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Compass rule

The compass or bow ditch rule which has named after the distinguished
American navigator Nathaniel bow ditch (1773-1838)

The compass rule is based on the assumption that all lengths wee measured
with equal care and all angles taken with approximately the same precision.
It is also assumed that the errors in measurement are accidental and that the
total error in any side of the traverse is directly proportional to the total
length of the traverse.

The compass rule may be stated as follows: the correction to be applied to


the latitude or departure of any course is equal to the total closure of latitude
or departure , multiplied by the ratio of the length of the course to the total
length or perimeter of the traverse. These correction are given by the
following equations.

C1= CL(d/D) Cd=CD(d/D)


Where:

C1 = correction to be applied to the latitude of any course

Cd = correction to be applied to the departure of any course

CL = total closure in latitude or the algebraic sum of the north and south
latitudes (NL+ED)

CD = total closure in departure or the algebraic sum of the east and west
departures (ED+WD)

d = length of any closure

D= total length or perimeter of the traverse

All computed corrections should be added to check whether their respective


sums equal the closures in latitude and departure. To determine the adjusted
latitude of any course the latitude correction is either added to or subtracted
from the computed latitude of the course. A simple rule to remember is: if
the sum of the north latitudes exceeds the sum of the south latitudes ,
latitudes corrections are subtracted from north latitudes and added to
corresponding south latitudes. However , if the sum of the south latitudes
exceeds the sum of the north latitudes, the correction are applied in the
opposite manner. A similar procedure is used when adjusting the departures.
After all corrections have been applied properly to the latitudes and
departures of the traverse. it will be expected that a perfect closure will be
obtained.

Adjusted length and directions

L= la t2 + de p 2

De p'
Tan = Lat '

Where:

L = adjusted length of a course

Lat = adjusted latitude of a course

Dep = adjusted departure of a course

= adjusted horizontal angle between the reference meridian and a course

COMPASS RULE

(problem)

Given the accompanying tabulation are the observed data for a traverse obtained
from a transit-tape survey. Determine the latitudes and departures of each course
and balance these quantities by employing the compass rule. Also determine the
linear error of closure, bearing of the side of error and the relative error of closure.
tabulates values accordingly

COURSE DISTANCE BEARING COMPUTED COMPUTED


LATITUDE DEPARTURE
+N -S +E -W
AB 495.85 N 05 30 E 493.57 47.53
BC 850.62 N 46 02 E 590.53 612.23
CD 855.45 S 67 38 E 325.53 791.09
DE 1020.87 S 12 25 E 996.99 219.51
EF 1117.26 S 83 44 W 121.96 1110.5
8
FA 660.08 N 55 09 W 377.19 541.70
SUMS 5000.13 (m) +1461. - +1670. -
29 1444.4 36 1652.2
8 8

a) Computing Latitudes:

Lat = length x cos

b) Computing Departures

Dep = length x sin

c) Determining Total Closure in Latitudes and Departures

NL = +493.57 + 590.53 + 377.19

= +1461.29m (summation of north latitudes)

SL = -325.53 996.99 121.96

=- 1444.48m (summation of south latitudes)

ED = +47.53 + 612.23 + 791.09 + 219.51

= +1670.36m (summation of east departures)

WD = -1110.58 541.70

=- 1652.28 (summation of west departure)

CL = NL + SL = +1461.29 + (-1444.48)
= +16.81 m

CD = ED + WD = +1670.36 + (-1652.28)

= +18.08m

D = d1 + d2 +d3 +d4 +d5 + d6


d) Determining corrections for latitude

CL
K1= D

16.81
K1= 5000.13 =0.00336

CAB = 0.00336 X 495.85 = 1.67

CBC =0.00336 X 850.62 =2.86

CCD =0.00336 X 855.45 =2.88

CDE =0.00336 X 1020.87 =3.43

CEF =0.00336 X 1117.26 =3.75

CFA =0.00336 X 660.08 =2.22

SOLUTION CHECK:

