Guidelines For Aedes Vector Surveillance and Control

Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka
GUIDELINES FOR AEDES VECTOR SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL IN SRI LANKA

Continued geographic expansion of Aedes
mosquito has seen the magnitude and
frequency of epidemic dengue increase
dramatically to become the most important
arthropod-transmitted viral disease of
humans in the world today.
This authoratative guideline is an essential

resource on Aedes vector surveillance and
control for the prevention and control of
dengue in Sri Lanka.
National Dengue Control Unit

Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine Sri Lanka
Public Health Complex
555/5, Elvitigala Mawatha
Narahenpita, Colombo 05.
Tele: 011-2368416, 011-2368417 Fax: 011-2369893

GUIDELINES FOR AEDES VECTOR
NOVEMBER 2016
E-mail : ndcu2010@yahoo.com Web: www.dengue.health.gov.lk

SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL
GUIDELINES FOR
AEDES VECTOR SURVEILLANCE
AND
CONTROL IN SRI LANKA

Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine
555/5, Elvitigala Mawatha, Narahenpita, Colombo 05.
November 2016
1
Copyright November 2016
ISBN NO 978-955-0505-85-2
This authoritative document is the essential resource on Aedes vector surveillance and
control in Sri Lanka published by the National Dengue Control Unit in November 2016.
This guideline was developed based on the best available scientific evidence at the time of
writing. The guideline will be reviewed periodically when new evidence becomes available.
Please forward your comments and suggestions to the following address by post or email.

Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine
555/5, Elvitigala Mawatha Narahenpita, Colombo 05. Sri Lanka
Tele: 011-2368416, 011-2368417 Fax: 011-2369893

2
FOREWORD
The transmission and magnitude of dengue epidemics have dramatically expanded in

recent years. Introduction of integrated vector management based on strong real-time
epidemiological and entomological surveillance, generate proper and regular information to
reduce and prepare for outbreak mitigation. Hence, vector control interventions
executed through vector surveillance is very important as a preventive measure of dengue fever.
Emerging threat of various mosquito borne illnesses such as Zika, Chikungunya and Yellow
Fever transmitted through Aedes aegypti mosquito requires wider attention.
The National Guidelines on Aedes Vector Surveillance and Control for Sri Lanka developed
by the National Dengue Control Unit, is expected to further improve existing knowledge and
practices on Aedes vector surveillance and control in Sri Lanka to execute activities more
efficiently and effectively. Its guiding principle is to harmonize prevention via entomological
surveillance within the existing health system ensuring this effort is coherent, sustainable and
cost-effective.
I hope that this document will serve as a guide for synchronized and integrated action with
partners within the health system and other stakeholders in strengthening and streamlining
control and preventive activities to reduce the impact of the mosquito-borne disease burden in
Sri Lanka.
Dr. Palitha Mahipala

Director General of Health Services
3
PREFACE
The mosquito borne disease, Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever is a major public health
problem in Sri-Lanka. At present, more efforts have to be directed to control mosquito vectors,
namely Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopitcus on a nationwide scale. The strategy adapted is an
integrated programme incorporating, source reduction through environmental management,
targeted vector control, health education and law enforcement. When applied in combination
the strategy is expected to significantly reduce the Aedes mosquito population in vulnerable
areas and prevent and control disease outbreaks early. The overall aim of this document is to
adopt an integrated approach to eliminate Dengue as a public health problem, with adequate
support and commitment from all stakeholders.
This new publication will be a useful reference document of the Aedes control programme
in Sri Lanka developed by the National Dengue Control Unit. It is a useful document for
programme managers in planning and rolling out a prevention and control programme on
Aedes mosquitoes. It can also serve as a guide for training and research actvities in Sri Lanka
and other countries.
Editorial Team
Hasitha Tissera
Preshila Samaraweera
PHD Kusumawathie
Sakunthala Janaki
4
GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE
Dr.Hasitha Tissera National Coordinator and Consultant Epidemiologist

Dr.Nimalka Pannila Hetti Consultant Community Physician, NDCU

Dr.Preshila Samaraweera Consultant Community Physician, NDCU

Dr.Nayana De Alwis Consultant Community Physician, NDCU
Dr.P.H.D. Kusumawathie Regional Malarial Officer, Kandy
Ms.M.D.Sakunthala Janaki Entomologist, NDCU
Professor Deepika Fernando Professor in Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo
Dr.M.P.P.U.Chulasiri Senior Registrar, NDCU
Dr.M.M.M.Muzrif Senior Registrar, NDCU
Dr.M.B.A.Ghouse Registrar, NDCU
Dr.K.A.S.D.Kumarapperuma Medical Officer (Health Informatics), NDCU
Dr. Iroshini Abeysekara Medical Officer, NDCU
Dr.B.D.W.Jayamanne Medical Officer (Health Informatics), NDCU
Dr.Sinha De Silva Medical Officer, NDCU
Dr.Thanuja Rathnayaka Medical Officer, NDCU
Ms.S.A.D.S.Perera Entomologist, NDCU
Mr. J.A.R.D Alwis Senior Public Health Inspestor, NDCU
Mr.I.D.Hemantha Health Entomological Officer, NDCU

EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE & COVER PAGE
Dr.B.D.W.Jayamanne Medical Officer (Health Informatics), NDCU
5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The editorial committee wishes to gratefully acknowledge the contribution of following

institutions and individuals for their contributions and review of this publication:

1. The Presidential Task Force
2. Dr Rajitha Senaratne, Hon. Minister of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous
Medicine
3. Mr. Anura Jayawickrama, Secretory/Health
4. Dr.Palitha Mahipala, Director General of Health Services
5. Dr. Sarath Amunugama, D.D.G(P.H.S) I
6. Dr. Paba Palihawadana, Chief Epidemiologist
7. Dr. A.R.M Thowfeek, Director -NDCU
8. Professor Thusitha Jayasooriya, The Open University of Sri Lanka
9. Professor Rajitha Wickramasinghe, University of Kelanivya
10. Dr. A.M.G.M.Yapa Bandara, Former RMO, Matale
11. Dr. Subhashini Aryaprema, Entomologist Colombo
12. Mr. S.R. Jayanetti, RMO, Anuradhapura
13. Ms. B.S.L. Pieris, RMO, Hambantota

Photography
1. Mr.S.N.Sampath, Entomologist Badulla
2. Mr. Sanka Ranawaka, Epidemiology Unit
6
THE NATIONAL DENGUE CONTROL UNIT
The National Dengue Control Unit(NDCU) is the focal point for the National
Dengue Control Programme in the Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka.
It was established in year 2005 through a policy decision taken by the Ministry of
Health following the major dengue outbreak in year 2004. It is responsible to
coordinate entomological surveillance, integrated vector control and inter-sectoral
collaboration, social mobilization and capacity building, along with regular
monitoring and evaluation of both national and subnational activities for
control and prevention of dengue.
7
CONTENTS
Foreword
Preface
Guideline Development Committee
Acknowledgement
Contents
CHAPTER 1 10-11
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2 12-23
BIOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION OF DENGUE VECTORS
2.1. Life cycle of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus
2.2. Characteristic features of Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes
2.3. Identification of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus
2.4. Vector competancy and Vectorial capacity of Aedes

CHAPTER 3 24-33
VECTOR BIONOMICS (BEHAVIOUR)
3.1. Common oviposition sites (breeding habitats) of dengue vectors
3.2. Indoor and outdoor breeding sites of dengue vectors
3.3. Important dengue vector breeding sites in Sri Lanka in 2013, 2014 and 2015
3.4. Vector behaviour
CHAPTER 4 34-49
DENGUE VECTOR SURVEILLANCE
4.1. Objectives of dengue vector surveillance
4.2. Types of dengue vector surveillance
4.3. Priority areas for dengue vector surveillance
4.4. Sampling procedures and sample size in dengue vector surveillance
4.5. Commonly used entomological techniques for dengue vector surveillance
4.6. Larval identification
4.7. Calculation of larval density indices
4.8. Pupal surveys
4.9. Adult surveys
4.10. Planning of vector surveillance activities
CHAPTER 5 50-81
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF DENGUE VECTORS
5.1. Integrated vector management (IVM)
5.2. Dengue vector control methods in Sri Lanka
5.3. Use of residual insecticides for dengue vector control
5.4. What is WHOPES
5.5. Insecticide resistance monitoring
5.6. Outbreak Management Plan
5.7. Law enforcement
8
CHAPTER 6 82-85
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO BE FOLLOWED TO MINIMIZE HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
6.1. Safety precautions to be taken when storing insecticides
6.2. Safety precautions to be taken before use of insecticides
6.3. Safety precautions to be taken during mixing and fogging
6.4. Safety precautions to be taken after fogging
6.5. Authorities responsible for vector control and insecticide management in districts

CHAPTER 7 86-93
NOVEL METHODS FOR DENGUE VECTOR CONTROL
7.1. Egg stage
7.2. Larval stage
7.3. Adult stage
Annexure: I- IX 94-121
I Daily Dengue Entomological Survey Form - Details of positive /potential premises and
containers
II Breeding places -check list
III Daily Dengue Entomological Survey Summary Report
IV Dengue Entomological Surveillance Report (Final Summary)
V Entomological survey format- Institutions/ construction sites
VI Ovitrap Surveillance Format
VII Technical specifications for larvivorous fish tanks (Wild Guppy)
VIII Guidelines for susceptibility test of insecticide on dengue vector adult mosquitoes and larvae
IX Quarterly stock return of insecticide
Bibliography 122-123
9
Thus Dengue has become the communicable disease of greatest
01
INTRODUCTION
public health importance in Sri Lanka. Although dengue was
first reported in the Western Province,
currently it is widely distributed throughout
the island especially in urban areas.
10
CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION
D engue is an arboviral disease complex which includes Dengue

fever (DF), more severe Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and
life threatening Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS). The disease is caused
by four virus serotypes, which are designated as DENV-1, DENV-2,
DENV-3 and DENV- 4.
Dengue is found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. DF/

DHF is endemic in the Americas, South-East Asia, the Western Pacific,
the Eastern Mediterranean and the tropical areas of Africa. Recent
estimates suggest there are 3.6 billion people at risk and 390 million
dengue infections occuring each year including 96 million symptomatic
disease and 15,000 deaths.
In Sri Lanka, the first dengue patient was reported in 1962. Since
year 2000, dengue has become endemic in the country with periodic
epidemics. Thus Dengue has become the communicable disease of
greatest public health importance in the country. Although, Dengue
first reported in the Western Province, currently it is widely distributed
throughout the island especially, in urban areas.
Transmission of the dengue virus depends on biotic and abiotic factors.

