Part 1

CHAPTER 8
1. According to the James-Lange theory, emotional experiences occur in which order?
a) stimulus-arousal-emotion
b) stimulus-emotion-arousal
c) stimulus-appraisal-emotion
d) stimulus-arousal/appraisal-emotion

2. Which of the following structures is NOT considered part of the limbic system?
a) amygdala
b) cingulate gyrus
c) hippocampus
d) medulla

3. Someone with heightened activity in the amygdala would be MOST likely to experience
a) pleasure
b) anxiety
c) anger
d) sadness

4. People with prefrontal damage can probably do all of the following EXCEPT
a) experience any emotion at all
b) learn to avoid venomous snakes
c) experience negative emotions
d) learn to avoid risky investments

5. People with right hemisphere damage have difficulty with all of the following EXCEPT
a) recognizing facial expressions in others
b) recognizing emotion in others voices
c) understanding verbal expressions of emotion
d) displaying nonverbal signs of emotion

6. Cortisol is released by the

a) hypothalamus
b) pituitary gland
c) adrenal glands
d) all of the above

7. Cortisol is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT

a) increased oxygen transport to muscle cells
b) conversion of protein to glucose
c) increase in fat availability
d) increase in fat metabolism

8. Immune system cells that work by ingesting foreign substances and then displaying their
antigens are called
 a) T cells
b) B cells
c) macrophages
d) natural killer cells

9. Following the Three Mile Island accident, nearby residents displayed

a) a reduced number of immune cells
b) a higher cancer rate
c) a reduced ability to concentrate
d) a and c

10. Children who showed the greatest amount of reactivity (in terms of blood pressure
increase) when placing their hands in cold water were MORE likely to develop
a) cancer as children
b) cancer as adults
c) high blood pressure as children
d) high blood pressure as adults

11. Which of the following statements regarding hormones and aggression in humans is
FALSE?
a) the hormonal changes accompanying PMS may be associated with increased
aggression in woman
b) winning a sporting event increases testosterone
c) high testosterone is linked to aggression in men but not women
d) their peers rate male prisoners with higher testosterone as tougher

12. Which of the following structures is not one of the ones that helps the body cope with
stress?
a) hypothalamus
b) hippocampus
c) pituitary gland
d) adrenal glands

13. The personality factor of hostility is MOST strongly associated with

a) cancer
b) heart disease
c) ulcers
d) reduced immune functioning

14. Greater prefrontal right hemisphere activity is associated with

a) greater antibody production following vaccination
b) greater T-cell levels among AIDS patients
c) lower antibody production following vaccination
d) lower T-cell levels among AIDS patients

15. Introversion is associated with

 a) increased natural killer cell activity
b) higher levels of HIV
c) higher cancer rates
d) a and b

16. People who underwent prefrontal lobotomy for pain that failed to respond to other
treatments
a) no longer experienced pain
b) were no longer bothered by the pain
c) experienced more pain than before the procedure
d) were often paralyzed as well as rendered insensitive to pain

17. Which of the following is an example of offensive aggression?

a) two male elk fighting over a female in estrus
b) a cheetah chasing down and killing an antelope
c) a woman killing an attacker in self-defense
d) a man hunting deer for meat

18. Allopregnanolone is a metabolite of ____ that may be linked to aggression in females

a) estrogen
b) testosterone
c) progesterone
d) serotonin

19. Among prisoners, testosterone would probably be LOWEST in those convicted of which
of the following crimes?
a) drug offenses
b) rape
c) murder
d) armed robbery

20. Which of the following structures is NOT part of the pathway for predatory aggression in
cats?
a) amygdala
b) hypothalamus
c) thalamus
d) periaqueductal gray

21. In humans, aggression is linked to

a) excessive prefrontal activity
b) seizures in the amygdala
c) hypothalamic tumors
d) b and c

22. The impulsiveness displayed by people with antisocial personality disorder may results
from abnormalities of the
 a) amygdala
b) prefrontal cortex
c) medial hypothalamus
d) lateral hypothalamus

23. Proactive aggression

a) is associated with psychopathy
b) is premeditated, unprovoked, and lacks emotional intensity
c) is similar to predatory aggression in animals
d) all of the above

24. Men who drank a substance that inhibited tryptophan

a) were more likely to physically attack their opponent
b) were more likely to lose points to their opponents
c) were more likely to take points away from their opponents
d) showed elevated 5-HIAA levels