1.67+2.86+2.88+3.43+3.75+2.22 = 16.81

16.81=16.819(CHECKS)
e) Determining corrections for departure

CL
K2= D

18.08
K2= 5000.13 =0.00362

CAB = 0.00362 X 495.85 = 1.79

CBC =0.00362 X 850.62 = 3.08

CCD =0.00362 X 855.45 = 3.09

CDE =0.00362 X 1020.87= 3.69

CEF =0.00362 X 1117.26= 4.04

CFA =0.00362 X 660.08 = 2.39

SOLUTION CHECK:

1.79+3.08+3.09+3.69+4.04+2.39= 18.08

18.08=18.08(CHECKS)

f) tabulated solutions

COURSE CORRECTION ADJUSTED ADJUSTED


LATITUDE DEPARTURE
LAT DEP +N -S +E -W
AB 1.67 1.79 491.90 45.74
BC 2.86 3.08 587.67 609.15
CD 2.88 3.09 328.41 788.00
DE 3.43 3.69 1000.42 215.82
EF 3.75 4.04 125.71 1114.62
FA 2.22 2.39 374.97 544.09
SUMS 16.81 18.08 +1454.5 - +1658.7 -
4 1454.54 1 1658.71

g) ADJUSTED LATITUDES:

ADJ LAT= COMPUTED LAT Cl


NOTE: SINCE THE SUM OF NORTH LATITUDES EXCEEDS THE SUM OF SOUTH LATITUDES. LATITUDES
CORRECTIONS ARE SUBTRACTED FROM THE CORRESPONDING NORTH LATITUDES AND ADDED TO
CORRESPONDING SOUTH LATITUDES TO DETERMINE THE ADJUSTED LATITUDES.

ADJUSTED DEPATURES:

ADJ DEP= COMPUTED DEP Cd


NOTE: SINCE THE SUM OF EAST DEPARTURE EXCEEDS THE SUM OF WEST DEPATURES, THE DEPARTURE
CORECTIONS ARE SUBTRACTED FROM THE CORRESPONDING EAST DEPARTURES AND ADDED TO
CORRESPONDING WEST DEPARTURES TO DETERMINE THE ADJUSTED DEPARTURES.

h) Determining the linear error of closure, bearing of the side of error and
relative error of closure

LEC = Cl +Cd

LEC = ( +16.81 ) +(+18.08)


2

= 24.69 (linear closure of error)

CD (+ 18.08)
Tan = CL = (+16.81)
= 1.075550
= 47 05 (bearing of the side of error = S44 05W)
RP = LEC/D
=24.69/5000.13
= 1/202.52
= SAY 1/1000 (relative precision)

ADJUSTMENTS OF LENGTH AND BEARING

Given the observed and calculated data in the problem . Determine the
adjusted length and adjusted bearing of each course and tabulate
accordingly.

a) Determining adjusted length of each course


LAB= (+ 491.90 ) +(+ 45.74)
2
= 494.02m

LBC= (+587.67 ) +(+609.15)


2
= 846.02m

LCD= (328.41 ) + ( +788.00 )


2 2
= 853.70m

LDE= (1000.42 ) +(215.82)


2
= 1023.43m

LEF= (125.71 ) +(1114.62)


2
= 1121.69m

LFA= (+374.97 ) +(544.09)


2
= 660.78m

DEP '
b) Determining adjusted bearing of each course TAN = LAT '

+ 45.74
TAN AB = + 491.90 = N 519E

+609.15
TAN BC = +587.67 = N 4602E

+788.00
TAN CD = 328.41 = S 6723E
+215.82
TAN DE = 1000.42 = S1210 E

1114.62
TAN EF = 125.71 = S 8334W

544.09
TAN FA = +374.97 = N5526W

C) tabulated solution:

COURSE ADJUSTED LENGTH ADJUSTED BEARING


AB 494.02 N0519E
BC 846.42 N4602E
CD 853.70 S6723E
DE 1023.43 S1210E
EF 1121.69 S8334W
FA 660.78 N5526W

TRANSIT RULE
The method of adjusting a traverse by the transit rule similar to the method using
the compass rule. The main difference is that with the transit rule the latitude and
departure corrections depend on the length of the latitude and departure of the
course respectively instead of both depending on the length of the course.

lat (Cl)
C1 = ND SL

Dep(CD)
Cd = ED WD

Where:
C1 = correction to be applied to the latitude of any course

Cd = correction to be applied to the departure of any course

CL = total closure in latitude or the algebraic sum of the north and south latitudes
(NL + SL)

CD = total closure in departure or the algebraic sum of the east and west
departures (ED + WD)

Since the north latitudes are positive quantities and south latitudes are negative
quantities, the arithmetical sum of all latitudes is obtained if the summation of
south latitudes is subtracted from the summation of north latitudes. Similarly , the
arithmetical sum of all departure is subtracted from the summation of east
departures since east and west departures are positive and negative quantities,
respectively. Another way to determining these arithmetical sums is simply to add
the absolute values of the required quantities.

Transit rule

Formula use to determine the latitude and departure:

A) Computing latitudes
LAT = Length x Cos
LATab = 495.85 x Cos 0530 = +493.57 m
LATbc = 850.62 x Cos 4602 = +590.53 m
LATcd= 855.45 x Cos 11222 = -325.53 m
LAT de= 1020.87 x Cos 16735 = -996.99 m
LAT ef= 1117.26 x Cos 26344 = -121.96 m
LATfa = 660.08 x Cos 30451 = + 377.19 m

B) Computing departures
DEP = Length x Sin
DEPAB= 495.85 x Sin 0530 = +47.53 m
DEPBC= 850.62 x Sin 4602 = +612.23 m
DEPCD= 855.45 x Sin 11222 =+791.09 m
DEPDE= 1020.87 x Sin 16735 =+219.51 m
DEPEF= 1117.26 x Sin 26344 =-1110.58 m
DEPFA= 660.08 x Sin 30451 =-541.70 m

C) Tabulated solution

COURSE LENGTH AZIMUTH FROM COMPUTED COMPUTED


NORTH LATITUDE DEPARTURE
+N -S +E -W
AB 495.85 530 493.57 47.53
BC 850.62 4602 590.83 612.23
CD 855.45 11222 325.53 791.09
DE 1020.87 16735 996.99 216.51
EF 1117.26 26344 121.96 1110.58
FA 660.09 30451 377.19 541.70
SUMS 5000.13(m) +1461.2 - 1670.36 1652.28
9 1444.48

D) Determining the total closure


NL = +493.57 + 590.53 + 377.19
= + 1461.29 m (summation of north latitudes)
SL = -325.53 996.99 121.96
= -1444.48 m (summation of south latitudes)
ED = +47.53 + 612.23 + 791.09 + 219.51
= +1670.36 m (summation of east departures)
WD = -1110.58 541.70
= -1652.28 m (summation of west departures)
CL = NL + SL
= + 1461.29 + (- 1444.48)
= +16.81 m (total closure in latitude)

CD = ED + WD
= +1670.36 + (- 1652.26)
= +18.08 m (total closure in departure)

CL
E) Determining correction for latitude: KI= NL SL

Where:
KI = corrections
CI = LAT x (KI)
Solution:
16.81
KI= ( +1461.29 ) (1444.48) = 0.00579
CAB= 493.57 x 0.00579 = 2.86 m
CBC= 590.53 x 0.00579 = 3.42 m
CCD= 325.53 x 0.00579 = 1.88 m
CDE= 996.99 x 0.00579 = 5.77 m
CEF=121.96 x 0.00579 = 0.70 m
CFA= 377.19 x 0.00579 = 2.18 m

Solution check : sum of latitude corrections = C L


2.86 + 3.42 + 1.88 + 5.77 + 0.70 + 2.18 = 16.81
16.81 = 16.81 (check)