Biotic factors include the virus, the vector and the host. DF /DHF is
transmitted by female mosquitoes of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and
Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Ae. aegypti is the major vector of DF/DHF
that causes epidemics; Ae. albopictus is an important vector of Dengue
that may cause epidemics when its density is high. Abiotic factors
include temperature, humidity and rainfall.
To date, vector control is the mainstay of dengue prevention and

control. Application of appropriate vector control interventions
depend on vector ecology, biology, behaviour (bionomics), efficacy and
effectiveness of vector control methods which are generated through
robust vector surveillance. This document provides practical guidelines
on dengue vector surveillance and control in the Sri Lankan context.
11
02
BIOLOGY AND
This chapter discusses the life cycle and key external
morphological characters for identification of
IDENTIFICATION OF different stages of the life cycle of dengue vector
DENGUE VECTORS mosquitoes; Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.
12
CHAPTER 02
BIOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION OF DENGUE

VECTORS
V ector biology, identification and study of the bionomics and

ecology of dengue vectors are of paramount importance
in targeting vector control interventions for dengue prevention
and control. This chapter discusses the life cycle and key external
morphological characters for identification of different stages of the
life cycle of dengue vector mosquitoes; Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.
2.1. Life cycle of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus
The life cycle has 4 distinct stages, viz. egg, larva, pupa and adult (Fig
2.1). The first three stages are aquatic and the adult is terrestrial. The
time taken to complete the life cycle is usually 7-10 days depending on
the environmental factors.
Eggs
The female mosquito lays eggs (oviposit) singly on damp inner surface
of wet containers above the water level, preferably with clear water. The
eggs are smooth, long, ovoid shaped and about 1mm long. When first
laid, the eggs appear white but within minutes they turn shiny black.
Within about 2 days, the eggs hatch to larvae. The eggs can withstand
dry weather conditions and retain viability for up to six months or
longer.
Larva
The larva undergoes 4 stages of development namely, 1st , 2nd, 3rd and
4th instar larvae (Fig 2.2). Developing larvae feed on organic matter
contained in the water except late 4th instar larva which is a non feeding
stage. All the larval instar stages are mobile with a characteristic s
shape movement of the body. At the end of larval period of 4 - 5 days,
the 4th instar larva develops into a pupa. The mosquito larval body
consists of three major parts, viz., head, thorax and abdomen (Fig.2.3).
Pupa
The pupa is comma shaped and mobile. This stage is the final aquatic
stage of the mosquitos life cycle and it develops into adult mosquito
within 1-2 days. Pupa is a non feeding stage. Pupal body consists of
two major parts, namely, cephalothorax and abdomen (Fig 2.4). The
density of pupae is a crude proxy to the adult mosquito density.
13
Pupal body consists of two major parts, namely, cephalothorax and abdomen (Fig 2.4). The
Adult
CHAPTER 02
density of pupae is a crude proxy to the adult mosquito density.
Adult mosquitoes are small to medium-sized (approximately 4 -7 mm), dark with white
Adult
markings/ bandsmosquitoes
Adult Aedes on the body
are (Fig. 2.5).
small to The adult (approximately
medium-sized life span (longevity) can
4 -7 mm), range
dark fromwith
in colour 02 white
- 04
markings/bands on the body (Fig. 2.5). The adult life span (longivity) can range from 02 - 04 weeks
weeks depending on environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity.
depending on environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity.
Fig. 2.1. Life cycle of the dengue vector (7 10 days)
Fig. 2.1. Life cycle of the dengue vector (7 10 days)
Fig 2.2. Life cycle of Aedes showing different stages of larval instars
Fig. 2.2. Life cycle of Aedes showing different stages of larval instars
14 10
CHAPTER 02
Aedes
Fig. 2.3. Major body parts of theFig. larvaebody parts of the Aedes larvae
2.3. Major
Fig. 2.3. Major body parts
Source: the Aedes
ofFlorida larvae
Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida
Source:
Florida Medical entomology laboratory, University of Florida
Source:
Florida Medical entomology laboratory, University of Florida
Fig. 2.4. Major body parts of the Aedes Pupa

Fig. 2.4. Major body parts of the Aedes Pupa
Source: Florida Medical entomology laboratory, University of Florida
Source:
Fig. 2.4. Major body parts ofFlorida Medical
the Aedes Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida
Pupa
Source: Florida Medical entomology laboratory, University of Florida 11
15
11
CHAPTER 02
Fig. 2.5. Major body parts of the adult Aedes mosquito

Source: Mr.Sampath Weerakoon, Entomologist/Badulla
2.2. Characteristic features of Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes
The major differences between Aedes (that includes vectors of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika),
Anopheles (that includes vector of Malaria) and Culex (that includes vectors of Filariasis and Japanese
encephalitis) are shown in Table 2.1.
Aedes mosquitoes can be differentiated from Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes by the external
morphological features, ornamentation and resting positions of this genus at different stages of the life
cycle. Adult male mosquitoes of all three genera can be differentiated from females as the males have a
pair of plumose (bushy) antennae and female mosquitoes bear pilose (less hairy) antennae (Table2.1)
16
CHAPTER 02
Table 2.1. Differentiation of Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes at different stages of life cycle
Stage of Mosquito
Mosquito genera
genera
the life
cycle Aedes Anopheles Culex
Eggs Black in colour, Laid Laid singly on the surface of Laid in the form of egg
singly on damp surface of water raft that floats on the
wet containers above the surface of water
water level Have lateral floats Never possess lateral
floats
Lateral
floats
Larvae Body has comparatively Body has many hairs Body has many hairs
less hairs Siphon absent Siphon present and the
Siphon present. The siphon Has palmate hairs siphon is comparatively
is comparatively short, Have tergal plates on the long and slender with
barrel shaped and more abdominal segments more than one pair of
chitinous with a single pair Rest parallel to water siphonal tufts.
of siphonal tufts surface. No palmate hairs or
No palmate hairs tergal plates
No tergal plates on the Rest with an angle to the
abdominal segments water surface.
Rest with an angle to the
water surface.
Tergal plates
17
CHAPTER 02
Stage of Mosquito genera
Stage of
the life
Mosquito genera Mosquito
Mosquito genera
genera
Aedes Anopheles
Mosquito Culex
Mosquitogenera
Stage
the lifeof of
cycle
Stage genera
Aedes the life
cycle
the life
Aedes
Anopheles Anopheles
Culex Culex
Pupae
cycle Breathing Aedes
trumpet
Aedes is long Breathing trumpet is short
Anopheles
Anopheles BreathingCulex
Culextrumpet is
cycle
long
eathing trumpet isPupae Breathing
Breathing trumpet
and slendertrumpet
with aisisnarrow
long
short Breathing
with a trumpet
Breathing trumpetisopening
wide short
is Breathing trumpet
long and slender with isa
Pupae
Pupae and Breathing
Breathing
slender trumpet
trumpet is is
with a openinglong
long
narrow with Breathing
Breathing trumpet
trumpet
a slender
wide with is
is short
short
opening Breathing
long
Breathing trumpet
with isis
trumpet
andopening.
slender a
d slender with a narrow with opening. a wide long and
apically. a narrow
andand
slender
slenderwith
witha anarrow
narrow with with aa wide wide opening
opening long and
and slender with aa
slender with
ening. opening.
No spines on abdominal apically.
apically. narrow
Short opening.
peg like abdominal narrow opening.
No spines on abdominal
opening.
opening. apically.
apically. narrow opening.
opening.
o spines on abdominal No
Short spines
segments on abdominal
peg2-7like abdominal ShortNo peg
spines
spines onlike abdominal
abdominal
on segments 2 or 3-7 No spines2-7
No
Nospines
segments spines on onabdominal
abdominal Short
Short peg
peg like
like abdominal
abdominal No spines
spines2-7
on abdominal
gments 2-7 spines on 2-7
segments 2 or 3-7 spines
segmentson 2-7
segments 2 or 3-7
segments
segments 2-72-7 spineson
spines onsegments
segments22or or 3-7
3-7 segments 2-7
segments 2-7
Source: medent.usyd.edu.au
Source:www.diptera.info
Source: medent.usyd.edu.au Source:www.diptera.info
Source:elp.tamu.edu Source:www.diptera.info
Source:elp.tamu.edu
Source:elp.tamu.edu
Source:elp.tamu.edu
Source:elp.tamu.edu
Adults Rests more or less parallel Rests at an angle of between Rests more or less
Adults
ests more or less parallel Rests
to more or less parallel Rests at more
an angle orofofbetween Rests more or less
Adults Rests
(both the atsurface.
Rests anmore
angle orofless
between
parallel Rests
50 and
Rests at90
an to the
angle less
surface.
between parallel
Rests to the surface.
more or less
Adults Rests
toBlack
the more
surface. or less parallel Rests at an angle of between Rests tomore
parallel or less
the surface. (both
(both 50
sexes) toand 90
theand to
white
surface. scales on In50
the surface. andspecies
parallel
most
50 and
90thetosurface.
to the surface.
90 todark
the and pale
surface. Scales
parallelon
the surface.
wing
to the veins are
surface.
(both to the
Black surface.
andand
white 50 and 90 to the surface. parallelontowing
the surface.
sexes)
lack and white scales on In
sexes)
the
most species
body
Black and legsscales
dark
white and onon
pale
arranged
scales
In mostonspecies
Scales
scales
In most on wing
wing
species
dark
veins
veins
dark
and
and
pale
are
arranged
pale
Scales
not arranged
Scales
veins
on winginveins
are
blocks,
are
sexes) the Blackbody andandwhite
legs scales on scales
arranged In most onspecies
wing dark arranged
veins and pale Scales
not on winginveins are
e body and legs arranged scales onbody
in different
the wingpatterns
veinslegs
and arranged
arranged innot arranged
distinct
scales wing in
on blocks veins blocks,
arranged not arranged
scales frequently
arranged blocks,
in blocks,all
the body and legs arranged scales
inscales on
distinct wing veins arranged not arranged in blocks,
different patterns inindistinct
different patterns
blocks
in different patterns in distinctblocks
blocks
frequently all scales
scales orfrequently
brown frequently
blackish all
all
in different patterns in distinct blocks scales or blackish
brown frequently all
brown or blackish brown or blackish
brown or blackish
16
18 16
16 16
16
CHAPTER 02
Stage of Mosquito
Mosquito genera
genera
the life
cycle Aedes Anopheles Culex
Adult Palpi much shorter than Palpi are as long as Palpi much shorter than
females proboscis proboscis proboscis
Adult Palpi are longer than Palpi are as long as Palpi are longer than
males proboscis with tapered tips proboscis and the tips of proboscis with tapered
palpi are club-shaped tips
(swollen)
18
(Source:WRBU)
19
CHAPTER 02
2.3. Identification of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus
In Sri Lanka, 48 Aedes (Meigen) species belonging to 11 subgenera have been reported where as over
900 Aedes species are identified worldwide. Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus belong to the subgenus
Stegomyia (Theobald) of the genus Aedes. In Sri Lanka, in addition to these two species, 4 other Aedes
species belong to this subgenus as shown in Fig. 2.6.
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Diptera
Family : Culicidae
Genus : Aedes
Subgenus : Stegomyia
Species: Ae. aegypti (Linneus)

