bt. 1. &@g S& Vol. 29, No. 12, pp.

1557-1567, 1991 002%7225/91 WI0 + KU0

Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved copytight @.I1991Pergarnon P&X plc

A. SIGINER
~~~~rtrnen~of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 361(49, EJ.S.A.

(Communicated by C. SPEZIALE)

Abstract-Poiseuille flaw of an elastico-viscous liquid in a straight, circular pipe driven by a pressure

gradient oscillating about a non-zero mean is ~~ves~~gat~. The simple fluid of the multiple integral
type presents a flow enhancement which depends on the frequency and amplitude of the oscillation,
magnitude of the mean pressure gradient and the material functions of the fluid. A closed form
expression for the flaw rate alteration, independent of any explicit representations for the material
functions, is developed at the lowest order in the perturbation algorithm where nonlinear effects
appear. Asy~toti~ analyses of the flow rate ~o~a~~rne~t at small and large frequencies are
presented.

1. INTRODUCTION

Time periodic flows, driven by a pressure gradient oscillating about a non-zero mean, arise
often in applications. If the liquid in question is Newtonian, moderate periodic forcing does not
lead to nonlinear effects in the flow behaviour, both in laminar and turbulent flows. Time
averaged velocity profiles are not s~~~~~cantly affected by the pulsation in the pressure gradient
except when the amplitude of the forcing exceeds about 20% of the average pressure gradient
for low frequency pulsations, Shemer and Kit [l] and Tu and Ramaprian [2].
Pipkin [3] and Etter and Sehowalter [4] did some of the earlier work on the flow of
viscoelastic liquids with t pressure gradient oscillating about a zero mean, consequently with
zero mean mass Bow. The effect of time periodic pressure variations around a non-zero mean
was explored by Barnes et ul. [S]. They observed a flow enhancement with increasing frequency
in the case of a polymeric liquid, polyacrylamide solutions of different concentrations, together
with an increase and a decrease in discharge with increasing mean pressure gradient, at low and
high values of the mean pressure gradient, respectively, and at the same frequency. Further
their experiments lead to the conclusion that the lower bound for enhancement effects is given
by the inelastic solution. But ~~al~~cally this limit turns out to be an upper bound with the
Oldroyd type of constitutive structure they impart to the liquid in their computations. Their
experiments fall in the category of small amplitude oscillatory flow superposed on a dominant
Poiseuille flow. Experiments with equally dominant oscillatory shear and mean pressure
gradient driven flows where the amplitude of the fluctuation is equal to the time averaged
pressure gradient have been conducted by Sundstrom and Kaufman [6]. Their results seem to
imply that the enhancement is constant at least for the limited range of frequency covered in
their experiments with polymeric solutions, 0.27 and 0.45% Natrosol 25HR, altbou~~ they
claim on the basis of theoretical predictions using Ellis model that flow enhancement decreases
with increasing frequency at the same mean pressure gradient. Efforts have been made by
Manero and Walters [7] and others to obtain a better fit for the experimental data using
Maxwell models. It seems that this model predicts one feature of the experiments, namely, that
an increase in flow enhancement is obtained with increasing frequency. But quantitative
prediction of data proved to be elusive. The opposite trend is predicted by all the other
constitutive structures studied, namely Oldroyd models, Barnes et al. [5], Goddard-Miller
model, Davies et nl. fg], Johnson-S~~~~an and Wagner models, Phan-Thien [9]_
It has been observed that single integral models with strain-rate memory type kernels seem
to simulate experimental facts better than other cqnstitutive structures [9]. In this context, and
in view of the failure of most popular differential and single integral type constitutive structures
to predict even qualitatively existing ex~r~ent~ data, the simple fluid model of the multiple
integral type with fading memory, advanced by Green and Rivlin [lo], is adopted in this paper.
A closed form solution for the pulsating pressure gradient driven flow of a viscmelastic liquid
1557
ES29:c&-0
15.58 A. SIGINER

described by this model in a circular and straight pipe is obtained. An extension of a

perturbation algorithm developed by Joseph [ll] is used. The present algorithm is general in its
scope and capable of making predictions for the integral fluid with fading memory, for instance
in flows with curvature effects taking place in non-circular geometries.