CD
F) Determining corrections for departure: K2 = ED WD

Where:
K2 = corrections
Cd= LAT x (KI)
18.08
K2= +1670.36(1652.28 ) =0.00544

CAB = 47.53 x 0.00544 = +47.27 m


CBC = 612.23 x 0.00544 = +608.90 m
CCD = 791.09 x 0.00544 = +786.78 m
CDE = 219.51 x 0.00544 = +218.32 m
CEF = 1110.58 x 0.00544 = -1116.62 m
CFA = 541.70 x 0.00544 = -544.65 m

NOTE: since the sum of the east departures exceeds the sum of the west
departures, the departures corrections are subtracted from the corresponding
east departures and added to corresponding west departures to determine the
adjusted departures.

Solution check: algebraic sum of adjusted departures = 0.00 + 47.27 + 608.90


+ 786.78 + 218.32 1116.62 544.65 = 0.00
0.00=0.00 (checks)

CORRECTION ADJUSTED ADJUSTED


COURSE LATITUDE DEPARTURE
LAT DEP +N -S +E -W
AB 2.86 0.26 490.71 47.27
BC 3.42 3.33 587.11 608.90
CD 1.88 4.31 327.41 786.78
DE 5.77 1.19 1002.76 218.32
ED 0.70 6.04 122.66 1116.62
FA 2.18 2.95 375.01 544.65
SUMS 16.81 18.08 +1452. - +1661. -
83 1452.83 27 1661.27

ADJUSTMENTS OF LENGHTS AND AZIMUTHS


Given the observed and calculated data in problem no. 1 determine adjusted
length and adjusted azimuth (reckoned from north) of each course and tabulate
values accordingly.

A) Determining adjusted length of each course L ( lat ) +(de p )


' 2 '

LAB = (+ 490.71 ) + (+ 47.27 ) =492.98 m


2 2
(adjusted length of

course AB)

LBC = (+587.11 ) + (+ 608.90 ) =845.85 m


2 2
(adjusted length of course BC)

LCD = (327.41 ) + ( +786.78 ) =852.19 m


2 2
(adjusted length of course CD)

LDE = (1002.76 ) +(+218.32)=1026.25m


2
(adjusted length of course DE)

LEF = (122.66 ) +(1116.62)=1223.34 m


2
(adjusted length of course EF)

LFA = (+375.01 ) +(544.65)=661.27 m


2
(adjusted length of course FA)

Dep '
B) Determining adjusted azimuth of each course: TAN = Lat '
+ 47.27
=5 30 '
TAN = + 490.71 (therefore azimuth from north of course AB is

530)

+608.90
TAN = +587.11 = 4603 (therefore azimuth from north of course BC

is 4603)

+786.78
TAN = 327.41 = 6724 (therefore azimuth from north of course CD

is 6724)

+218.32
TAN = 1002.76 = 1217 (therefore azimuth from north of course

DE is 1217)

1116.62
TAN = 122.66 = 8344 (therefore azimuth from north of course EF

is 8344)

544.65
TAN = +375.01 = 5527 (therefore azimuth from north of course FA

is 5527)

C) TABULATED SOLUTION:

COURSE ADJUSTED LENGTH ADJUSTED AZIM. FROM


NORTH
AB 492.98 m 530
BC 845.85 m 4603
CD 852.19 m 11236
DE 1026.25 m 16743
EF 1123.34 m 25344
FA 661.27 m 30433
218.32 m (dep
+47.27m of DE)
+608.90( dep of BC) +786.78 m(dep of CD)

C
852.19m
AZn(11236) -327.41 m (lat
of CD)
845.85m
+ 587.11 m
(lat of BC)
AZn (4603) D

B 1026.25m
AZn(16743)

492.98m -1002.76 m (lat


AZn(530) of DE)
+ 490.71
(lat of AB)

A 661.27m
AZn(30433)
F 1123.34 m,AZn(26344) E
+375.01
m (lat of
FA)

-544.65 (dep of FA) -1116.62 m (dep of EF)

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