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CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Energy Audit
Basics and
principles
Presented by:
Centre Molka Escalier N15 El Manar II 2092 TUNIS Tl: 00 216 71 886 177
Fax: 00 216 71 885 010 Site Web: www.cra2e.com E-mail: cra2e@yahoo.fr 1
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
OUTLINES
1. Definition and Objectives of Energy Audit and Management
2. Types of energy audit
3. Methodology of energy audit
4. Preliminary Consultation
5. Measurement Campaigns and Equipment
6. Approach to Energy Balance
7. Definition of an Action Plan
8. Presentation of the Audit Report
9. Audit of Electric System
10. Audit of Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning System
11. Conclusion
12. Study of case: Energy Audit of Establishment
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
3
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
4
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
5
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
6
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Level 1 .
Task 1 . Preliminary audit
Level II.
Task 2. Energy analyses by section
Level III.
Task 3. Campaign of measurement
Task 4. Energy balance of main energy consummer
Task 5. Audit report and actions plan
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Preliminary analysis
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
- of the audit.
-Collect of information about building
- Visit of the facility
-Evaluation of energy consumption data to
analyze energy use quantities and
comparison with similar facilities.
-Preliminary estimate of savings potential
and provide a list of low-cost savings
opportunities through improvements in
operational and maintenance practices.
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
During the visit, Energy Auditor/Engineer should carry out the following
actions:
Analyze the major energy consumption data with the relevant personnel.
Obtain site drawings where available - building layout, steam distribution,
compressed air distribution and electricity distribution etc.
visit of the sites of building accompanied with energy manager
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
General data :
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Heating
Climatisation
flow
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CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Electric plan
of AITC
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CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Climatisation of Establishment
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
CONVERSION UNITS
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
We note that the maximum power drawn does not exceed 7000 kW for every time
slot, while the power is reduced out of 8000 kW. It is recommended to revise the
STEG contract for the decline of the reduced power to 6700 kW divided as follows:
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Eau
19% Natural Gas
2%
528 574 TND
40 621 TND
2 187 110 TND
Electricity
Electricity
79%79%
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Cost of TOE:
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
n Area : 57 448 m
n Volume : 293 356 m3
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
establishment values:
Energy Value Unit
Electrical energy 557 kWh/m
Natural gas 38 Thermal/m
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
35
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
38
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
39
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
PEAK
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
PEAK
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Bonifications
ACEPTABLE
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP) Preliminary analysis
Detailled analysis
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Energy Use in
Schools
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Energy Use in
Hospitals
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Energy Use in
Supermarkets
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Energy Use in
Apartment Buildings
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Energy Use in
Hotels
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Energy Use in
Restaurants
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
IN COOLING MODE :
After the preliminary visit, we noted following points:
The regulation of the shutters (volets) of recycled air and the new air is
inefficient implying either an excess of new air (to cool) or an excess of
air recycled (partially polluted).
During audited period, the outside climatic conditions were rather
favorable for a march in 100 % of new air.
The AHU N2,3,7,8,11 et 15 were inable to satisfy the conditions of confort
required.
The networks of connection and distribution of Chillers are inefficient
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
IN HEATING MODE :
The regulation of the shutters of new and recycle air is inefficient
implying either an excess of new air (for heating) OR an absence of new
air (affected confort and sanitary conditions).
The march of the ventilators of resumption(reprise) and blowing
(soufflage) in mode 50 % and 100 % implies a rate of air renewal far
from the optimum.
The management of march of hot water generators is necessary.
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy
CRA2E
Proposal of improvement
Hamadi Sayah
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
solutions
Proposal of improvement solutions
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Measurements
The capability of the energy auditor and the scope of an audit could be
extended by the use of in place instrumentation and temporary
monitoring equipment.
In-place instrumentation refers to existing utility metering, air-
conditioning control instrumentation and energy management systems
(EMS).
These instruments must be portable, durable, easy to operate and
relatively inexpensive.