The extra-stress functional is developed into a FrCchet series and other flow variables into
power series pivoted around the rest state. Interesting non-linear effects arise at the third order
in the perturbation algorithm in terms of a dimensionless amplitude parameter. An additional
mean velocity field is obtained at that order giving rise to a change in the mean mass flow rate
which depends on the amplitude and frequency of the oscillation, the mean pressure gradient
and the constitutive functions of the liquid involved. This change is shown to be an increase in
enhancement for increasing frequencies in the range of relatively small frequencies for which
experimental data is available. A complete discussion of the asymptotic behaviour of the
change in discharge for small and large frequencies is given. The analysis is meaningful when
the mean pressure gradient and the amplitude of the oscillation are small but the frequency,
i.e. the strain rate does not suffer from any restrictions.

2. ALGORITHM AND CONSTITUTIVE STRUCTURE

Total stress T for incompressible simple fluids may be expressed as a functional of the history
of the strain G on the particle X,
T + pl = 9&o[G(X, s)], s=t-T.

p, t and t are the mechanical pressure and the present and past times, respectively. The
functional 9 can be uniformly approximated, based on Stone-Weirstrass theorem, by a series
of multiple integrals in which the nth order term contains 12 nested integrals over tensor
polynomial integrands of n time variables describing the history of the motion as worked out by
Green and Rivlin [lo]. Isotropy together with incompressibility and small strain assumption
lead to a description of the extra-stress functional as a FrCchet series,
9[G(X; E)] = ES(~)+ l2Sc2)+ ES(~)+ 0(e4),
in terms of a small parameter E relevant to the problem. S(i) is defined as the FrCchet stress at
the ith order,

S(i) = 0mt;(s)<;,(s) ds,

I

92) = i; 5;(s)G26) d.s + I= (-P&I, s2)WdG2(~2) &I h2,

0 0

f(s)G&) ds + (- Im B&i, 4]tr G(~d1G1(~2)

&I h
0 0
+
II
,:

xi
om /MS,,

cc cz
~z)[WdG2(~2) + G2(~&1(~2)1 &I d2

+
111
0
m
0
30
0
cc
WI, ~2, s~)G~(s~)G~(sz)G~(s~) &I h2 %

+ +4(sl, s2, s3)tr[Gl(sl)G,(s2)lG1(S3)

hI h %,
0 0 0
411

where the expansion of the history of the strain in a power series has been used,
G(s) = eGi(~) + l2G2(s) + l3G3(s) + 0(e4),
together with the following implications of the small strain assumption and incompressibility,

; lGi(~) = D(s) - D(t), tr G,(s) = 0.

 Qsdlating tlow of a sirnp~eAuidin a pipe 1559

D represents the infinitesimal strain measure and the kernels 5, & and r& are temperature
dependent functions defining the constitutive structure of the liquid. The Frdchet stresses at
various orders can be developed further integrating by parts and introducing the shear and
quadratic shear relaxation moduli G(S) and y(s,, sz) and new material functions ~y(.r~,sJ, oi
(sr, s2, s3) derived from the kemeis I;, & and qit respectively,

SC*)= mG(s)A(l)(b - $1 ds , (2.1)

I0
m

s2 =
I
0
G(s)AP'(t - s>ds f G(s)L,(t -3) d9

+ y(sl, sz)A;L(t - s,)A,(+ s2> h, h2, (2.2)

$3 =
G(s)AQ(t - s) ds + G(W&) + 1/2L&) + L&)1 &5:
P0

+
II- -
0 0
Y(s~, ~2)[Al(~,)A$(s2)
+ Af)(s~)A%)l &I bz

with the following definitions,

g* = ~'u(')(X,
t) dr, ,** = j+C2(X, t) dt, c > r,

4
L,=
(g** -c
I
E
= *
0
vy +*> * v!$*,

Li = kc. VA, + A,i Vf$* + (Ai> Vg*)=+, j= 1,2,

L3 = g* * VL, + L1 vg* + (L, vg*)r, L4 = L, . VA! -I-A$ VL, + (A$ VL,)?

5 is the position vector of the particle at time r and Al is the first Rivlin-Ericksen kinematic
tensor,

AI = Vu + Vu, AII)(s) = A,[u@(X, t - s)].