Ae. albopictus (Skuse)
Ae. novalbopictus (Barraud),
Ae. krombeini (Huang),
Ae. w-albus (Theobald) and
Ae. mediopunctatus (Theobald).
Fig.2.6. Taxonomical state of Aedes mosquitoes
Different stegomyia species can be identified by external morphological characters, both at the larval
and adult stages, using available identification keys. However, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae can
be identified by the shape of comb scales on the 8th abdominal segment of the body. The adult stages
of these two species can be differentiated by the colour patterns (ornamentation) of white scales on the
body (Table 2.2).
20
Ae. mediopunctatus (Theobald).
Different stegomyia species can be identified by external morphological characters, both at the
larval and adult stages, using available identification keys. However, Ae. aegypti and Ae.
albopictus larvae can be identified by the shape of comb scales on CHAPTER
the 8th abdominal segment 02
of the body. The adult stages of these two species can be differentiated by the colour patterns
(ornamentation) of white scales on the body (Table 2.2).
Table 2.2. Important characters for differentiation of larvae and adult stages of Ae. aegypti and
Table 2.2. Important characters for differentiation of larvae and adult stages of Ae. aegypti and
Ae. albopictus
Ae. albopictus
Stage
Stage Ae.
Ae. aegypti
aegypti Ae.
Ae. albopictus
albopictus
of
of life
life Stage Ae. aegypti Ae. albopictus
cycle
cycle of life
cycle
Larva
Larva Abdominal segment
Abdominal of Ae.
segment of Ae. aegypti Abdominal segment
aegypti Abdominal of Ae.
segment of Ae. albopictus
albopictus
larva
larva larva
larva
Larva Comb scales have lateral denticles Comb scales have no lateral denticles
Comb
Comb scales
scales have
have lateral
lateral denticles
denticles Comb
Comb scales
scales have
have no
no lateral
lateral denticles
denticles
Comb
Combscales
scalesscales
Comb
Lateral denticles
Lateral
Lateraldenticles
denticles
Comb
Combscales
scales
Stage
Stage Comb
Combscales
scales Ae.Ae.
Comb scales aegypti
aegypti Comb scales Ae.Ae. albopictus
albopictus
of of
lifelife
cycle
cycle
Source
Source:: Mr.Sampath
Mr.Sampath Weerakoon,
Weerakoon, Entomologist/Badulla
Entomologist/Badulla Source:Source
Source : Mr.Sampath Weerakoon, Entomologist/Badulla Source : Mr.Sampath
: Mr.Sampath
Mr.Sampath Weerakoon,
Weerakoon,
Weerakoon, Entomologist/Badulla
Entomologist/Badulla
Stage
Larva Abdominal
Larva Abdominal Ae. aegypti
segment
segment
Abdominal
Abdominal segment of Ae.
of
of
segment Ae. aegypti
Ae.Ae.
of aegyptiAbdominal
aegypti
aegypti Abdominal Ae.
segment
segment
Abdominal
Abdominal albopictus
ofofAe.
of
segment
segment Ae. albopictus
albopictus
Ae.Ae.
of albopictus
albopictus
larva
larva
larva
larva larva
larva
larva
larva
of life
Comb
Comb scales
scales have
have lateral
lateral denticles
denticles Comb
Comb scales
scales have
have nono lateral
lateral denticles
denticles
cycle
CombComb
scalesscales
Lateral
Lateral denticles
denticles
Lateral
Lateral No
Nolateral
lateral
No lateral
denticles
denticles CombComb
scalesscales denticles
denticles
denticles
CombComb
scalesscales
Stage Ae. aegypti Ae. albopictus

of life
Adult Mesonotum has
Mesonotum has aa pair
pair of
of lateral Mesonotum
lateral Mesonotum has
has aa median
median longitudinal
longitudinal
Source : Mr.Sampath Weerakoon, Entomologist/Badulla
cycle Source
curved
: Mr.Sampath Weerakoon,
curved (lyre-shaped)
(lyre-shaped) white
white markings
markings
Source
Source
white
: Mr.Sampath
: Mr.Sampath
white stripe
stripe of
of narrow
Weerakoon,
Weerakoon,
narrow scales
scales
Abdominal
Abdominal
and
and asegment
usuallysegment
usually pair of
a pair of Ae.aegypti
ofofAe. aegyptiAbdominal
submedian
submedian Abdominal
extending
extending segment
from
from of of
anterior
anterior
segment Ae.
margin
margin
Ae. albopictus
to
to about
about
albopictus
larva
larva larva
larva 19
yellowish
yellowish lines.
lines. level
level of
of wing
wing root
root
Adult No lateral
No lateral
Lateral
Lateral
denticles
denticles denticles
denticles
After page 17 Mesonotum

Mesonotumhashasa apair
Mesonotum pairof oflateral
lateral Mesonotum hashas a median
a median longitudinal
longitudinal
curved
curved (lyre-shaped)
(lyre-shaped) white
white 21
markings
markings white
white stripe
stripe of of narrow
narrow scales
scales
andusually
and usuallya apair
pairof ofsubmedian extending
submedian extending from
from anterior
anterior margin
margin to to about
about
2.4.Vector competency and Vectorial capacity of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus
yellowish
yellowish lines.
lines. level
level of of wing
wing root
root
Ae. aegypti is the more efficient, and epidemic causing vector of DF/DHF. This is explained by
CHAPTER 02
2.4. Vector competency and Vectorial capacity of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus
Ae. aegypti is the more efficient, and epidemic causing vector of DF/DHF. This is explained by
the vector competency and vectorial capacity of the vectors.
2.4.1. Vector competency
Vector competency is the vectors capability to transmit a pathogen. It denotes high

susceptibility of the vector to the virus, ability to replicate the virus within the vector and
ability to transmit the virus to another host (human). Both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are
susceptible to the dengue viruses, viruses are replicated within both species and both species
can transmit the viruses to man. Thus, both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus have high vector
competency for dengue viruses.
2.4.2. Vectorial capacity
Vectorial capacity is a measurement of the efficiency of a vector for disease transmission.