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
The parameters generally monitored during energy audit may include the
following:
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Power transformer
Measuring
Description
instrument
Active power
Reactive power
apparent power
voltage
Electric power
intensity
analyzer
Energy
Power factor
Voltage harmonic 1-50
Intensity harmonic 1-50
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
65
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
66
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
67
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
68
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Anemometer
Thermography
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Combustion Analyzer:
This instrument has in-built chemical cells which
measure various gases such as O2, CO, NOX and
SOX.
Fuel Efficiency Monitor:
This measures oxygen and temperature of the flue
gas. Calorific values of common fuels are fed into
the microprocessor which calculates the
combustion efficiency.
Fyrit:
A hand bellow pump draws the flue gas sample into
the solution inside the fyrite. A chemical reaction
changes the liquid volume revealing the amount of
gas. A separate fyrite can be used for O2 and CO2
measurement.
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Contact thermometer:
These are thermocouples which
measures for example flue gas, hot
air, hot water temperatures by
insertion of probe into the stream.
For surface temperature, a leaf type
probe is used with the same
instrument.
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Infrared Thermometer:
This is a non-contact type measurement
which when directed at a heat source
directly gives the temperature read out. This
instrument is useful for measuring hot spots
in furnaces, surface temperatures etc.
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Speed Measurements:
In any audit exercise speed measurements are critical as thay may change
with frequency, belt slip and loading.
A simple tachometer is a contact type instrument which can be used where
direct access is possible.
More sophisticated and safer ones are non contact instruments such as
stroboscopes.
Tachometer Stroboscope
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Leak Detectors:
Ultrasonic instruments are available which can be used
to detect leaks of compressed air and other gases
which are normally not possible to detect with human
abilities.
Lux meters:
Illumination levels are measured with a lux meter.
It consists of a photo cell which senses the light
output, converts to electrical impulses which are
calibrated as lux.
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Pitot tube
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CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
76
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
77
Hamadi Sayah
The Lebanese Center for Energy Measures
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Temperature (T)
Relative humidity (RH%)
Air Handling Unit Speed (m/s)
Dimensions of the sheath (m)
Fresh air
Air blowing
Ambiance
Air return
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Resumption
(reprise)
T: T: Air de reprise
C C
RH : RH : New air
% %
V: V: Air neuf
m/s m/s
T:
C
Air de soufflage RH :
Blowing %
(soufflage) HOT COLD V:
WATER WATER m/s
Ts Tec Tsf Tef
cC cC C cC
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
AIR BLOWER
FRESH AIR
RETURN WATER
HOT WATER
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
(Q2 W)
COP cool = --------------------
W
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
S = condenser surface m
v = air speed m/s
Ts = Air temperature at the exit of the condenser C
Ta = Temperature of air inhaled) by the condenser C
1,2 = is the volume heat of the air kJ/(m3.C)
% O2 Combustion analyser
BOILER EFFICIENCY
Lrc
Lfg
Lu
Qfuel
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
89
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Existing information
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CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
91
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
93
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
94
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
95
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Computer Simulation
Detail use of energy by function and a more comprehensive evaluation of
energy use patterns.
Develop a computer simulation of building systems that will account for
weather and other variables and predict year-round energy use.
Build a base for comparison that is consistent with the actual energy
consumption of the facility.
Make changes to improve efficiency of various systems and measure the
effects compared to the baseline.