n! (a)() refers to the nth order partial derivative with respect to the perturbation parameter E
evaluated at E:= 0. The velocity and pressure fields are expanded in power series in (5-to
complete the algorithm. The coefficients of the series are computed from linear problems at the
rest state f

u(X, f; E) = -jj
?I=1
EU~yX,t), $(X, t; E) = 2 Eqe(X, t). (2.41
ll=l
1560 A. SIGINER

3. ANALYSIS

The field equations and the boundary conditions are,

p+cp+v.S, v*u=o in D,, (3-U

D,={(r, 8, z):O5rrR,Os~<22Jt, --oo<z<+),

a(R,6, z) = 0, u(0, 8, I) < m. (3.2)

Longitudinal pressure gradient and the velocity are such that,

+,.z= - E(P f II sin ot), E<l, (3.3)

n = ue, f vee * we,, u(- E) = U(E), u(-E) = U(E), W(-E) = -W(E).
The absence of curvature effects and the axially symmetric nature of the geometry rule out
secondary flows, i.e. u = v = 0. Although the analysis is valid for small amplitudes, there are no
restrictions on the deformation rate, i.e. on the frequency of the oscillation and consequently
the response of the liquid under high periodic shear rates may be simulated.

3.1 First order analysis

At the first order we obtain from (3,1,2,3),
pu!: = _v& + v . SW 3 v . n(l) =F0 t (3.4)
r#+i)= -(P + A sin 0%)f n()(R, z) = 0, uqo 9z) < =. (3.5)
This Stokes flow, satisfied by the following velocity field,
@(r, 2, t) = w@)(r,f)e, = [W*(T)+ wZ(f, t)]e,, (3.61
yields the linear viscoelastic solution at this order. (3.4,5,6) give,

The solution to (3.7) is the Paiseuille Aow with,

w, = f (R2 - r*), /.J= j-= G(S) ds. (3.9)

0

To solve (3.8) we postulate,

w2(r, t) = A(r)eim + A(r)em = 2 Ete[A(r)eiy,
and obtain,

A,rr+4_*2/J=_A2 A(R) = 0, A(O) < 03, (3.10)

r 2pw AF
with
AZ=
irjw =-ipw
*
(3.11)
G(s)e"'" ds
where the complex viscosity q* = r$- i# which determines the stresses that are linear in the
shear rate has been introduced. The components Q and @corresponding to the viscous and
elastic properties, respectively, of liquid are related to the widely used concepts of the
storage and loss moduli G and G through G = WVand G = wq. The solution to (3.10,11)
 Oscillating flow of a simple fluid in a pipe 1561

is given by

A(r)=&[$$l], (3.12)

where & is the modified Bessel function of the first kind. Then the velocity field at the first
order assumes the representation,

u()(r, t) = ($ (R2 - r2) + 2 Re[A(r)el)e,. (3.13)

At the second order of the analysis the pressure field is altered for the first time and the
velocity field is zero due to the symmetries of the problem. We skip the second order and move
to the third where interesting nonlinear effects arise.

3.2 Third order analysis

At this order the Stokes flow defined by the third order momentum balance is derived from
(3.1,2,3) and (2.1,2,3,4),

PU!? + P(U (1) . vu@) + U(2) . Vu()) =

_474&3 + v . s(3), v . u(3) = ()
, (3.14)
lP(R , t) = 0 , lP(O , t) < m. (3.15)
The extra-stress field SC3)is developed by means of (2.3),

v. $3) = e
z = G(s) 1 (rwc3)(t
.r - s))
I 0 r

+ e,~-~-$(~1+2~~)(~+~2,r)~1~2~3. (3.16)

The velocity field is assumed to be of the following form,

uC3)(r9t) = wc3)(r, t)e *9 (3.17)
and the following definitions are introduced in (3.16),

\yl = _s)(~-s,,wr~)(t-~2)(~r~~ +2Re[A,r$[e-- I]]),

Y2 = wfr(t - sl)w()(t
.I - sz)w()(t
., - s3),
with w(l), A given in (3.6), ( 3.12 ) , respectively. Fully developing (3.16), it becomes clear that
(3.17) should further be expressed as,
wC3)(r,t) = wm + (wkekiwt+ GkeVkiO% k = 1, 2, 3.

We are interested in the mean velocity field w, rather than oscillations wk which average to
zero over a period. Extracting the problem for w,,, from (3.14,15,16) we arrive at,

+ r IA,rIfr)(%- 2%),

Y3= = -(Y + 48, &I d.72, (3.18)

If0 0

m m m

Y4=
111
0 0 0
(aI+ 2cd &I h2 h3, (3.19)

Yy5= m OD (y + cu)o-[sin wsl + sin m2 + osl cos w(sl - s2) + sin w(sl - s2)] d.rl dsZ, (3.20)
II0 0
mmm
Ye=
f-l-1
0 0 0
(aI + 2a,)[cos o(sl - s2) + cos o(s1 - s3) + cos w(s2 - s3)] d.rl d.r2 h3, (3.21)
1562 A. SlGINER

and we compute,

PW, = 2(;)3(2& - %)(R4 - r4) + ;(2& - J%) JR 5 1 82 IA,,l* + E IA&) dc dr.