It is governed by environmental and biological characteristics of the vector species. There are a
number of factors that contribute to the vectorial capacity of a mosquito towards an arbovirus
including mosquito survival, density, proportion of infected mosquitoes that are feeding on
human, longevity, vector susceptibility to the virus, and density of susceptible hosts.
Ae. aegypti is a highly domesticated, strong anthropophilic mosquito which may bite repeatedly
to complete the blood meal (discordant species). This attributes to the high vectorial capacity
of Ae. aegypti resulting in cross infections and clustering of dengue cases which makes this
species a more epidemiologically important vector of DF/DHF.
Ae. albopictus feeds on both humans and animals, it usually takes one blood meal to complete
the gonotrophic cycle(concordant species). Hence, Ae. albopictus has poor vectorial capacity
and epidemiologically less important in DF/DHF.
22
CHAPTER 02
''Aedes albopictus'' adult
23
03 Knowledge on the bionomics (behaviour) of Ae. aegypti
and Ae. albopictus is important for dengue vector control.
VECTOR BIONOMICS This chapter describes oviposition (breeding) sites, resting
(BEHAVIOUR) and feeding habits, flight range of
Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus
24
CHAPTER 03
VECTOR BIONOMICS (BEHAVIOUR)
K nowledge on the bionomics (behaviour) of Ae. aegypti and Ae.

albopictus is important for dengue vector control. This chapter
describes oviposition (breeding) sites, resting and feeding habits, flight
range of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.
3.1. Common oviposition sites (breeding habitats) of dengue vectors
The dengue vectors, are container breeders; they breed in a wide

variety of artificial and natural wet containers/receptacles, preferably
with dark coloured surfaces and holding clear (unpolluted) water.
Dengue vector breeding sites are found within and outside houses/
premises, at ground level as well as above ground level in places such
as roof gutters, overhead tanks and receptacles on slabs, and in small
and large containers(e.g.old tyres place on roofs) These containers/
are found at any type of premises including houses, offices, hospitals,
garages, commercial sites, yards containing automobile parts, schools,
religious places, cemeteries, bare lands, construction sites and plant
nurseries. Furthermore, water holding discarded containers along
river and stream banks, railway lines are also possible breeding sites of
Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. However, in some instances, the
breeding sites are area specific(e.g.shallow cemented wells in Batticaloa
and Jaffna).
Ae. aegypti prefers to oviposit in artificial containers. This species is a

skip ovipositor, thus, a single female mosquito lays eggs in a number
of containers in a single oviposition cycle. Although Ae. albopictus is
considered as a sylvatic species and breeds in natural containers such
as leaf axils and tree holes, it also breeds in artificial containers in urban
and peri-urban areas. Ae. aegypti shares its habitat with other Aedes
species including Ae. albopictus, non Aedes species and occasionally
with some Anopheles species.
25
CHAPTER 03
The most common breeding sites of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Sri Lanka can be classified broadly
into:
a. Discarded receptacles (plastic containers, tins, clay pots, yoghurt and ice cream cups, bottles,
cans, damaged ceramic items, coconut shells etc.)
b. Water storage containers (water storage cement tanks, barrels and other containers)
c. Automobile tyres and machinery parts
d. Building structures (roof gutters, concrete slabs etc.)
e. Household /institutional appliances (refrigerator trays, flower vases, ornamental ponds, non
functional cisterns and squatting pans of wash rooms)
f. Other artificial breeding sites (abandoned boats, cemeteries etc)
g. Natural breeding sites (leaf axils, tree holes)
3.2. Indoor and outdoor breeding sites of dengue vectors
Dengue vectors breeding sites are found both indoors and outdoors. Common indoor and outdoor
breeding sites of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are:
3.2.1.Common indoor breeding sites
Refrigerator trays
Flower vases
Ornamental ponds
Water storage tanks/ containers in the toilets, bathrooms, kitchens etc
Non functional cisterns and squatting pans of toilets
Ant traps
Abandoned fish tanks
Lift wells in partly constructed buildings
3.2.2.Commom outdoor breeding sites
Discarded containers (Ground level and on concrete slabs)

Water storage tanks and barrels
Shallow cemented wells and manhole service pits
Ornamental ponds
Tyres
Flower pots
Bamboo stumps
Coconut shells
Roof gutters
Poles in fences
Leaf axils and tree holes
Cemented floors
Unused items and damaged equipment
Iron poles used to earth electricity
Building materials in construction sites
Temporarily removed items
Covering items (plastic / polythene sheed).
Pet feeder
26
Fig. 3.1. Common
Building
Building breeding
materials
materialsin in sites of Ae. aegypti
construction
construction and Ae. albopictus in Sri Lanka
sitessites
Discarded
Temporary
Temporary removed
removedreceptacles
items
items
Covering
Coveringitems
items
3.1.
3.1.Common
Commonbreeding sites
breeding of Ae.
sites aegypti
of Ae. aegypti Ae. albopictus
and and Ae. albopictus CHAPTER
in Sri Lanka
in Sri Lanka 03
Discarded
Discarded receptacles
receptacles
(a) Discarded receptacles
Covering items
3.1. Common breeding sites of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Sri Lanka
Unprotected/uncovered ground level and overhead water storage containers
Discarded receptacles
Damaged
Ground level water storage cement tank W
Ground level water ceramic itemscement tank
storage Plastic containers and tins
Overhead cement tank
(outside of premise)
(b) Water storage containers (Inside of premise)
Ground level water storage cement tank Overhead cement tank

Ground level water storage cement tank Overhead cement tank
Ground
Ground level
level water
water storage
storage cement
cement tanktank Water
Water storage
storage barrel
barrel
(Inside
(Inside of premise)
of premise)
Unprotected/uncovered ground
Ground level
level and storage
water overheadcement
water storage
tank containers
Ground level water storage cement tank
Ground level water storage(outside
cementoftank
premise) Overhead cement tank (Inside of premise)
Indoor water storage tank and barrel Wat
21
Ground level water storage cement tank Water storage barrel

Indoor water storage tank and barrel Water storing plastic barrel
Indoor water
(Inside storage tank and barrel
of premise) Water
Overhead cement storing plastic barrel
tank
21
21
Ground level water storage cement tank Water storage barrel Water storing plastic containers Rain
(Inside of premise)
Indoor water storage tank and barrel Water storing plastic barrel
24
27
Water storing plastic containers Rainwater harvesting drums
Indoor waterplastic
Water storing storage tank and barrel
containers RainwaterWater storing
harvesting plastic barrel
drums
Rain water harvesting cement tanks
CHAPTER
Water
er storing plastic
03
storing plastic containersRainwater harvesting
containers Rainwater
drumsharvesting drums
ment tanks

Automobile tyres and machinery parts
Automobile tyres and machinery parts 22

Unprotected used automobile tyres
achinery parts Rainwater harvesting cement tanks
tected used automobile tyres

(C) Automobile tyres and machinery parts 22
Unprotected used automobi
Machinery
Discarded parts tyres
used automobile
Machinery parts Machinery parts Machinery par
Machinery parts
Unused machinery parts23

in the open
23 2
28
Building structures (roof gutters, concrete slabs etc),
CHAPTER 03

Blocked Blocked
roof gutters
roof gutters
(d) Building structures Blocked roof gutters
Roof cover with polythene

Roof cover with polythene Blocked roof gutters Concrete roof/slab
Concrete roof/ slab
Roof cover with polythene Concrete roof/ sla
Roof cover with polythene Concrete roof/ slab
Polythene roof covers Concrete roof/ slab

Roof cover with polythene Cement lined drain Concrete roof/ slab
Cement lined Cement

drain lined drain
Cement lined drain Fences with open poles

Blocked cement lined drain
Fences with open poles
Cement lined drain
Fences with open poles / bamboo sticks
Ornamental items and structures

s and structures 29
Neglected
Neglected flower pots flower pots Saucer of a flowerSaucer
pot of
CHAPTER 03
structures
rnamental
ental items
and and
Ornamental
items items and Ornamental
structures
structures structures items and structures
(e) Household /institutional appliances
lected flower pots flower pots Neglected flower pots
Neglected Saucer of
Saucer
Saucer of a
of aflower
a flower flower
potpot pot
NeglectedNeglected flower pots
flower pots Saucer
Saucer of aof a flower
flower potpot
ntal pondsOrnamentalNeglected
ponds of
of a house flower pots ponds of a house
a house
Ornamental Saucer
Damaged
Damaged ofstructures
Damageda flower pot
structures
structures
Ornamental
Ornamental ponds ofponds
a houseof a house Damaged
Damaged structures
structures
Household appliance and utensils
ehold appliance and utensils

Refrigerator trays Temporary removed items eg: Boots
Refrigerator trays Temporary removed items eg: Boots
Household
Household appliance
appliance and and
utensils utensils
Refrigerator
Refrigerator trays
Ornamental trays
ponds of a house Temporary
Temporary removed removed items
items eg:
Damaged structures eg:
Boots Boots
25
25
25
2525
Animal feeding trays Bird baths

Animal feeding trays Refrigerator trays Bird
Temporarily baths
removed items eg. Boots

30
artificial breeding sites

Cemetries
Other artificial breeding sites

Other artificial breeding sites
CHAPTER 03
Abandoned boats Unused sea saw in a play ground
(f) Other artificial breeding sites
Natural breeding sites

Cut Bamboo stumps
Cemetries
26 26
Cemetries
Cut Bamboo stumps Tree holes
(g) Natural breeding sites
Natural breeding sites
Cut Bamboo stumps
Leaf
Cut Bamboo stumps axilsLeaf axils of plants
of plants Tree holes
Tree holes
Leaf axils of plants (e.g.Bromeliads)