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
97
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
AC2 Bis 18144 22 13190 22,8 31334 22,5 57,9 31334 17,6 73 23,0 53 73,6 85,7 94,94 6,6 7,4
AC2 33000 23,1 26030 24,6 59067 23,8 55,9 59067 18,5 74 24,9 58 114,24 133 57,48 6,9 8,9
AC3 35510 22,5 36547 24,3 72058 23,4 49,3 72058 18,8 75 24,8 57 83,9 97 61,9 6,6 8,4
AC4 19958 23,7 25402 23,8 45360 23,4 44,0 45360 20 68 23,8 55 60,23 70 61,79 7,3 8,3
AC5 -- -- 49896 23,9 49896 23,9 0,0 49896 19,1 72 22,9 51 63,97 74 61,79 6,6 7,6
AC6 -- -- 48190 23 48190 23,0 0,0 48190 18,5 72 22,7 64 76,41 89 93,99 7,6 8,4
AC7 -- -- 40487 23,5 40487 18,3 0,0 40487 18,3 74 24,6 58 82,48 96 56,62 7,5 9
AC8 -- -- 42915 23,2 42915 23,2 0,0 42915 19 74 24,4 59 56 66 74,25 7 7,8
AC9 -- -- -- -- 15256 23,0 0,0 15256 17 72 20,4 61.0 44,02 51 42,39 7,5 8,5
AC10 -- -- 34900 23,3 34900 23,3 0,0 34900 16,6 72 23,3 52.0 90,31 105 77,4 7,5 8,7
AC11 15368 23 55457 23 70825 23 21,7 70825 17,1 74 24,9 56 155,23 180 77,4 7,5 10
AC12 25920 23 6912 23 32832 23 78,9 32832 21 63 23,1 50.0 11 13 57 7,5 7,7
AC13 -- -- 15552 23,5 15552 23,5 0,0 15552 17,3 70 22,3 51.0 50,22 58 34,5 7,5 9
AC15 -- -- 22957 23,2 22957 23,2 0,0 22957 17,6 68 25,3 55 67,12 78 41,9 7,4 9
AC16 22560 23,3 -- -- 22560 23,3 100,0 22560 16,5 70 20,8 58 81.41 95 41,98 7,5 9,4
AC17 28464 23,5 -- -- 28464 23,5 100,0 28464 17,8 73 NR NR 70,79 82 41,9 7 8,7
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
% Air
Air neuf Air reprise Air mlange Air soufflage Air ambiant Bilan thermique
N neuf Bilan thermique eau
m3/h T(C) m3/h T(C) m3/h T(C) % m3//h T(C) HR T(C) HR % 1000Kg/h KW Debit T'entre T sortie
AC18 -- -- 14165 24,5 14165 24,5 0,0 14165 13,5 74 21,9 53 87,3 101 41,9 7,4 9,5
AC19 -- -- 16740 23 16740 23,5 0,0 16740 19,1 71 NR NR 31,27 36 41,98 7,5 8,2
AC22 8528 23,6 14026 23,4 22554 23,5 37,8 22554 17 73 22,2 52 68,63 80 53.22 7 8,3
AC24 11250 26,2 18779 25,7 30029 25,9 37,5 30029 21,3 68 25,8 59 65,44 76 53,6 8 9,2
AC25 A -- -- -- -- 38330 23,5 0,0 38330 17,5 74 23,1 58 99,93 116 65,41 7,5 9,3
AC25 B -- -- -- -- 45000 23,5 0,0 45000 17,4 73 23,2 59 117,06 136 56.41 7,3 9,4
AC25 C -- -- 31519 24.2 31519 24,2 0,0 31519 17,8 74 23,0 52 89,54 104 46,2 6 7,9
AC26 -- -- 57879 23 57879 23 0,0 57879 18,5 70 22,7 57 99,14 115 54.6 7 8,8
AC27 -- -- 38264 23,5 38260 23,5 0,0 38264 20 70 23,9 54 78,16 91 27,86 7,3 10,1
AC28 -- -- 41250 23,5 41250 23,5 0,0 41250 20,9 71 24,1 61 16,4 19 35,38 7,5 8
AC29 13323 21,7 17885 23,7 31208 22,8 42,7 31208 19,9 70 22,9 52 16,09 19 32,44 7 7,5
AC30 39593 23,0 11775 23 51368 23 77,1 51368 19,2 75 22,9 54 36,51 42 31,54 7 8,2
AC31 8482 22,5 15380 23,8 23860 23,3 35,5 23862 21 60 21,8 50 15,06 17 31,6 7 7,5
AC32 43740 23,0 -- -- 43740 23 100,0 43740 19,5 72 22,0 59 43,01 50 34,6 7.5 8,7
AC33 6420 22,6 18220 23,2 24640 23 26,1 24640 19,2 70 23,1 58 30,04 35 36.96 7.5 8,3
AC34 70056 23,3 -- -- 70056 23,3 100,0 70056 20,3 70 23,0 55 49,91 58 36,9 7 8,4
AC35 10289 22,8 14818 23,1 25107 23 41,0 25107 20,2 71 24,1 49 20,91 24 34,6 7 7,6
AC36 12999 22,4 9078 23,5 22077 23 58,9 22077 18,9 76 23,3 56 35,81 42 36,38 7 8
ACX -- -- -- -- 78000 23,5 0,0 78000 18 76 NR NR 150,74 175 79,98 7,5 9,7
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Temprature = 22C
Hygromtrie = 50 % HR
CTA shows that AC2, AC3, AC7, AC8, AC11 and AC15 are not currently
developing the cooling power needed.