The mean volume flow rate may be easily obtained,

R
Q(3) = 2JG w,,,r dr, Q = EQ() -t c3Qc3) + O(&
I0

Qt3) = Q& + Q, = F (3 5 (2\v3 - \y4)

X [A~2&,(A5)11(A~) + Conj.] dg dt dr. (3.22)

I
The change in the volumetric flow rate Qc3) is defined in terms of a frequency independent part
Qi3) and a frequency dependent part Qi) with Q$) given by the first term in (3.22) and Q,) by
the second term.
The following formulas for indefinite integrals of products of Bessel functions are
successively used to integrate (3.22)
r

I tZ,(At) Z,(k) dt = -& (AZ,,_I~m - ~,,_J,), mrl, (3.23)

*t
I Z,(M) lo(&) dt = & (&I, - conj .), (3.24)

r 2Ar
t21,&At) I&it) dt = & (A lZ,,J*- A llm_J2) +
I (A* - Ii*)*
2(m - 1)r
x (N,L-, -ALL) - A2 _ AZ I,-,I,, (3.25)

and to obtain for the frequency dependent part of the discharge,

(3.26)

2 IAl2 4]A12 -- -
(3.27)
+ (A2 _ A)2 R* l&l*+ (A2 _ AZ), WWO - Mo~I].

The argument of complex, modified Bessel functions in (3.23,24,25) and (3.27) is Ar and AR,
respectively, and overbar indicates the complex conjugate. Although (3.23) is well known, the
same cannot be said of (3.24) and in particular (3.25) which require some manipulation to
derive from the known formulas.

4. DISCUSSION

The order fluid of the integral type shows a change in the volumetric flow rate given by
(3.26) when driven by a pressure gradient oscillating around a non-zero mean. This deviation
from linear viscoelastic behaviour, completely independent of explicit representations of the
constitutive functions of the fluid, is made up of two components, a frequency independent part
 Oscillating flow of a simple fluid in a pipe 1563

Q&)and a frequency dependent part Q$). The former is independent of the linear viseoelastic
properties and depends on a combination of higher order constitutive functions. If experiments
show Q&)> 0, that is if under the same constant pressure gradient the discharge of a
non-Newtonian liquid of order type is greater than that of a Newtonian liquid of the same
physical properties, namely density and zero shear viscosity, (3.25) requires,
2Y, > Y*. (4. I)
The frequency dependent component Q1(3) of the change in discharge is the product of two
terms, E(q*) which depends on linear viscoelastic properties and (2Y5 - YJ which is a
function of the nonlinear properties y, cu, al, ~3,. From (3.26),

Q(i = !!!
2 ($J2w5 - %Pe?*>. (4.2)

Quite independently of the representation of the kernels, Qt may represent an enhancement

if both terms have the same sign. In this context, using (3.18,19,20,21) and (4.1) we observe
that
lim (2Y5 - W,) = 3(2Yv3- u,) > 0, (4.3)
W-+0

if Qs) > 0. Consequently in the vicinity of w = 0, for small frequencies, if fi(q*) > 0, Qi3)
would represent an enhancement. An asymptotic analysis for small frequencies,

shows that indeed,

p(q*) 1 P2w2R6>o
zz -__
(4.4)
48 lr/*j2 .

This experimentally observed enhancement for small frequencies is given by,

Q\ =
nP A2R6
_-
t2y5 - W,). (4.5)
94P2 ln*12
In the limit of zero frequency, Q$ collapses onto,

Qi3)lo=o = 5 (2q3 - Is~), (4.4)

where

and (4.3) have been used. Defining the enhancement I(w) as the ratio of the frequency
dependent part of the discharge to the frequency independent part we find,

lhoI(w) =2(f)2.
We further observe from (4.5) and (4.3) that for Qr) to represent an enhancement with
increasing frequencies, in the range of small frequencies, the following should be met,

(2Y5 - y&L! 0, lv*l,w <a (4.7)

The second condition in (4.7) is a property of shear thinning liquids which show a
monotoni~lly decreasing complex viscosity modulus with increasing oscillatory shear rate. We
conclude that shear thinning is required to obtain a flow enhancement.