Fig. 3.1. Common breeding sites of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Sri Lanka
Any other containers which can hold water more than 5-7 days can serve as breeding sites for
dengue vectors.
ny other containers which can hold water more31than 5-7 days can serve as breeding
es Any other
for dengue containers which can hold water more than 5-7 days can serve as breeding
vectors. 27
sites for dengue vectors.
CHAPTER 03
Any other containers which can hold water more than 5-7 days can serve as breeding sites for
3.3. Important dengue vector breeding sites in Sri Lanka in 2013, 2014 and 2015
dengue vectors.
Major Breeding sites of dengue vectors detected in the years 2013, 2014 and 2015 are shown in table 3.1.
3.3.Important dengue vector breeding sites in Sri Lanka in 2013 ,2014 and 2015
Major Breeding sites of dengue vectors in the years 2013 and 2014 are shown in Fig. 3.2.
Table.
Fig. 3.1.
3.2. Dengue
Dengue vector
vector breeding
breeding sites
sites in
in 2013, 2014 and
2013,2014 and 2015.
2015
Type of breeding sites % positivity % positivity % positivity Average
for Aedes in for Aedes in for Aedes in % for 3
2013 2014 2015 years
Discarded receptacles 48 40 36 41
Water storage containers 15 18 22 18
Cement tanks 07 06 06 06
Natural 05 07 04 05
A/C or Refrigerator trays 03 03 02 03
Ponds and ornamentals 02 03 04 03
Wells 01 01 01 01
Concrete slabs 01 01 01 01
Tyres 07 06 08 07
Gutters 02 01 01 01
Other * 19 14 15 16
* Other : Temporarily removed items, Non use cisterns/commode/squatting pans, wet cement floors,
pet feeding cups, earth pipes 31
Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus breed in a wide variety of containers. However, the productivity (the
number of larvae/ pupae/ adults produced) of vectors in different containers can vary.
e.g. 1. In the rainy season, roof gutters and discarded containers become significantly positive for Aedes
larvae, thus contributing to seasonal outbreaks; in the dry season, water storage containers are important
breeding sites of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.
e.g. 2. In an area with irregular water supply, water storage tanks are the major breeding sites of dengue
vectors while discarded containers are the most productive breeding site in an area where solid waste
management is poor. This shows that the most productive containers are area specific and seasonal
specific.
32
CHAPTER 03
3.4. Vector behaviour
In this section, resting and feeding behaviour and the flight range of dengue vector are discussed.
3.4.1. Resting
Ae. aegypti primarily rests inside houses or buildings in dark and humid surroundings on secluded
hanging objects including curtains, clothes, shoes, bed nets, underside of furniture and empty containers.
Less often this species is found outdoors in vegetation or other hidden places. Ae. albopictus generally
rests outdoors in vegetation, empty containers such as pots and tyres and in other hidden places.
3.4.2. Feeding
Female Ae. aegypti is highly anthropophilic and it tends to feed on more than one person for a full blood
meal (multiple feeder). This species shows gonotrophic discordance (takes more than one blood meal
to complete the gonotrophic cycle). This multiple feeding habit and gonotrophic discordant behaviour
increases the human-biting rate and thereby greatly increases the epidemic transmission efficiency. Ae.
albopictus is an aggressive feeder and takes a full blood meal in one go. It is a concordant (takes one
blood meal to complete the gonotrophic cycle) species and therefore, considered a less efficient vector.
Dengue vectors are primarily day time biters with two peaks of biting activity. i.e. one in the morning
for few hours after day break (dawn) and the other in the afternoon for few hours before dark (dusk).
The morning peak of biting activity falls between 0600 -1100 hours and the afternoon peak falls between
1500 1900 hours. However, the actual peaks of biting activity may vary slightly, within these ranges,
depending on the location and season of the year. These vector species may bite humans in between
these peaks, especially in shady places and when the light and dark conditions are conducive for their
activity. These species generally do not bite at night, although some may feed at night in well lit rooms.
3.4.3. Egg laying pattern
Female Ae. aegypti mosquito produces on average 100 to 200 eggs per batch. The females can produce
up to five batches of eggs during its lifetime. Eggs are laid singly. The female mosquito will not lay the
entire clutch at once at a single site, but rather spread out the eggs over many sites over several hours
depending on the availability of suitable surfaces. Eggs will most often be placed at varying distances
above the water line.
3.4.4. Flight range and dispersal of adult
Dispersal of adult female depends on the availability of oviposition sites and human hosts to feed on.
Generally, the dispersal is short, the horizontal dispersal usually being about 100 - 200m from the
breeding site. However, when oviposition sites and/ or human hosts are not available, dispersal may be
wider, as much as 400m. Vertically, these species are found up to many floors in multi storied buildings
including condominiums.
33
CHAPTER 04
04
DENGUE VECTOR
Vector Surveillance is the analysis and interpretation
of systematically collected entomological data for
SURVEILLANCE facilitating appropriate decisions on vector control
34
CHAPTER 04
DENGUE VECTOR SURVEILLANCE
V ector Surveillance is the analysis and interpretation of

systematically collected entomological data for facilitating
appropriate decisions on vector control. Vector surveillance is an
important and essential component of the dengue control programme,
as the information generated from vector surveillance guides the
vector control programme and helps for early warning and epidemic
forecasting.
4.1. Objectives of dengue vector surveillance
To determine the breeding sites of dengue vector mosquitoes

To describe the temporal and spatial distribution of vector
mosquitoes
To describe seasonal fluctuations of vector population
To determine feeding and resting habits of vector mosquitoes
(vector bionomics/ behaviour)
To forecast outbreaks and early warning
To determine the effectiveness of vector control interventions
used for dengue vector control
4.2 Types of dengue vector surveillance
Dengue vector surveillance is carried out at regularly at sentinel sites

and or routine sites. Surveillance at spots (spot checks) is carried out
in special localities and circumstances based on environmental and
epidemiological information
4.2.1. Sentinel site surveillance
Sentinel site dengue vector surveillance is a surveillance system in

which regular entomological surveys are carried out in pre-arranged
and designated areas to collect entomological data that are useful
to make trend observations on vector density, dynamics of vector
breeding sites, changes in vector behaviour and monitoring vector
susceptibility/ resistance status to insecticides that are used in dengue
vector control. Sentinel site vector surveillance facilitates early warning
and forecasting of dengue outbreaks.
35
CHAPTER 04
Criteria for selection of sentinel sites
a. Sentinel sites are identified at district level and monitored monthly. It is recommended that a
minimum of 02 (one urban, one semi urban or rural) sentinel sites per district to be established and
monitored.
b. Sentinel site should be (i) an area where dengue transmission/ high-risk of transmission is present
over a period of time or (ii) an epidemic prone area (areas experiencing/potential for periodic or
seasonal outbreaks (it may be a cluster of Municipal wards/ Grama Niladari areas or a Public Health
Inspector area).
c. In a sentinel site adjacent Municipal wards/ Grama Niladari areas having more or less homogeneous
prevalence of Ae. aegypti and reported dengue cases for the past 3-5 years should be selected for
entomological surveillance
Entomological techniques to be carried out in sentinel site surveillance

Larval surveys
Pupal surveys
Indoor and outdoor adult mosquito resting collections
Human bait collections (using the double net method)
Insecticide susceptibility/ resistance tests
Bio-efficacy tests for larvae and adult Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.
4.2.2. Routine site surveillance
Routine vector surveillance is a surveillance method in which regular entomological surveys are carried
out in high dengue transmission/ transmission risk areas (localities) to collect entomological data that
are useful to guide dengue vector control activities and for epidemic prevention.
Larval (larvae and pupae) surveys are the commonly used entomological surveillance method in routine
vector surveillance. Monitoring of larval density helps to identify (i) potential dengue transmission areas
and seasons well ahead of the outbreak period and (ii) area and time specific vector breeding sites that
facilitate application of most appropriate and cost-effective vector control interventions.
Criteria for selection of routine surveillance sites

a. Routine surveillance sites are identified at the district or sub district(Medical Officer of HealthMOH)
level and monitored regularly (ideal if monitored fortnightly; otherwise at least monthly).
b. Routine surveillance site is (i) an area where dengue transmission/ high risk of transmission is
present over a period of 3 years or (ii) an epidemic prone area. Epidemic prone areas include:
the areas that are subjected to frequent or seasonal outbreaks/ epidemics
areas with increased vector breeding sites due to development activities, urbanization,
interruptions of regular water supply etc.
Entomological techniques to be performed in routine surveillance site

Larval surveys fortnightly/monthly
Insecticide susceptibility/ resistance tests once in 6 months and
Bio-efficacy tests for larvae and adult Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. once in 6 months
36
CHAPTER 04
4.2.3. Spot checks
Spot check is a surveillance method that is carried out to generate entomological information for a
particular locality for guiding the vector control activities in that locality/site. Spot checks are carried
out:
in an areas where there are outbreaks of dengue in spite of regular vector control interventions
in contact places of reported dengue cases
in high-risk institutions such as schools, bus depots, public places, hospitals, religious places,
areas where development projects are carried out and construction sites etc.
in new areas where dengue cases are reported.
in an area where there is an increase in the reporting of fever /suspected dengue cases
When environment changes occur favouring vector breeding (eg. flooding, development
projects etc)
When there is a need to evaluate the impact of control measures (e.g. cleaning programmes,
fogging etc.)
to identify the new establishment of Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus in areas where there were
no reports of the vector previously
Entomological techniques to be performed during spot checks