25. Prozac (fluoxetine) reduces all of the following EXCEPT

a) alcohol cravings
b) serotonin levels
c) aggression
d) alcohol consumption

26. Alcohol appears to influence aggression only in people who have

a) high testosterone levels
b) low GABA levels
c) low dopamine levels
d) low serotonin levels

27. Benzodiazepines, which ___ GABA activity, ____ impulsive, violent outburst in
psychiatric patients
a) reduces; reduces
b) reduces; increases
c) increases; reduces
d) increases; increases
CHAPTER 9
28. The range of human hearing is about
A) 20-200,000 Hz
B) 2-20,000 Hz
C) 20-20,000 Hz
D) 200-2,000 Hz

29. We experience the frequency of a sound as

a) pitch
b) loudness
c) amplitude
 d) intensity

30. A pure tone is MOST likely to be produced by a(n)

A) Clarinet
B) Tuning fork
C) Air conditioner
D) Flute

31. Humans are MOST sensitive to sounds with frequencies in the range of
a) 1,000-3,000 Hz
b) 200-400 Hz
c) 2,000-20,000 Hz
d) 2,000- 4,000 Hz

32. Which of the following causes the eardrum to stretch or relax in response to different
levels of sound?
A) Tensor tympani
B) Incus
C) Pinna
D) Tympanic membrane

33. Which of the following does NOT contribute to amplification of sound waves in the ear?
A) Outer ear
B) Eardrum
C) Stapes
D) Malleus

34. Which of the following structures is (are) NOT part of the auditory system?
A) Cochlea
B) Ossicles
C) Pinna
D) Semicircular canals

35. The organ of Corti is located in the ____ canal.

A) Vestibular
B) Tympanic
C) Cochlear
D) Auditory

36. Hair cells rest within the ____, and have their hairs embedded in the _____
a) helicotrema; basilar membrane
b) tectorial membrane; basilar membrane
c) basilar membrane; tectorial membrane
d) tympanic membrane; helicotrema

37. When hair cells bend, ____ channels open, causing depolarization
 A) Sodium and chloride
B) Potassium and calcium
C) Calcium and sodium
D) Chloride and calcium

38. Neurons from the left ear project

A) Exclusively to the right hemisphere
B) Exclusively to the left hemisphere
C) Mostly to the right hemisphere
D) Mostly to the left hemisphere

39. At low frequencies, sound intensity is coded by

A) The number of neurons responding
B) The volley pattern of neurons
C) The point on the basilar membrane responding
D) None of the above

40. The volley theory was proposed by

A) Rutherford
B) Helmholtz
C) Bekesy
D) Wever

41. Bekesy discovered that the basilar membrane is stiffer at one end than at the other, and
not a series of piano strings as earlier envisioned by Helmholtz. This discovery led
directly to the ____ theory of pitch perception
A) Frequency
B) Telephone
C) Place
D) Volley

42. What physiological limitation prevents a single auditory neuron from reliably tracking a
high- frequency tone (such as one at 10,000 Hz)?
A) Glucose availability
B) Refractory period
C) Basilar membrane stiffness
D) Temporal harmonics

43. A 15,000-Hz tone will produce the greatest vibrations at which point along the basilar
membrane?
A) Near the base
B) At the apex
C) Near the apex
D) In the middle
44. Which sound frequency does NOT seem to produce maximal vibration at a specific point
on the basilar membrane?
A) 20,000 Hz
B) 2,400 Hz
C) 1,200 Hz
D) 20 Hz

45. The more numerous other hair cells may be involved in

A) Increasing the cochleas sensitivity
B) Processing high- but now low-frequency sounds
C) Correlating body movements with sound sources
D) All of the above

46. A sound with a frequency of 50 Hz is located by which of the following cues?

A) Phase difference
B) Intensity difference
C) Time-of-arrival difference
D) a and c

47. In humans, binaural cues for localizing sound are processed by cells in the
A) Planum temporale
B) Nucleus laminaris
C) Superior olivary nucleus
D) Medial geniculate nucleus

48. Brocas area lies anterior and adjacent to the

A) Motor cortex
B) Auditory cortex
C) Somatosensory cortex
D) Visual cortex

49. In MOST people, Wernickes area is found on the ____ lobe

a) left frontal
b) right frontal
c) left temporal
d) right temporal

50. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Brocas aphasia?