No experimental results are available for high oscillatory shear rates. Two cases are possible;
the liquid may or may not present a second Newtonian region, a plateau with constant shear
viscosity 7: for high frequencies. An asymptotic analysis is developed below to determine the
1564 A. SIGINER

behaviour of Qi3 at large oscillatory shear rates. Suppose that,

7 - O(C#), 17- O(wX*), Jtj*] - O(0) as W-+CQ, x = max(x,, .x2),
which implies,
pl1 - o[d1-x)2], N--+m with w-+mifx<l. (4.8)
The last condition is satisfied for all known practical cases. Using asymptotic expansions of
modified Bessel functions of the first kind for large arguments,

10(z) - -& [l + O(P)] -Z,(z), PI= lM-+m,

we obtain,

Ql -~(2Y,-1,)(~)2~Ul(A+ii). (4.9)

(4.9a)
2 A+A (A-ri)2(A+A)2
The behaviour of $J(A + A) is determined by Re A. This is because, as it will be shown below,
both ]A] and Im A behave the same way as o + cQin all the possible cases and,

lim (]A] (A - A)-) = const.

WC=
From (3.11) we obtain,

(ReN2=$$--l?.+ Irl*l), bW2= -$W+ lv*l). (4.10)

Two cases are possible as o + m. Either,

<<<I, 5 - o(ox2-~l), x2<o,x,50, (4.11)

1x11-=cIxzl,
9
or
f>> 1, 5 - o(wx-x*), (XI, x2) < 0, 1x11 1x21. (4.12)
v1

If (4.11) holds, (4.10) reduce to,

A-; $$[l+i(l+ l&l)], (4.13)

and if (4.12) holds A may be expressed as,

(4.14)

The restriction on the exponents (xi, x2) in (4.11) and (4.12) is motivated by experimental
evidence. Further the experimental plots of $/w and n versus o for different polymeric
liquids seem to indicate that (4.11) is most likely the prevalent case, Bird et al. [12]. The
numerical values of the exponents (x1, x2) are determined by the specific expressions for n and
7 best fitting experimental data for a particular fluid.
Now if (4.11) is valid with x1 = 0 or without a second Newtonian region 11: at high frequency,
Re A - O(CD[~-~~~~)
- Im A - ]A( as 0-m. (4.15)
On the other hand if (4.12) holds,

Re A - 0( w), as W+-m. (4.16)

 m
OscillatingBowof a simplefluid in a pipe 1565

Whereas (4.15) is always satisfied, (4.16) presents three possibilities,

1
P>O (4.17a)
Reti-* const. p =O . (4.17b)
[ 0 PC0 (4.17c)

In all three eases (4,17a, b, c) we have,

Im A - 0(o--x21/2) - IAl as w--,00.

This together with (4.15) sh ows that the behaviour of q(h+ A) in (4,9a) depends on the
~havio~~ of Re A only as w* 00~The asymptotic form of Qf is further reduced under
assumptions (4,111 or (4.12). With (4.11) and (4.13) holding and (4.15) valid we obtain the
dominant term from (4.9),

(4.18)

Now if (4.12) and (4.14) hold, (4.9) again reduces to (4.18) if (4.17a) is assumed whereas the
assumption of (4.17b) or (4.17~) yield (4.19) or (4.201, respectively, given below.

(4.19)

(4.20)

~(h + A) in (4.19) is given by (4.9a). Defining,

(2YS - YrJ - @w), m 50, as W-+CQ, (4.21)

and with (4.11) and (4.18) holding,

co
(4.22)

we obtain,

1
m>n, (4.23a)
Qr - U(O~-~); n1 = (3 +x,)/2; QP-+ const. m = rzl as o-+@. (4.23b)
[ 0 men, (4.23~)
On the other hand if (4.12) holds Iv*1 - O(o*) as o--, (~1.And similar asymptotic estimates
may be obtained from (4.18,19,20) when (4.17a, b, c) holds, respectively.