Larval surveys
Indoor and outdoor adult mosquito resting collection
Bio-efficacy tests for larvae and adult Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus
In order to carry out dengue vector surveillance more efficiently, it is important to define priority areas
for surveillance.
4.3. Priority areas for dengue vector surveillance
Dengue is a focal and local disease; intensity, season and localities of dengue transmission/ epidemics
depends on the temporal and spatial prevalence and density of the vectors, primarily, Ae. aegypti.
Therefore, knowledge on the temporal and spatial distribution of dengue vectors is important for
prevention and control of DF/DHF transmission. However, to work with the limited manpower and the
logistics of the dengue control programme, priority areas need to be identified for vector surveillance.
The following criteria are used for setting priorities (priority 1, 2, and 3) for vector surveillance
(Table 4.1).
Table 4.1.Criteria
Table forfor
4.1.Criteria setting priorities
setting forfor
priorities dengue vector
dengue surveillance
vector surveillance
Priority Locality/Area Type of survey Frequency of
surveys
Priority I 1.Dengue endemic areas Sentinel Monthly
(endemicity is defined on case data). surveillance and
eg. > n** number of indigenous
cases reported per week in the MOH Routine Monthly
area during the past 3 years. surveillance
37
CHAPTER 04
Priority Locality/Area Type of survey Frequency of
surveys
2.a. Receptive/ vulnerable areas for Spot checks On requirement
dengue transmission such as:
a. In an area where there is an
increase in the reporting number of
fever/suspected dengue cases, in areas
where there are out breaks of dengue
in spite of regular vector control
interventions.
b.Premises such as hospitals, schools,
construction sites, bus depots, hostels,
condominiums, camps, public places,
religious places, new developmental
projects and areas with migrant
population, large population
gatherings (perahera/procession,
religious events)
Priority II Localities with current and past Routine Monthly
outbreaks within the immediate past 3 surveillance
years
Priority III Localities where there are no

indigenous dengue cases but have
perceived transmission (areas with Spot checks Biannually
imported dengue cases and areas with
low Aedes indices).
4.4. Sampling procedures and sample size in dengue vector surveillance
The number of premises/ sampling units to be inspected in a locality depends on the level of precision
required, the total number of houses in the area and the surveillance method. Use of a proper sampling
method would minimize the bias in the selection of premises/houses. Following sampling methods can
be used in selection of houses. In dengue vector larval surveys at least 100 premises should be surveyed
to calculate the vector indices.
38
CHAPTER 04
4.4.1. Simple random sampling:
In simple random sampling, houses (premises) to be surveyed are selected using a list of random numbers
(either from the random number tables or from the computer-generated number). This method would
require detailed house lists or location maps for identifying selected houses.
4.4.2. Systematic sampling
Systematic sampling of every nth house throughout a community or along a street: For example, in
an area of 400 premises if a sample of 25% of the house of 400 houses to be inspected, every 4th house
(=400/4) would be inspected.
4.4.3. Stratified random sampling:
The area intended to be surveyed is stratified to a few strata; each is more or less epidemiologically
homogeneous. Houses (survey units) are selected from each stratum randomly for the survey.
4.4.4. Cluster sampling:
The survey area is divided into several clusters of a fixed number of houses (e.g. each cluster of 100
houses). A set of clusters are randomly selected and a randomly selected sample of houses from each
cluster is surveyed.
Note: Frequent and regular visit to a sentinel surveillance site would result in low vector density indices
over time, thus, the houses in the sample should be changed in subsequent visits.
4.5. Commonly used entomological techniques for dengue vector surveillance
Larval surveys (both larvae and pupae) are the most commonly used survey technique in dengue vector
surveillance. Pupal and adult surveys, and oviposition traps are used in special studies, and for research
purposes.
4.5.1. Larval surveys
In larval surveys, the basic sampling unit is the house or premise. During the larval survey, all potential
dengue vector breeding sites that are in and around the selected houses/ premises (100 m around the
reported case or designated number of houses) should be examined for Aedes larvae.
Following equipment should be carried for the larval survey (Fig.4.1)
Dippers (Plastic and aluminium) Siphoning pipette

Pipettes Strainer
Vials and labels Relevant format
Torch (to use when dipping storage tanks inside the houses)

39
CHAPTER 04
pipettes
Vials Ladle Torch
Strainers to dip water storage tanks
Strainers
Fig. 4.1. Larval collections using dipping and pipetting techniques
From each Aedes larvae/ pupae positive container, a minimum of 10 larvae and 10 pupae (if present)
are collected by dipping, pipetting and/or siphoning (Fig. 4.1). In instances where 10 larvae/ pupae
are not present, all larvae/ pupae are collected (since mixed breeding/ habitat sharing of Aedes and
non Aedes species is common in Sri Lanka, collection of only one larvae results in underestimating of
the vector density). The collected larvae are placed in a labelled plastic vial labelled with date, location
and code number and the species are identified in the laboratory using standard identification keys.
Details of the larval collection should be recorded in the larval survey forms (Annexure I -Daily Dengue
Entomological survey, Details of positive /potential premises and containers). Type of breeding places
are recorded in Annexure II (Breeding places -check list).
It is important to note that if there are multiple breeding sites of the same type in one place (e.g. heaps
of tyres, coconut shells), larvae should be collected at least from 10 randomly selected such containers.
Daily summary report should be given to the relevant MOH areas according to the Annexure (III)
format (Daily Dengue Entomological Survey Summary Report).
40
I formats. (Daily Dengue
ntomological surveyEntomological survey summary report)
summary report)
Checking
water roof guttersusing
collections for water collections using
Larval collectionLarval
in acollection in a roof
roof gutter by gutter
pipe
CHAPTER 04
or a mirror
Larval collection by dipping( suggestio

survey of the water storage tanks and b
in the bottom of the tank of the for a lo
taken)
Fig. 4.2. Checking roof gutters for water Fig. 4.3. Larval collection in a roof
collections using a mirror gutter by pipetting
Larval collection by dipping (suggested to use a strainer rather than the dipper for larval survey of water
storage tanks and barrels as the larvae ( specially Aedes ) immerse and rest in the bottom of the tank for
a long time without coming to the surface after first dip is taken)
arval collection better
suggestion by dipping( suggestion
to use better
strainer to usethan
rather strainer
therather than for
dipper the dipper
larvalfor
rvey
nks of thebarrels
and water storage tanks
as the and barrels
larvae( as the larvae(
specially Aedes specially Aedes and
) immerse ) immerse
rest an
thefor
he bottom of thetime
a long tank of the for acoming
without long timeto
without coming toafter
the surface the surface after is
first dip first
ken)
Pipetting
Pipetting Pipetting Fig. 4.4. Dipping
4.6. Larval identification
Third and fourth instar larvae can be identified at the laboratory immediately after the field survey.
However, 1st and 2nd instar larvae should be allowed to develop to 3rd and 4th instar larvae and identified.
6.Larval identification
Pupae is allowed to develop to adults and identified.
hird
e canandbe
fourth instar larvae
identified can be
at the identified atimmediately
laboratory the laboratory immediately after the
after the field
rvey. However,
instar
st
larvae1 should
4.6.Larval identification
and 2 nd be
instar larvae should
allowed to to3 rd
be allowed
to develop
41
develop
and 4toth3 rd and 4th
instar
rvae and identified.
s allowed Pupae istoallowed
to develop adultstoand
develop to adults and identified.
identified.
CHAPTER 04
4.7. Calculation of larval density indices
The relevant format should be used for reporting (Annexure IV; Dengue Entomological Surveillance
Report). Once identification of larvae/ pupae is completed, larval density indices are calculated for Ae.
aegypti alone, Ae. albopictus alone, and for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus combined, in order to determine
the vector density in the area. If a particular container is positive for both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus
(mixed breeding), this particular container is considered as two containers (01 for Ae. aegypti and 01
for Ae. albopictus) when calculating vector density indices separately for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.
4.7.1. Larval density indices
Three indices, viz. Container index (CI), House/premise index (HI or PI Index) and Breteau index (BI)
are used to give vector larval density. The method of calculation of these indices with examples is given
below.
Container Index (CI) : Percentage of water-holding containers infested with Ae. aegypti/
Ae. albopictus larvae and/ or pupae.
CI = Number of positive containers for Ae. aegypti/ Ae. albopictus larvae and/ or pupae X 100
Number of wet containers inspected
Premise Index (PI) : Percentage of premises infested with Ae. aegypti/ Ae. albopictus
larvae and/ or pupae.
PI = Number of positive premises for Ae. aegypti/ Ae. albopictus larvae and/ or pupae X 100
Number of premises inspected
Breteau Index (BI): Number of positive containers for Ae. aegypti/ Ae. albopictus
larvae and / or pupae per 100 houses inspected
BI = Number of positive containers for Ae. aegypti/ Ae. albopictus larvae and/ or pupae X 100
Number of houses inspected
By definition, BI is the number of positive containers for Ae. aegypti/ Ae. albopictus larvae and/ or pupae
per 100 houses/ premises inspected. Thus, inspection of at least 100 houses is necessary to calculate BI
in a particular area.
An example for calculating the larval density indices using hypothetical data are shown in Tables 4.2
and 4.3
42
By definition, BI is the number of positive containers for Ae. aegypti/ Ae. albopictus larvae
and/ or pupae per 100 houses/ premises inspected. Thus, inspection of at least 100 houses is
necessary to calculate BI in a particular area.
An example for calculating the larval density indices using hypothetical data are shown in
Tables 4.2 and 4.3 CHAPTER 04
Table
Table 4.2.
4.2. Results
Results ofofa hypothetical
a hypotheticallarval
larval survey
survey
No. of No. of houses/premises positive No. of wet No. of containers positive for
houses for containers
Examined examined
Ae. Ae. Both Ae. Ae. Ae. Both Ae.
aegypti albopictus aegypti and aegypti albopictus aegypti and
alone alone Ae. alone alone Ae.
albopictus albopictus
100 5 3 2 85 6 5 3
A-Ae.aegypti B-Ae.albopictus
Table Table 4.3. Calculation