100
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Consigne value
The location of temperature sensors
The lack of cooling capacity of CTA
On the importance of lighting (light intensity) with a warming of the
atmosphere.
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Given that the audited period (end September 2007) is the end of the
summer and early fall, the outside air is at a temperature of days of
the order of 22 C and 55% HR
- The total absence of the provision of fresh air for 18 CTA yet its
temperature is generally lower than that of air again.
- The fresh air enters partially into the mixture before the battery
level remaining 18 CTA.
102
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
In another aspect, by comparing the flow of fresh air compared to the hygienic needs
(25 m3/h/pax), we note the following:
N CTA New Air : need (m3/h) Measure (m3/h) Measure/needs
AC01 3500 0 0
AC02 11975 33000 2,76
AC02 BIS 19575 18144 0,93
AC03 11000 35510 3,23
AC12 20425 25920 1,27
AC13 12075 0 0,00
AC15 11950 0 0,00
AC22 11775 8528 0.72
AC24 5750 11250 1,96
AC27 7850 0 0,00
AC18 5000 0 0,00
AC04 3100 19958 6,44
AC05 1475 0 0,00
AC06 10750 0 0,00
AC07 10250 0 0,00
AC08 2050 0 0,00
AC10 2625 0 0,00
AC11 8100 15368 1,90 103
ACX 0 0 0
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
104
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Recommendation
The regulation of aspects of entry of fresh air must be improved.
We recommend that:
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
CALCULATION OF CHILLER
106
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
108
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
We observe, during the audited period, that overall the groups of water ice
are exploited to the tune of 47.94% have gone to 64.46% of the nominal
power.
Also, we observe that groups with (satellite) have a better ratio of power
consumption during operation at about 50%.
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
110
The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Valeur
Dsignation Unity
Unit N1 Unit N2
OUTPUT
HR 100 97 %
Output T of Tower C 26,7 26,7 C
H2O fraction input 22,24 21,55 g/Kg air sec
Wet Air humide density 1,159 1,16 Kg/m3
Wet Air humide Enthalpy 83,6 82,8 Kj/Kg
INPUT
Flow 56757 59786 m3/h
HR 52,1 51 %
Input Tof tower C 27,2 27 C
H2O fraction input 11,74 11,35 g/Kg air sec
Wet Air humide density 1,164 1,16 Kg/m3
Wet Air humide Enthalpy 57,32 56,1 Kj/Kg
Massic flow Dry Air sec 65348 68923 Kg/h
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The results of air conditioning consumption during the day audited are respectively:
For an optimal ratio of 70 Wf/m corresponding to local public attendance average for non-
smokers, we observe that :
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Called Power
Transformer Power KVA Rate %
KVA
Transformer terminal S/SB 400 140 35
Transformer of secour S/SB 1000 450 45
Transformer of air conditioning SAT 1000 214 21
Transformer of secour SAT 400 38 9
Transfo Normal 1&2 SAT 800 415 52
Normal transformer S/SA 1500 1202 80
Transformer of secour S/SA 400 236 59
Transformer of air conditioning
DSE 2000 1032 52
Transformer of eclairageDSE 300 182 61
We note that a total of 7 800 KVA installed and the call in power
during the days audited, processors are responsible for overall
height of only 50.11% for a nominal 65%. 116
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We note that lighting accounts for 47.7% of the active power drawn with 1 followed by