A) Impairment in writing
B) Word salad
C) Agrammatic speech
D) Difficulty with articulation

51. Frank had a mini-stroke while driving home, but he did not realize it until later that
afternoon when he found he couldnt write a shopping list down; which is called ____.
He also was surprised that he couldnt read the newspaper either; which is called ____.
 Since he could still hear and speak normally, what part of his brain was affected by the
stroke?
A) Dyslexia; dysgraphia; planum temporale
B) Alexia; Agraphia; angular gyrus
C) Agraphia; Alexia; Wernickes area
D) Agraphia; Alexia; angular gyrus

52. The angular gyrus connects the visual projection area with the
A) Auditory association areas
B) Visual association areas
C) Motor cortex
D) a and b

53. According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, when we give a spoken response to an

oral question, what is the sequence of brain activation?
A) Auditory cortex to Brocas area to Wernickes area
B) Brocas area to Wernickes area to auditory cortex
C) Auditory cortex to Wernickes area to Brocas area
D) Wernickes area to Brocas area to auditory cortex

54. A phonological symptom of dyslexia is

A) Difficulty distinguishing speech sounds from each other
B) Confusing mirror-image letters like b and d
C) Reading words backward
D) Difficulty tracking words on a page

55. Dyslexia has a higher incidence rate in languages

a) with symbolic, not letter, representation
b) with a high number of possible words in them
c) with different pronunciations of the same spelling
d) that differ from other languages by only a few sounds

56. Someone with damage to the premotor cortex would MOST likely have difficulty
a) naming tools
b) using verbs
c) imagining hand movements
d) all of the above

57. Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Left-handed people are more likely to show left hemisphere dominance for language
than right hemisphere dominance for language
B) All right-handed people show left hemisphere dominance for language
C) Left- and right-handed people are both more likely to show left hemisphere
dominance for language
D) The hemisphere dominant for language has no relationship to whether someone is
left- or- right handed
 CHAPTER 10
58. Electromagnetic energy includes
A) visible light ray
B) gamma rays
C) infrared rays
D) all of the above

59. The range of visible light for humans is

a) 40-80 nm
b) 4,000- 8,000 nm
c) 400- 800 nm
d) 40,000-80,000 nm

60. Light with a wavelength on the lower end of the spectrum (e.g, 450 nm) is normally
perceived as
a) blue
b) green
c) yellow
d) red

61. The _____ is a flexible tissue that allows us to focus on objects at different distances
a) cornea
b) lens
c) pupil
d) iris
62. The ___ is actually muscle tissue that responds to different levels of light
a) cornea
b) lens
c) pupil
d) iris

63. The conversion of light energy into energy the brain can use begins in the
a) receptors
b) bipolar cells
c) ganglion cells
d) amacrine cells

64. Photoreceptors
a) contain photopigments that increase in quantity when stimulated by light
b) connect directly with ganglion cells
c) are found at the back of the eye
d) all of the above

65. Which of the following is NOT true?

a) iodopsin is the cone pigment
 b) rods function better in dim light
c) cones are responsive to light but cannot distinguish between wavelengths of different
colors
d) rhodopsin is the rod pigment

66. All of the following cells are found in the retina EXCEPT ____ cells
a) bipolar
b) horizontal
c) amacrine
d) complex

67. The ganglion cells with the smallest receptive fields receive input from
a) rods in the periphery of the retina
b) rods 20 degrees from the fovea
c) cones in the fovea
d) cones outside the fovea

68. When light reaches the photoreceptors

a) they release more glutamate
b) sodium channels open
c) calcium channels open
d) none of the above

69. The blind spot contains

a) rods only
b) cones only
c) both rods and cones
d) neither rods nor cones

70. Visual information from the ___ side of each retina crosses to the other hemisphere at the
____.
a) right; optic chiasm
b) nasal; optic chiasm
c) right; lateral geniculate nucleus
d) nasal; lateral geniculate nucleus

71. Color televisions produce color in accordance with the principles of

a) the opponent process theory of color vision
b) the trichromatic theory of color vision
c) the combined theory of color vision
d) none of the above

72. Which of the following is NOT true of Herings original opponent process theory?
 a) it is consistent with principles of mixing light
b) it is consistent with the negative color aftereffect
c) it proposed four types of color receptors
d) is proposed four primary colors