4.3. Calculation of larval
of larval density
density indices
indices using
using dataininTable
data Table4.2.
4.2.
Name of Formula Use of data in the Index

the indexTable 4.3. Calculation of larval density indices using data in Table 4.2. formula data
CI (A)
Name of Number of containers positive for (AFormula
alone+both A and B) x 100 (6
Use of data in44
+ 3) the Index
= 100 10.6%
the index Number of wet containers examined 85
formula data
CI (B) Number of containers positive for (B alone+both A and B) x 100 (5 + 3)
CI (A) Number of containers positive for (A alone+both A and B) x 100 = (6
+ 3)
100 9.4%
=
85 100 10.6%
Number of wet containers examined 85
Number of wet containers examined
Combined
CI (B) Number of containers
Number positive
of containers for (A
positive foralone +B alone+both
(B alone+both A andAB)andx B)
100x 100 (6 +(55++3)
3)
= = 100 16.4%
9.4%
CI Number
Number ofof
wet
wetcontainers examined
containers examined 8585
HI (A)
Combined Number of houses/premise
Number positivefor
of containers positive for(A(Aalone
alone+
+Bboth A and B)
alone+both A and B) (5 +(62)+ 5 + 3)
x 100 x 100= = 100 9.4%
16.4%
CI Number
Numberof of
premises examined
wet containers examined 100 85
HI (B) Number of houses/premise positive for (B alone+both A and B) x 100 (3 + 2)

HI (A) Number of houses/premise positive for (A alone+ both A and B) = (5 +
2)100 5.0%
x 100 =100 100 9.4%
Number of premises examined 100
Number of premises examined
Combined Number of premises positive for A alone + B alone + both A and B x 100 (5 + 3 + 2)
HI (B) Number of houses/premise positive for (B alone+both A and B) x 100 = (3 + 2) x 100
= 100 100 5.0%
HI Number of premises examined 100
Number of premises examined 10.0%
Combined Number of premises positive for A alone + B alone + both A and B x 100 (5 + 3 + 2)
BI (A) Number of positive containers for A alone + both A and B x 100 (6=+ 3) x 100
HI Number of premises examined = 100
100 9.0
Number of premises examined 100 10.0%
BI (B) Number of positive containers for B alone + both A and B (5 + 3) 8.0
BI (A) Number of positive containers for A alone + both A and xB100 = (6 +
3)100
x 100 =100 100 9.0
Number of premises examined 100
Number of premises examined
BI (B) Number of positive containers for B alone + both A and B (5 + 3) 8.0
Combined x 100
Number of containers positive for (A alone + B alone + both A and B (6=+ 5 + 3) 100
Number of premises examined x 100 = 100 x 100
BI Number of premises examined 100
14
=( ) 100 14.0
Combined Number of containers positive for (A alone + B alone + both A and B 100
(6 + 5 + 3)
x 100 = x 100
BI Number of premises examined 100
14
=( ) 100 14.0
100
4.7.2. Importance and interpretation of larval indices
43
In dengue prevention and control, all three larval density indices, especially of Ae. aegypti,
4.7.2.
need to beImportance
considered.and
Highinterpretation of indicates
container index larval indices
the important container types a dengue
vector breeding sites and the vector control interventions need to be directed to eliminate such
In dengue prevention and control, all three larval density indices, especially of Ae. aegypti,
CHAPTER 04
4.7.2. Importance and interpretation of larval indices
In dengue prevention and control, all three larval density indices, especially of Ae. aegypti, need to be
considered. High container index indicates the important container types a dengue vector breeding
sites and the vector control interventions need to be directed to eliminate such types of containers
immediately. These larval indices are important for decision making on elimination of the most common
habitats, developing educational messages and orientation of community-based initiatives. However, it
is difficult to give a single country-wide cut-off point of larval density indices as the larval productivity
depends on the area, container types and the most productive container types. In Sri Lanka, HI and BI
(Ae. aegypti) >3 is an indication for dengue outbreaks and for application of appropriate dengue vector
prevention/ control interventions.
4.7.3. Limitations of larval indices
Container index provides information on the percentage of wet containers that are positive for dengue
vectors and the most important container types. House index provides information on the percentage of
houses that are positive for vector species, and the Breteau index provides information on the number of
positive containers per 100 houses. The larval density indices are a crude indication of adult production.
For example, the larval productivity of a water storage tank is likely to differ markedly from that of a
discarded coconut shell. However, in the calculation of CI, HI or BI, productivity of these containers is
not considered. Instead, it is taken as positive or negative for vector breeding. Thus, the transmission
potential of dengue may be quite different in localities with similar larval indices but with different
container profiles.
4.7.4. Reporting and communication of larval survey results
Standard entomological surveillance formats for daily and weekly reporting of surveillance data are
given in annexures (I) and (IV) respectively. Format for reporting of surveillance at the institutions/
construction sites etc. is given in annexure (V) The daily report is an interim report which has to be
submitted to the respective Medical Officer of Health (MOH) after the days work. (Annexure (III).
Breeding places check list mentioned in Annexure (II). Although format (IV) is for weekly reporting
of surveillance data, separate sheets of format (IV) should be used if more than one survey/ locality is
surveyed within a week. The weekly report/s should be submitted to the MOH, Regional Malaria Officer
(RMO), MOIC-AFU, Entomologist and Regional Epidemiologist (RE) of the district and the National
Dengue Control Unit in Colombo.
4.8. Pupal surveys
Since adult mosquito production from different types of containers may vary, an estimate of relative
adult production can be made based on the pupal density (Pupal index = number of pupae per 100
houses/premises).

Number of pupae in all containers
Pupal index
= x 100
Number of houses/ premises inspected
44
CHAPTER 04
Pupal index can be determined by pupal counts in different types of containers separately, giving the
relative importance of different types (e.g. tyres, water storage tanks etc.). This information is useful for
targeted elimination of the most productive containers.
Making pupal counts is labour intensive and has practical difficulties, hence this method is not used for
sentinel/routine surveys but may be reserved for special studies and research.
4.9. Adult Surveys
Adult vector surveys provide information on the seasonal trends of mosquito density, peaks of biting
activity, resting places, potential dengue transmission areas, transmission risk, and the effectiveness of
vector control interventions.
Objectives of adult vector surveys

To estimate the adult vector populations in a locality
To determine seasonal fluctuations of vector density
To study vector behaviour such as biting times and resting places
To determine the effectiveness of vector control interventions including evaluation of larvicidal
and adulticiding interventions
Adult vector survey methods include:

Human landing collections,
Human bait collections using double nets,
Indoor and outdoor resting collections.
4.9.1. Humans landing collections
Landing collections on humans are a sensitive means of detecting the number of infestations of Ae.
aegypti and Ae. albopictus in an area. Presence of males in the collection indicates the presence of larval
habitats in close by areas. In landing collections, the adult mosquitoes landing on the bare legs below the
knees are collected using test tubes or a sucking tube. The data are summarized to determine the number
of female Ae.aegypti/Ae. albopictus mosquitoes landing per human bait per hour (number of mosquitoes
collected per man hour). Human landing collections are conducted both indoors and outdoors between
0600-1800hrs as dengue vector mosquitoes are day time biters.
In the absence of prophylaxis for dengue, every effort should be made to collect female mosquitoes
before they begin to bite. Furthermore, this method is done only in dengue non endemic periods. During
endemic periods, human bait collections using double net traps method is more suitable.
Human landing rate = Number of female Ae.aegypti/Ae. albopictus mosquitoes x100

Number of man hours
45
CHAPTER 04
Fig.4.5 Human Landing catch

Source: Dr. S. Aryaprema, Entomologist/Colombo
Human landing rate = number of female Ae.aegypti/ Ae. albopictus mosquitoes