849.5 KW stations production of ice water with 38.3% and 1 483.5 KW.
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In against part, we observe that CHILLERS generate reactive power kVAR 1 246.5
representing 45.1% of the total reagent indicating that electric motors are operated GEG
limited mode (rate infrequent use) involving assets of over a generation and a strong back
current (reactive) on the circuit.
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Lighting
Chillers
AFFECTATION S/S A SATEL S/SB SM TOTAL
Cosinus 0,92 0,83 0,44 0,78 0,77
Tension(Volt) 357,5 398,1 318,4 381,4 349,0
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AMPERAGE
AFFECTATION S/S A SATEL S/SB SM TOTAL %
AHU 156,6 184,4 211,5 552,5 7,1
LIGHTING 1564,1 189,3 1211,5 269 3233,9 41,4
CHILLERS 825,9 266,9 825,9 1287 3205,7 41,0
Batteries de compensation 57,3 299,9 59,8 417 5,3
BOILERS 33
33 0,4
OTHERS 65 16,1 288,9 370 4,7
TOTAL 2668.9 956,6 2597,6 1589 7812,1 100
Again, we see that the lighting and CHILLERS appeal to 82.4% of the
intensity.
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Compensation batteries
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Wintry season
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CRA2E SAVING SAVING INVESTMENT
ECM
Conservation DESCRIPTION
ProjectEtude, Contrle
(LCECP) et Pilotage PAYBACK
TOE/YEAR TND/YEAR EN DT
IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ENERGY
1 MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
232 55700 120 000 2Y2M
4 IMPROVMENT OF THE FRESH AIR FLOW 183,4 36 000 100 000 2Y9M
REDUCING INFILTRATION
5 AND AIR CURRENTS
302,6 96 235 270 000 2 Y 11 M
ASSISTANCE TECHNIQUE ET
7 ACCOMPAGNEMENT POUR LA MISE EN - - 40 000 -
PLACE DES ACTIONS RETENUES
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Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
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Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
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Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
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Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
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CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
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CRA2E
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Heat Wheels
Heat wheels are motor-driven devices packed with heat-absorbing
material such as a ceramic. As the device turns by means of a
motor, heat is transferred from one duct to another.
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Heat Pipes
A heat pipe is installed through adjacent walls of inlet and outlet ducts; it
consists of a short length of copper tubing sealed at both ends.
Inside is a porous cylindrical wick and a charge of refrigerant. Its
operation is based on a temperature difference between the ends of the
pipe, which causes the liquid in the wick to migrate to the warmer end to
evaporate and absorb heat. When the refrigerant vapor returns through
the hollow center of the wick to the cooler end, it gives up heat,
condenses, and the cycle is repeated.
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The audit report will include a description of energy inputs and product
outputs by major department or by major processing function, and will
evaluate the efficiency of each step of the manufacturing process.
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V. Energy Efficiency
Specific energy consumption
Boiler efficiency assessment
Cooling water system performance assessment
Heating system performance
Refrigeration system performance
Compressed air system performance
Electric motor load analysis
Lighting system
VI. Energy Conservation Options and Recommendations
List of options in items of No cost,Medium cost and High investment cost, annual
energy and cost saving, and payback
Implementation plan for Energy saving measures/Projects
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IV. ANNEXURE
List of energy audit worksheets
List of instrumentations
List of vendors and other technical details
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Typical energy
auditing measures
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Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
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Replace tungsten
Switch off lights in unoccupied Upgrade lighting
lamps with compact
areas and where natural system(eg to high-
fluorescents.
daylight is sufficient. frequency
Improve switching
Keep light fittings and diffusers fluorescent).
oflights to gain more
Lighting clean.
flexibility and control.