73. With respect to the cones, yellow light produces *

a) less response in the yellow/blue ganglion cell
b) more response in the yellow/blue ganglion cell
c) less response in the red/green ganglion cell
d) more response in the red/green ganglion cell

74. Which of the following statements regarding people who lack cones is NOT true?
a) they have poor visual acuity
b) they can distinguish only very bright colors
c) they are very sensitive to light
d) they are more rare than people with red-green color blindness

75. People with red-green color blindness

a) are usually aware of their unusual condition
b) can see neither red nor green
c) may have red photopigment in their green cones
d) are less common than those with complete color blindness

76. Light in the ___ of an off-center receptive field will result in ____.
a) center; excitation
b) surround; excitation
c) surround; inhibition
d) center and entire surround; inhibition

77. Which of the following types of cells have a bar-shaped receptive fields?
a) retinal ganglion cells
b) lateral geniculate cells
c) simple cells
d) horizontal cells

78. Which of the following types of cells have the largest receptive field?
a) retinal ganglion cells
b) lateral geniculate cells
c) simple cells
d) complex cells

79. Movement is detected by

a) simple cells
b) complex cells
c) lateral geniculate cells
d) ganglion cells
80. Hubel and Wiesels theory account for the ability to detect
a) texture
b) edges
c) movement
d) b and c

81. According to spatial frequency theory

a) low-frequency contrast in objects is detected by different cells than high-frequency
contrast
b) the visual system is capable of detecting only medium- to high-frequency contrast
c) the visual system is capable of detecting only low- to medium-frequency contrast
d) the brightness of an object is irrelevant

82. Which of the following is a characteristic of cells in the parvocellular system?

a) they have small receptive fields
b) they are brightness opponent
c) they are responsive to movement
d) their input comes mainly from rods

83. The magnocellular system dominates the ____ stream, which flows into the ____ lobes.
a) ventral; temporal
b) ventral; parietal
c) dorsal; temporal
d) dorsal; parietal

84. Magnocellular cells in area V1 are responsive to all of the following EXCEPT
a) orientation
b) movement
c) retinal disparity
d) color

85. Movement perception is a function of area

a) V2
b) V4
c) V5
d) V8

86. People with prosopagnosia

a) fail to recognize familiar faces
b) fail to recognize familiar voices
c) fail to respond emotionally to familiar faces
d) all of the above

87. The ability to perceive than an object is the same color despite different lighting
conditions is known as
 a) visual constancy
b) color agnosia
c) retinal disparity
d) color constancy

88. Zeki concluded that light wavelength is coded in ____, and color is coded in _____.
a) V4; V1
b) V4; V4
c) V1; V1
d) V1; V4

89. Neglect probably occurs because of

a) a lack of attention to the space on one side of the body
b) an inability to perceive objects on one side of the body
c) both a and b
d) neither a nor b

90. Which of the following is NOT true about people with synesthesia? *
a) the condition tends to affect the left hemisphere
b) V4 has been implicated
c) individuals see what they dream about
d) synesthetes may underbind sensory information, due to decreased connectivity of
brain areas

91. According to the text, visual awareness is probably due to

a) master visual cells in the superior temporal gyrus
b) master visual cells in the parietal cortex
c) many processes distributed across the brain
d) master cells in some part of the cortex that has not yet been identified
CH. 8; 9; 10 Answers 46. D
1. D 47. C
2. D 48. A
3. B 49. C
4. D 50. B
5. C 51. D
6. C 52. D
7. A 53. C
8. C 54. A
9. D 55. C
10. D 56. D
11. C 57. C
12. B 58. D
13. B 59. C
14. C 60. A
15. B 61. B
16. B 62. D
17. A 63. A
18. C 64. C
19. A 65. C
20. C 66. D
21. D 67. C
22. B 68. D
23. D 69. D
24. C 70. B
25. B 71. B
26. D 72. C
27. C 73. A
28. C 74. B
29. A 75. C
30. B 76. B
31. D 77. C
32. A 78. D
33. B 79. B
34. D 80. D
35. C 81. A
36. C 82. A
37. B 83. D
38. C 84. D
39. A 85. C
40. D 86. A
41. C 87. D
42. B 88. D
43. A 89. A
44. D 90. C
45. A 91. C