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The course attempts IQ (m3 / s) [end doors Qin] The diameter of each log D (m) [
is obtained from the formula D = (4 Qin / π v) 1 / 2 by choosing the internal di
ameter, closer among those rovided by commercial manufacturers of ies];
The length of each log L (m) The characteristics of roughness (b and μ).
It 'also notes the share piezometric tank (load assigned to node A in the networ
k outlined in Figure 4). The flow Δqk correction of each mesh to calculate the l
oad balancing is provided by: Δqk = - Σ (± rik | q'ik | q'ik) / 2Σrik | q'ik | C
orrecting the flow q'i with flow Δqk displayed, with the wisdom to apply common
mesh sides adjacent the algebraic sum of the corrections calculated separately,
repeats for the number of times needed to achieve the desired accuracy (in pract
ice until the sum losses on each link is less than 0.50 m in absolute value, or
until the extent of correction is less than 0.1 l / s for all the loops).
Iteration to iteration occurs also moving the neutral point which converges too,
hovering around its starting position, parallel to the convergence of calculati
on. The 1st iteration provides:
Q (m / s)
The 3
k | Q |
The
The
1 ª ITERATE ΔY = KI | QI | QI (m)
ΔQI
QI = QII + ΔQI
The pressure drop on the trunks of each mesh and then the sum on each jersey [ΔY
= KI | QI | QI (m)];
The course correction ΔQI of each mesh, the correct ports = QI + QII ΔQI to use
the 2nd iteration.
At the end of the iteration the neutral points of each mesh undergo a shift, as
the incoming flow at the nodes of the network were correct. Therefore vary the l
engths of the portions which are divided into the trunks of the network containi
ng the neutral points and, consequently, the corresponding value of k.
CHANGE OF NEUTRAL POINT: 1st ITERATE MESH DISTANCE FROM node LEFT SHIFT TO THE L
EFT Xsx (m) ΔX (m)
The results of the 2nd iteration are:
QII LII KII KII | QII | 2nd ITERATE KII | QII | ΔQII QIII QII QII = + ΔQII
Occur, as in the 1st iteration, the value of the sum of losses and magnitude of
correction and the shift of the neutral point on each link. Thus correcting the
flow with ΔQII you make the 3rd iteration. It repeats for as many times as neces
sary to satisfy the following condition on each link: Σ | ΔY | ≤ 0.50 m, or ΔQn
≤ 0.1 l / s
INSPECTION 1) Check the daytime After the Cross, the final load values are those
which meet the matching and then are ultimately to be taken. You can then calcu
late the ΔY for each trunk, fixing a single share, such as grouse, and drawing b
elow all others. Since these loads were obtained taking into account the capacit
ies that need to be distributed to the people at rush hour, or the maximum consu
mption, they are the minimum possible. Then subtracting the portion of the plan
year of each node of the load supplied, we can obtain the available load day. Sh
ould not exceed 50-60 m. 2) Verify that night there was placed in the toughest c
onditions that we have assumed that there is no consumption at night and then th
e tank is full. That is a condition of hydrostatic load and then load available
at nights is the difference between the highest and the reservoir portion of the
plan year of the different nodes. Must not exceed 70 m approx.3) Verification
of speed are calculated speed trunks with final flow values and verify that they
are less than 2 m / s threshold taken to avoid excessive wear, but not exceedin
g 0.5 m / s to avoid possible sedimentation of suspended solids.
TRUNK NODE
ΔY
LOAD TEST FEES FEES Piezometer pc (M) (m) Hsmin
AVAILABLE LOADS (m) OF DAY-NIGHT Hsmin Hsmax zA-zA
A
Hsmax
ZA
From node A, which is assigned the hs share, and notes the losses on each tree,
calculate the last iteration of the Cross, you can determine the piezometric sha
res in all the network nodes. It then proceeds to check the loads available in e
ach node. - Loads available the day you get from the lowest level of the tank (H
smin), subtracting the piezometric share of each node the corresponding share of
the PC - Loads available at night are obtained by subtracting the maximum level
of the tank (Hsmax) the proportion of PC different nodes. The values of velocit
ies are obtained by the equation: v = Qn / (π D2 / 4) where Qn is the flow enter
ing the nodes, resulting in the N-th iteration.
TE T OF PEED 'JER EY trunks (m) Q (m3 / s) v (m / s)
METHOD OF CRO FLOW WITH FIRE The calculation by the method of Cross and the fi
nal tests should be reeated in the case of circulating the net scoe substitute
for the fire service. To reach the fire assessment is usually done with the for
mula Counts: Q = 6 √ P (L / s) where P is the oulation of the town in thousand
s.
5. Pielines Com 'is known urban distribution networks must be sized for the ea
k hourly flow Qhmax you have during the year, while the Pielines can be sized f
or a flow less, giving the tank a certain caacity to However, it is able to mee
t at certain time intervals, to the greater demand of the network with incoming
flow dall'adduttrice. The Pielines can be sized for a flow rate Q = φQm, rangin
g rom the annual average and the peak hourly Qm = Qhmax cpQm, so the coe icien
t φ is variable between 1 and cp. Increase in low dell'adduttrice sizing, and t
hen the coe icient φ, the ability o compensation that should have the tank dec
reases to zero or φ = cp, it is not necessary in this case no compensation unc
tion o the water. It goes on to note that in case o breakage dell'adduttrice s
ervice is interrupted. So i you want to avoid this, it is pre erable to make tw
o parallel pipelines with a diameter such that when the low rate Q / 2, hal o
that total be adduced, it has the stretch o conveying the same pressure drop t
hat occurs with the ull scope Q is a single pipe. Suppose that the Pipelines Gr
avity has a total length L, the gap is ΔY Q and the scope to furnish (Fig. 5).