Fit reflectors to
On expiry replace 38 mm fluorescents.
Replace tungsten
fluorescent tubes with 26 mm. Microprocessor-
halogen with
Maintain existing lighting based lighting
discharge lamps.
controls, e.g. photocells. controls.
Fit simple controls.
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Replace electric
Fit simple controls to
space heating with
Avoid use of portable electric electrical heating
fossil fuel if
heaters. systems for space
Heating Check controls of any electrical heating or hot water
appropriate/possible.
Replace on-peak
heating. (eg timers on
convectors with off-
immersion heaters).
peak storage heaters.
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CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
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Repair
Avoid use of cookers for
broken/damaged Where possible select
space heating.
hinges or seals on gas in preference to
Use appliances appropriate
Catering cookers, electricity for new
to task.
equipment refrigerators, cold equipment.
Switch on only when
stores. Choose energy-
necessary.
Keep equipment clean efficient models.
Switch off after use.
and well maintained.
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CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Upgrade
Identify and mend
compressors and
leaks.
Appropriate usage. controls.
Compressed Simple controls to
Reduce delivery pressure. Heat recovery.
air reflect time use.
Isolate areas not in use. Appropriate air
Upgrade existing
quality treatment.
controls.
Rationalise system.
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CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
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- These projects are generally complex and may require long lead times
before they can be implemented.
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Building Envelope
1. Install double glazing
2. Infill glazing
3. Solar film for glazing
4. Weatherstrip/caulk windows
5. Install insulated doors
6. Weatherstrip doors
7. Insulate roof (rigid)
8. Insulate ceiling (batt/blow)
9. Insulate wall
10. Insulate floor
11. Lower ceiling
12. Vestibule entry
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HVAC
A. Boilers
1. Replace Boilers
2. Upgrade existing boiler
3. Replace Burners
4. Fuel switch
5. Reduce steam distribution Pressure
6. Tune up boiler
7. Insulate shell and piping
8. Replace/repair condensate system
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CRA2E
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B. Furnace/U.V./Roof Top
C. Heat Pumps
1. Repair
2. Replace
3. Install economizer cycle
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D. Cooling Systems
E. Controls
1. Install an EMCS
2. Install optimum start/stop
3. Install night setback
4. Install load shedding
5. Install system optimizing Capture
6. Install warm up cycle
7. Install deck temperature reset
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F. Vent/Dist/Term. Equipment
1. Convert to VAV
2. Reduce outside air %
3. Adjust ventilation rates
4. Install auto. Dampers
5. Reduce air stratification
6. Insulate pipes and/or ducts
7. Modify zoning
8. Reduce/eliminate Heat to h-ways
9. Reduce/eliminate Air to unoccuped Areas
10. Rebuild/replace steam traps
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Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
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Lighting
1. Incandescence To Fluorescent/High Intensity Discharge
2. Convert Mercury to Metal Halide /High Pressure Sodium
3. Install efficient Ballasts and lamps
4. Lower fixtures
5. Delamp and disconnect Ballasts
6. Install occupation Sensors
7. Install local switches
8. Exit light replacement
9. Install photocell exterior
10. Timer control exterior
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Electric Equipment
1. De-energize equipment not used
2. Reduce loads when not required
3. Improve power factor
4. Convert to efficient Motors
5. Install variable speed motors
6. Replace oversized motors
Meters Numbered
1. Gas
2. Electric
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Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
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Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
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The Lebanese Center for Energy Hamadi Sayah
CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
Windows provide views, daylights, ventilation, and solar heating in the winter.
Unfortunately, they can also account for 10% to 25% of your heating bill.
Selecting windows that are gas filled with low emissivity (low-e) coatings on
the glass can significantly reduce heat loss.
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CRA2E
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(LCECP)
CONCLUSION
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CRA2E
Conservation ProjectEtude, Contrle et Pilotage
(LCECP)
The main condition for the success of the energy audit is the
commitment of the top management.
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