Economic Tests of a Three Phase Transformer

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Creation date: March 31, 2004 Version: v0.02 - 3/MAI/2008 Author: Ricardo Filipe
Teixeira Gomes
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© 2008 Ricardo Filipe Teixeira Gomes. rftg.development.googlepages.com
Instituto Politecnico do Porto Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto
Department of Electrical Engineering Course Electrical Engineering - Electronics
and Computers
Discipline of Electrical Machines
Economic Tests of a Three Phase Transformer
31/03/2004
Work done by: Index Ricardo Filipe Teixeira Gomes
Economic Tests of a Three Phase Transformer
31/03/2004
Objective 2 --------------------------------------------- Introduction - -------
---------------------------------- ------ 2 Predicted Values -------------------
----------- 5 ---------------- Editing Scheme Material Used --------------------
-------------- 5 ------- 6 Description of Work - ------------------------ ------
------------------ June Calculations ----------------------- -------------------
------ 7 Results ------------------- 8 ----------------------------- Conclusion
---------------------------------- -------------- 9 Bibliography ---------- 9
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Economic Tests of a Three Phase Transformer
31/03/2004
Objective
- Taking the simplified equivalent circuit per phase referred to the primary - D
etermination of transformer short-circuit rated - Z2I2n - Determination of nomin
al ohmic voltage drop - R2I2n - Determination of nominal reactive voltage drop -
X2I2n - Determination of the triangle Kapp;
Introduction
As known, the main field of application processors is the transportation and dis
tribution of electricity as well, and because of this system using almost exclus
ively the three-phase system of tensions arises the need for three-phase transfo
rmer. This type of transformer has emerged from the junction of three phase tran
sformers equal to each other, so as to form a three-phase system. This set of si
ngle-phase transformers, connected in order to realize a three-phase transformat
ion, is a single-phase transformer bank. To feed the primary of each transformer
for a three-phase system of voltages we obtain a system of three-phase flows:
Φ Ι Φ ΙΙ + + Φ ΙΙΙ = 0
ig 1 - Banco de phase transformers
Once the merger made in one column, the three central columns, it does not circu
late any stream and can be deleted, and thus we may have a magnetic circuit whic
h contains only six windings. We therefore have a three-phase transformer.

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Economic Tests of a Three Phase Transformer
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2 - Transformer three-phase three columns
The two ends of the windings of the same column have the same polarity at the sa
me time (due to the common flow) have potential positive (or negative) compared
to the other two extremes. Thus the first column, A and represent the two extrem
es of the same polarity, being appointed by the opposing A 'and'. The same reaso
ning is followed for columns B and C. The capital letters refer to higher voltag
es and lower case at lower voltages. The three-phase transformers have three for
ms of connection, and these lead star, triangle and zigzag. Bond star has the ad
vantage of having the neutral accessible (access tension and tension composite s
ingle) and the windings have less insulation (only because they are subject to s
imple tension). The delta connection is more used when providing high currents (
current in the winding √ 3 times lower than the line) thus requiring drivers of
turns of smaller section. The zigzag connection is used when large imbalances ar
e expected load distribution between the three phases (the secondary), this bein
g achieved by the fact that each winding be divided into two coils placed in two
different columns, so "looking" of the primary winding we will have a more bala
nced system.
3 - Different types of binding of three-phase transformer and its main features
Each type of connection is symbolized by a letter, and correspondence as follows
:

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Economic Tests of a Three Phase Transformer
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Star - Y (y-side voltage is lower); Triangle - D (d is the side of the lower vol
tage; Zig-zag - Z (z on the side of the lower voltage). The connections of a tra
nsformer are still characterized by the index schedule. This kind of classificat
ion is obtained when the diagrams of primary and secondary voltages are superimp
osed, and measured the difference between a primary voltage and its correspondin
g secondary hours as if they were two clock pointers (to move in clockwise), wit
h the first zero and the second in value (time) that characterize the gap. The m
ost common values are described in the table overleaf:
ig.4 - Table of values of daylight saving time for the most common types of con
nections

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Economic Tests of a Three Phase Transformer
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Predicted Values
or the test on empty: U1n> 450 V, U20 = 300 V;
A0,
B0 and
C0 - on the order
of hundreds of mA. or the short-circuit test:
ACC,
BCC and
CCC =
n = 5th; U
1cc - on the order of 10% U1n.
Arrangement
V1 Autotransformer b c
A B V1
400/230V 50 Hz ~
C
The
ig.5 - Arrangement for test on empty
The V1 400/230V 50 Hz autotransformer C ~ B
the
b
c
The
 ig.6 - Arrangement for testing short-circuit

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Economic Tests of a Three Phase Transformer
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Material Used
1 - Digital Multimeter luke 79