Figure 5. Result, a scheme
By Darcy's formula: Q2 ΔY = b L / Dμ gives a diameter D = (b L Q2 / ΔY) 1 / μ Th
is generally does not correspond to one of those commercially available. Therefo
re, need to choose the diameter immediately above commercial in the series to th
eoretical, or you can split driving in two sections of length L1 and L2 respecti
vely and a diameter D1 and D2 respectively, among those trading immediately abov
e and below the theoretical, such is satisfied that the system: L1 + L2 = L + J1
J2 L1 L2 = ΔY It 'hardly necessary to point out that the choice of the coeffici
ent of roughness must relate to conduct after a long working period. 6. TANK Acc
ording to its share piezometric performs the basic function, and depending on it
s capacity ensures the functions of compensation reserve. From the perspective o
f piezometric must choose the share of the pool so that guaranteed the peaceful
exercise of distribution networks in every situation of consumption. Therefore,
the choice of locating the site where the tank is made is maintained, providing
total supply, a load of at least 20 m users the most disadvantaged, is taking in
to account the orography of the site. 1) THE ABILITY 'ability to compensate for
the compensation can be easily calculated once we know the laws of variation of
flow coming dall'adduttrice (Figure inflows) and flow rates required by users (F
igure outflows).
For the law of gravity adducent inflows to the reservoir is known once establish
ed the scope φQm sizing dell'adduttrice,The Law o runo (water demand o the
user) depends on the climatic characteristics o the town, rom the habits o ci
tizens and other actors, the most important o which is undoubtedly the number
o population served. There ore, the volume o VC compensation may be determined
by the rule o the Auditors, or method o the tightrope that allows the calcula
tion o the amount o compensation, under the system o in lux (assumed constant
incoming dall'adduttrice) and the treatment o runo characteristic o the cen
ter (Fig. 6).
Figure 6. Chronological low diagram o user requests, on the day o maximum con
sumption. Scope o the aqueduct (constant).
Note graphic construction represents the integral curves o the in lows and out
lows should be Vu. The sum o the two major di erences between the two vertical
curves, positive and negative, we obtain the volume o compensation, assuming t
otal control.
Figure 7 to be reported:
Figure 7. Determination o the graphics capabilities o compensation Cc
HOURS
Quh%
Quh
Vuh
VOLUME OF COMPENSATION VuhTOT Qeh Veh VehTOT
V (t) = VehTOT - VuhTOT
Quh φQm = = hourly low rate leaving the tank on the day o maximum consumption
(as a% o average annual low) [m3 / s] = Vuh Quh × 3600 = volume o water leavi
ng the tank in one hour [m 3] ; Qeh ΣVuh = / T = ΣVuh / (24 × 3600) = hourly flo
w rate entering the tank [m 3 / s] = Qeh Veh × 3600 = volume of water entering t
he tank in one hour [m 3] . 2) THE CAPACITY 'OF RE ERVE hells shall contain, in
addition to the ability of comensation, including a reserve used to cover any
malfunctions that result in the failure to suly to the tank Pielines. The mag
nitude of this caacity is the daily volume of water consumed by the center to s
erve. Deending on risk and exected duration for breaks, you should give the ta
nk a minimum amount of reserves Vr ranging from 1 / 3 and 1 / 2 of the maximum d
aily consumtion Vg max: Vr = (1 / 3 ÷ 1 / 2) Vg max If more 'adducent, it is un
likely that all adducent go simultaneously damaged, so the volume of reserve cou
ld be less than the case of a single adducent. For the latter case, some authors
indicate the ossibility that the reserve will allow the continuation of the se
rvice of distribution for a whole day and when 'done the disservice of adducent
and therefore the volume of reserves should be: Vr = 86400 max Qh
It is considered that this volume is too large (about three times what is necess
ary for the daily fee) and therefore has a strong influence on the cost of the t
ank, other authors indicate that the volume of reserves in the earlier half of t
hat is: Vr = 1 / 2 × 24 × 3600 × Qh max 3) THE ABILITY 'FOR THE FIRE ERVICE For
towns of some imortance for the accounts roosed fire flow Qi of the formula:
Q i = √ 6 P (L / s) where P is the oulation of the village in thousand inhabi
tants. Permitted length of service 5ore, is deduced for the volume you fire the
following value: I = (5 × 3600 × 6 √ P) / 1000 = 108 √ P (m3) The hydraulic sizi
ng, ie volume of the tank is given by sum of the three volumes reviously determ
ined: - level of comensation, - reserve volume, - volume of fire. The total vol
ume Vtot Vr = Vc + + You must be slit into three ools, each of the useful volu
me of Vtot / 3. The hike in the level in the reservoirs was reviously contained
in 4 ÷ 5 m not about to change over the iezometric in the town between the sit
uations of full and emty tank. Now bear economic reasons to refer tanks with m
ore water rods, the roblem is solved by adoting the iezometric edge of the re
servoir or otherwise, at a distribution ressure relief valve setting the iezom
etric valley it so indeendent of the iezometric tank.