i g h t d e c l i n e in t h e c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h of
the dried specimen when they are heated.
The residual strength, i.e., the percentage ratio be-
tween t h e c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h a f t e r h e a t i n g to 800 ~ and
a f t e r d r y i n g at 110 ~ [ 4 ] r a n g e s f r o m 62% f o r f o r s t e r i t e to
94% f o r c h r o m e - m a g n e s i t e c o n c r e t e ; t h i s i s c o n s i d e r a b l y
g r e a t e r t h a n t h e r e s i d u a l s t r e n g t h of h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e
o x i d a t i e n - r e s i s t a n t c o n c r e t e s with a b i n d e r of o r d i n a r y
c a l c i u m c e m e n t s a v e r a g i n g 35--60% [3 ].
T h e k i n e t i c s of v a r i a t i o n in bulk density, w a t e r a b s o r p -
tion and a p p a r e n t p o r o s i t y of b a r i u m - a l u m i n a t e bonded c o n -
c r e t e s t a l l i e s b a s i c a l l y with t h e k i n e t i c s of the v a r i a t i o n in
t h e i r c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h . T h e f e a t u r e s of t h e v a r i a t i o n
in t h e s e q u a n t i t i e s d u r i n g h e a t i n g a r e e x p l a i n e d by f a c t o r s
cited to explain t h e n a t u r e of t h e v a r i a t i o n in a c.
T h e s e a b s o l u t e v a l u e s of ac f o r c o n c r e t e s a r e n o t t h e
optimum ones.
When d e t e r m i n i n g the s p a l l i n g r e s i s t a n c e (heating to
1300 ~ cooling in w a t e r ) the r e f r a c t o r y c o n c r e t e s c a n w i t h -
s t a n d f r o m 4 to 6 h e a t i n g - c o o l i n g c y c l e s b e f o r e c r a c k s
a p p e a r , and the r e s i d u a l bending s t r e n g t h h e r e i s 42% f o r
c o r u n d u m c o n c r e t e and 17--25% f o r t h e r e m a i n d e r .
B E H A V I O R OF C H R O M E SPINEL W H E N HEATED
IN R E D U C I N G A N D O X I D I Z I N G
S. S. LISNYAK, A. M. BELIKOV, A. N. MOROZOV, L. A. VSHIVKOVA
( M e t a l l u r g i c a l R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e of the C h e l y a b i n s k Sovnarkhoz)
T h e r e s u l t s of e x p e r i m e n t a l and t h e o r e t i c a l s t u d i e s of
t h e b e h a v i o r of c h r o m e s p i n e l when h e a t e d in a i r and t h e
i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n c h r o m e s p i n e l and MgO h a v e a l r e a d y
b e e n p u b l i s h e d [ 1 - - 8 ] . But t h e s t r u c t u r a l f e a t u r e s and
c r y s t a l - c h e m i c a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of c h r o m e s p i n e l s when
h e a t e d h a v e not b e e n a d e q u a t e l y studied, p a r t i c u l a r l y with
r e g a r d to a r e d u c i n g m e d i u m . T h e a u t h o r s of t h i s a r t i c l e
317
T a k i n g into a c c o u n t t h e f a i r l y tough t e s t conditions, the
r e f r a c t o r y c o n c r e t e s with a b a r i u m - a l u m i n a t e b i n d e r can
be c l a s s e d a s m a t e r i a l p o s s e s s i n g h i g h s p a l l i n g r e s i s t a n c e .
F o r p u r p o s e s of c o m p a r i s o n it c a n b e p o i n t e d out that
dunite, f o r e x a m p l e , when h e a t e d to 1300 ~ and cooled in
w a t e r , only w i t h s t a n d s one h e a t i n g - c o o l i n g cycle b e f o r e
c r a c k s a p p e a r , while dunite c o n c r e t e bonded with B a O . A1203
can w i t h s t a n d 6 s u c h c y c l e s .
F i r i n g s h r i n k a g e a f t e r h e a t i n g to 1350 ~ a s a function of
t h e type of f i l l e r a m o u n t s to 0.2% f o r c o r u n d u m c o n c r e t e ,
0.2% f o r m u l l i t e c o n c r e t e , 0.6% f o r c h a m o t t e , 0.4% f o r
c h r o m e - m a g n e s i t e , 2.7% f o r dinas, 0.4% f o r f o r s t e r i t e
and 2.4% for dunite concretes.
C ONC LUSIONS
Studies showed that by using a barium-aluminate binder
it is possible to produce refractory and super-refractory
concretes possessing a number of advantages over heat-
resistant concretes m a d e with standard cements.
The principal features of barium-ahtminate bonded
concretes are:
slight reduction in refractoriness of the concrete, com-
pared with that of the filler;
a reduced coefficient of thermal expansion and an asso-
ciated good spalling resistance;
the plastic nature of the refractoriness under load with
all fillers;
a slight decline in strength of concretes (dried at ii0 ~
when heated.
It should also be taken into account that a barium-
aluminate bonded affords better protection against g a m m a
radiation and X-rays.
All the refractories studied, apart from the acid ones,
can be r e c o m m e n d e d as the filler for making refractory and
super-refractory concretes with a barium-aluminate binder.
Dunite rock can be used as the filler after it has been fired.
REFERENCES
I. P. P. Budnikov and other. Proc. M K h T I Mendeleyev,
Issue 27, Gosstroyizdat, Moscow, 1959.
2. A. B r a n i s k i . R e v u e R o u m a i n e de M e t a t h i r g i e , 1950,
No. i.
3. K. D. Nekrasov. Heat-resistant concrete, Promstroyiz-
dat, Moscow, 1957.
4. I n s t r u c t i o n s f o r the p r e p a r a t i o n and u s e of h e a t r e s i s t a n t
c o n c r e t e s , SN-156-61, p a g e 4, G o s s t r o y USSR,
G o s s t r o y i z d a t , Moscow, 1961.
5. P. P. Budnikov and o t h e r . Ogneupory, 1955, No. 4.
6. R. R. M a t v e y e v . Ogaeupory, 1937, No. 10
GAS M E D I A
t h e r e f o r e s t u d i e d t h e s t r u c t u r a l f e a t u r e s of n a t u r a l c h r o m e
s p i n e l s f r o m t h e Aktyubinsk d e p o s i t and the c h a n g e s o c c u r r -
i n g when they a r e c a l c i n e d in air, in a v a c u u m and in a r e -
ducing m e d i u m .
F o r t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n we u s e d s a m p l e s of t h e r i c h e s t
c h r o m i t e o r e s , of w h i c h s p e c i m e n s 1--5 (Table 1) w e r e