(V1 and V2) 1 - Clamp Test 11 (A) 1 - Power
Meter luke 43B, 1 - to 3-phase transformer with four windings columns (each 150
V 5 A and resistance 20 ° C 0.55 Ω) per column. The secondary is composed of a
series of two windings of each core column and the primary external; wire connec
tion; Probes.
Job description
This work was divided into two tests, the test-load and short circuit test. Test
on empty: - Rode to the scheme of 5 - ed up the secondary processor, with U20
= 300V - There were the following:
A0
B0 = 300 mA = 212 mA
C0 = 220 mA Test i
n Short Circuit: - Rode up circuit of igure 6 (note that the secondary is short
-circuited - ed is the primary, through the self-processor until it obsorve to
their nominal current (
n = 5 A) - There was the following:
ACC = 5
BCC The
C
CC = 3.88 = 4.7 The PCU U1cc = 76.6 V = 316 W
middle
of
self-
U1n U20 = 519 V = 301 V = 75 W PE

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Calculations
U1n 3 × 3 × 519 = 2.99 U = 20 301
+
+
300 + 212 + 220 = A0
0 B 0 = co =
244 mA March 3 PE cos φ 0 = 75 = = 0.59 × U1n I 0519 × 244 × 10-3 m =
U1n R0 = 519 = 3605 Ω =
0 cos φ × 0244 × 10-3 0.59 × 519 U 1n = j 2626 Ω senφ
I 0 × 0244 × 0.81 × 10-3
senφ 0 = sin (arccos 0,59) = 0.81 Xm =
Acc Bcc I + I + I Ccc 5 + 4.7 + 3.88 = 4.53 A 3 3 52 2 I I I n ≠ ⇒ PCU PCun = n2
= 316 × 385 × WI = 4.532 R 5 = U1ccn U1cc n = 76.6 × 4.53 = 84.5 VI PCU 316 = ⇒
φ = 0.91 cc = ar cos 0.91 cos φ = 24.5 º U1cc cc = I × 76.6 × 4I Z1 = 53 = = =
U1cc 76.6 16.9 4.53 Ω

R1 = Z1 cos φcc × 16.9 × 0.91 = 15.4 Ω = X × 1 = Z1 senφcc j = 7.0 Ω
R1 = 15.4 = 1.72 = 1.72 0 ° (Ω) 2.99 m 2 2 X1 X2 = 7.0 2 = 0.78 j = 0.78 90
° (Ω) m 2 99 2 Z 2 = R2 + jX 2 j = 1.72 + 0.78 = 1.89 24.4 ° (Ω) R2 =
U cc 2 n = Z n 2 × R 2 = 1.89 24.4 ° × 7.85 ° = 14.83 24.5 48.9 ° (V)

2 = n
= 3 × 3 × 4.53 ° = 7.85 24.5 24.5 ° (A)
Ohmic voltage drop rating:
Ωn U = R2 × R n 2 = 1.72 0 ° × 24.5 ° = 7.85 13.5 24.5 ° (V)
Reactive voltage drop rating:
U = Rn × R 2n X 2 = 0.78 90 7.85 ° × 24.5 ° = 5.87 115 ° (V)

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Economic Tests of a Three Phase Transformer
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Results
Circuit equivalent for the three phases referred to the primary and simplified:


12 j7 X1, 0 ohm

0
R1 15.4 ohm
U1n 519 V
R01 3605 ohm
XM1 j2606 ohm
U12
the Ucc2n = 14.83 49 ° (V) UΩn = 13.5 25 ° (V) URN = 5.87 115 ° (V) Kapp's
Triangle:
U 2 = U 20 - Ωn U - U U Rn = 1552 20 - 30 (V) U = 20 m = U1n × 519 × 2.99 = 15
52 V
U 2 = 1552 - 30 ° -13.5 ° -5.87 25 115 = 1548 - 30.5 ° (V)
-30 º
-30.5 º
U20
U2 U URN
0
NOTE: The scale of the diagram Kapp is slightly modified so that it can be shown
their main details.

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Conclusion
After having been made all the necessary calculations have been analyzed and the
values obtained, as well as those registered, it became possible to infer that
the theory inherent in the three-phase transformer has been found valid, despite
the fact that the transformer tested a number of weaknesses working . The opera
tional deficiencies noted were due probably to short-circuit some of the turns o
f primary and secondary windings, because there were discrepancies between the v
arious currents in the windings action, too important to treat only differences
coupled with winding winding .
t was also possible to verify that the processor
in question had a value of high losses in the windings (PCun = 385 W) and losse
s in the magnetic circuit (PE = 75 W).
n examining the diagram obtained Kapp n
otes that there is a small gap and amplitude difference between U20 and U2, bein
g responsible for this UΩn and URN. These differences occur because the processo
r does not exhibit the ideal behavior (like any other).
Bibliography
the "Technology Year 11" - P
NTO, Antonio; Alves, Vitor - Porto Editora, the Not
es on Electrical Machines 2004 - NEVES, Betina Campos;

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