Although we have determined that at small frequencies Qt() > 0 for order fluids if the fluid is
shear thinning and if (2Y5 - Y6) > 0 for small frequencies, the sign of Qs3 is left open and
depends on the sign of (2Yj - V,> at high frequencies. As we pointed out before it seems that
most of the available experimental data agrees with (4.11) under which the asymptotic
expansion takes the form of (4.18). To get a constant discharge at high frequen~es~ (4.23b)
must be met with (4.11) holding. But that may require the kernel functions to have unrealistic
representations. It is quite likely that the hitherto unknown spectrums of the kernel functions
embedded in (4.21) show a monotonically decreasing behaviour in time, compatible with fading
memory concept, similar to all the representations for the shear relaxation modulus C(s) in the
literature known to this author. Then if m (0 in (4.21) and (4.23), QP will tend to zero for
large frequencies regardless whether the dynamic viscosity q(w) tends to zero or a finite limit
r&,. This is in agreement with the presumed behaviour as a nearly perfect elastic solid if the
storage modulus C = wt~ tends to a constant at high frequencies. Nonlinear visc~last~c~~
extends this restricted heuristic inference from the linear viscoelasticity theory and rigorously
asserts that even if q(o) tends to zero at a rate different then the inverse of the frequency for
1566 A. SKINER

increasing frequencies the additional frequency generated discharge Qr will approach zero at
high frequencies.
A general spectrum for the shear relaxation modulus G(s) which accounts for a second
Newtonian inelastic region at high frequencies may be introduced,

where l7 and 8 are the Gamma and Dirac functions respectively. The spectrum (4.24) is in the
class defined by (4.11) and (4.15) when the power index k is equal to one and the asymptotic
expansion (4.18) holds. The order estimate (4.23~) gives m 5 312, equality being required if
Q{) has to tend to a constant at high frequencies.
Now WCintroduce representations by no means unique, motivated by the linear viscoelastic
Maxwell model, for the kernel functions embedded in (4.25),
yz *2p;2e-(sI+szYPl Ly = _Q~~e-(~I+~2vP2,
(4.25)
,

0, = ~j3p33e-_(J+sz+s31~P3, od = 84p43e-(s~+s2+s3)/P4,
(4.26)
These spectrums satisfy (4.3). pi and at, Sj are relaxation times and temperature dependent
material constants, respectively. With ~1, = 0 and k = 1 in (4.24) and (4.25,26) we obtain,

(2Ys - Y,> - O(wP2), Q, _ o(w-5*) as W-W.

It is now possible to conduct a parametric study to determine the dependence of QP on the
frequency. The parameters involved are pm,LYE,LYE,6, and pi of which /J, LY~and LY*can be
determined from usual experiments of rheometry such as cone and plate measurements. A
study based on varying values of 6, and pi shows that for relatively small frequencies Q\T? > 0,
and the opposite is true for large frequencies. We find that the supremum occurs around 8
Hertz for k = 1. Experimental data available is for frequencies smaller than 8 Hz and indicates
that Q$ is a monotonically increasing function of the frequency in that range. The multiple
integral model successfully predicts the trend for this range of frequencies. However, for high
frequencies it also predicts a decreasing enhancement with frequency. A resonance effect is
evident and is prominently displayed with any values assigned to the relaxation times and the
constitutive constants in (4.25,26). A sharp increase in Qf followed by a rapid decrease, a
peak is observed for different frequency windows with any set of relaxation times and any value
assigned to the power index k in the spectrum of G(s). These and related results will be
reported elsewhere.
Finally the remark should be made that this type of time periodic Row may provide an
experimental way to determine the feasibility of any specific representation adopted for the
constitutive functions and in particular with the assumptions (4.24) and (4.25,26) an attempt
can be made to determine the hitherto unknown constants 6, and pi or combinations of them
thereof by making the analytical discharge versus frequency curve coincide with the
experimental discharge curve through continuous adjustment of the numerical values assigned
to the constitutive constants. At any rate, independently of the explicit representations for the
material functions involved, apart from the shear relaxation modulus G(s), numerical values
for the parameter groups (2Y3 - Yd) and (ZYS - YY6), entering the expressions for the
frequency jnde~ndent and frequency dependent parts Q$) and Qi, respectively, of the
discharge, can be determined using the same ideas.

REFERENCES

I] L. SHEMER and E. KIT, Fhys. Fluids Z7,72-76 (1984).

21 S. W. TU and B. R. RAMA~~~AN, J. F&f Meek 137, 31-58 (1983).
31 A. C. PIPKIN, Arch. Rut. Me&. Anal. IS(l), I-13 (1964).
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(Received 18 March 1991; accepted I1 Aprtf 1991)