4.9.2. Human bait collections using double net traps
----------------------------------------------------------------------x100
Human bait collection using a double
Number net hours
of man method can be used for adult vector surveys. In this method,
a human bait is allowed to rest on a folding bed inside the inner mosquito proof net and another net
4.9.2.Human
is baitthis
arranged around collections
net. The using double
outer net net traps
is arranged in such a way to keep a space of about 6 inches
between the lower edge of the net and the ground and with sufficient space between the two nets for
moving a mosquito collector between the two nets. The mosquito collector collects the mosquitoes
Human landing
attracted to the rate
bait = number
(the of female Ae.aegypti/
adult mosquitoes Ae. albopictus
trapped between mosquitoes
the two nets) using a sucking tube or a
battery powered aspirator. Mosquito collections are made hourly during the collection period and the
----------------------------------------------------------------------x100
mosquito density is given as the (a) number of adult Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes per trap
and (b) number of adultNumber of man
mosquitoes hours
per bait per hour.
4.9.2.Human bait collections using double net traps
Source:RMO/Hambantota
Human bait collection using a double net method can be used for adult vector surveys. In this
method, a human bait is allowed to rest on a folding bed inside the inner mosquito proof net
and another net is arranged around this net. The outer net is arranged in such a way to keep a
space of about 6 inches between the lower edge of the net and the ground and with sufficient
space between the two Fig.4.6
nets for moving
Indirect a mosquito
catch using doublecollector between the two nets. The
trap method
Source:RMO/Hambantota
mosquito collector collects the mosquitoes
Source: Ms. B.S.Lattracted to the bait (the adult mosquitoes trapped
Peiris, RMO/Hambantota
Human bait collection using a double net method can be used for adult vector surveys. In this
between the two nets) using a sucking tube or a battery powered aspirator. Mosquito
method, a human bait is allowed to rest on a folding bed inside the inner mosquito proof net
collections are made hourly during the collection period and the mosquito density is given as
and another net is arranged around this net. The outer net is arranged in such a way to keep a
the (a) number of adult Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes per trap and (b) number of
space
adultof about 6 inches
mosquitoes between
per bait the lower edge of the net and the ground and with sufficient
per hour. 46
space between the two nets for moving a mosquito collector between the two nets. The 45
mosquito collector collects the mosquitoes attracted to the bait (the adult mosquitoes trapped
CHAPTER 04
4.9.3. Indoor resting collections of dengue vectors
Adult dengue vector mosquitoes rest indoors on hanging objects such as clothes, closets and other
sheltered places such as inside empty containers and domiciliary objects. In resting collections, sites
are4.9.3.Indoor
checked4.9.3.Indoor
for resting
adult mosquitoes
collectionswith the aidof
of dengue
resting collections ofdengue
a flashlight,
vectors mosquitoes are collected using mouth or
vectors
battery powered aspirators (Fig. 4.7). The flying mosquitoes are collected using sweep nets (Fig. 4.8).
Adult dengue vector mosquitoes rest indoors on hanging objects such as cloth
other sheltered places such as inside empty containers and domiciliary obje
collections, sites are checked for adult mosquitoes with the aid of a flashlight,
collected using mouth or battery powered aspirators. The flying mosquitoe
using sweep nets (Fig 4.2).
Fig 4.2. A sweep net

Fig.4.7. Collection using sucking tube
Adult dengue
Adultvector
denguemosquitoes
vector mosquitoes
rest indoors
rest
onindoors
hangingon
objects
hanging
suchobjects
as clothes,
suchclosets
as clothes,
and closets and
other sheltered
other sheltered
places such
places
as inside
such empty
as inside
containers
empty containers
and domiciliary
and domiciliary
objects. In resting
objects. In resting
collections,
collections,
sites are checked
sites arefor
checked
adult mosquitoes
for adult mosquitoes
with the aidwith
of a the
flashlight,
aid of amosquitoes
flashlight,are
mosquitoes are
collectedcollected
using mouth
usingormouth
batteryorpowered
battery aspirators.
powered aspirators.
The flying The
mosquitoes
flying mosquitoes
are collectedare collected
Fig. 4.8. sweep net
using sweep
using
nets
sweep
(Fig nets
4.2).(Fig 4.2).
Battery operated aspirators and back-pack aspirators are also used in collec
Battery operated aspirators and back-pack aspirators are also used in collections of indoor and outdoor
resting mosquitoes
Fig 4.2. A 4.2. (Fig.
Figsweep A
netsweep and outdoor resting mosquitoes (Fig 4.3).
4.9).net
OutdoorsOutdoors
Outdoors
Indoors
Indoors
Indoors
Fig. 4.2. Adult resting mosquito collections using a back pack aspirator
Battery operated
Battery operated
aspiratorsaspirators
and back-pack
and back-pack
aspirators are
aspirators
also used
areinalso
collections
used in of
collections
indoor of indoor
and outdoor
and resting
outdoormosquitoes
resting mosquitoes
(Fig 4.3). (Fig 4.3).
Fig. 4.2. Fig.

Adult4.2.
resting
Adultmosquito
resting mosquito
collectionscollections
using a back
using
packaaspirator
back pack aspirator
Fig. 4.9 Adult resting mosquito collections using a back pack aspirator
46 46
47
In resting collections,
In resting collections, mosquito mosquito
densitydensity is given
is given as the
as the number of
number of adult
adultmosquitoes
mosquitoescollected
collected
CHAPTER 04
In resting collections, mosquito density is given as the number of adult mosquitoes collected per man
hour of collection.
Adult mosquito density = No. of vector mosquitoes collected x100

No. of man hours spent
Surveys of adult mosquitoes are time consuming and labour intensive, less practical in routine
surveillance. When the collection technique involves human baits, extreme care should be taken to
prevent him from mosquito bites.
4.9.4. Oviposition traps
Oviposition traps (commonly referred to as ovitraps) are used to detect the presence of Ae. aegypti and
Ae. albopictus when and where the other vector density indices (larval and adult densities) are low.
Objectives and uses of ovitrap collections:
Objectives and uses of ovitrap collections
To assess dengue vector density when and where larval surveys produce low vector indices (e.g.
To assess dengue vector density when and where larval surveys produce low vector
when the BI (Ae. aegypti) is < 3)
indices (e.g. when the BI (Ae. aegypti) is < 3)
To detect new areas of infestations of dengue vectors early
To detect new areas of infestations of dengue vectors early
To determine the effectiveness/ efficacy of vector control interventions
To assess vector population fluctuation over a long-term period
To collect eggs of dengue mosquitoes for susceptibility and bio-efficacy tests
To determine the effectiveness/ efficacy of vector control interventions
To assess vector population fluctuation over long-term
To collect eggs of dengue mosquitoes for susceptibility and bio-efficacy tests
The standard ovitrap is a wide-mouthed plastic cup of approximately 250 ml which is painted
The standard ovitrap is a wide-mouthed plastic cup of approximately 250 ml which is painted in black
black on the outside to attract the Ae. aegypti/ Ae. albopictus females to oviposit. A piece of
on the outside to attract the Ae. aegypti/ Ae. albopictus females to oviposit. A piece of hardboard or a
hardboard or a wooden paddle is placed diagonally inside the cup as an oviposition substrate
wooden paddle is placed diagonally inside the cup as an oviposition substrate and the cup is partially
and the cup is partially filled with clean water to provide the right ovipositing medium for
filled with clean water to provide the right ovipositing medium for the female mosquito (hay infusion
the female mosquito (hay infusion attracts Culex and Armigeres mosquitoes, thus tap water is
attracts Culex and Armigeres mosquitoes, thus tap water is preferred for the ovitraps). Instead of the
preferred for the ovitraps). Instead of the wooden paddle, white toweling of filter paper strips
wooden paddle, white towelling of filter paper strips can be placed inside the cup and attached by paper
can be placed inside the cup and attached by paper clips (Figure 4.4).
clips (Fig. 4.10).
Fig. 4.4. An ovitrap
Water level
The ovitraps are placed appropriately in a suspected mosquito frequenting place, both in
Fig. 4.10. An ovitrap
and outdoors.inCollection
The ovitraps are placed appropriately of ovitraps
a suspected is made
mosquito once in 3 -5place,
frequenting days, and theindoors
both paddles/ paper
are examined under a dissecting microscope for the presence of eggs of Ae. aegypt
and outdoors. Collection of ovitraps is made once in 3 -5 days, and the paddles/ paper strips
Albopictus. The number of eggs is counted to give the egg density as (a) the number of
are examined under a dissecting microscope for the presence of eggs of Ae. aegypti/ Ae.
48 and (b) the percentage of positive ovitraps. In areas where both Ae. aegyp
per ovitrap,
Albopictus. The number of Ae.
eggs is counted
albopictus to giveeggs
are present, the should
egg density as (a)
be allowed to the
hatchnumber
and thenoftheeggs
larvae or a
per ovitrap, and (b) the percentage
should be of48 positive
identified ovitraps.
since the eggsInof areas both Ae.
where cannot
those species aegyptidistinguished
be reliably and
each other.
CHAPTER 04
The ovitraps are placed appropriately in a suspected mosquito frequenting place, both indoors and
outdoors. Collection of ovitraps is made once in 3 -5 days, and the paddles/ paper strips are examined
under a dissecting microscope for the presence of eggs of Aedes. The numbers of eggs are counted to
give the egg density as (a) the number of eggs per ovitrap, and (b) the percentage of positive ovitraps. In
areas where both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are present, eggs should be allowed to hatch and then
the larvae or adults should be identified since the eggs of both species cannot be reliably distinguished
from each other.
a. Number of eggs per trap = Total number of eggs

Total number of ovitraps installed
b. Percentage of positive ovitraps [Ovitrap Index (OI)]= no.of positive ovitraps
X 100
no.of ovitraps placed
standard ovitrap surveillance format is given in Annexure (VI)
4.9.5. The BG sentinel traps the female mosquitoes are trap in it. BG-Sentinel traps are more effective in
aegypti , and also collect adult females in all physiological states. Thus it is mo
BG Sentinel Traps use a combination of attractive visual and olfactory cues for collection adult Ae
as compare to the traditional ovipositional trap. The efficiency of BG traps can
aegypti and Ae. albopictus female mosquitoes. This trap is comparatively light and the female mosquitoes
by more
are trap in it. BG-Sentinel traps are baiting them in
effective with lures (e.g.,
capturing CO2,, BG-Lure).
Ae. aegypti and also collect adult females
in all physiological states. Thus it is more advantagous as compared to the traditional ovipositional trap.
The efficiency of BG traps can be increased by baiting them with lures (e.g., CO2, BG-Lure).
Fig.4.11. BG Sentinel trap

4.10. Planning of vector surveillance activities
4.6 .Planning of vector surveillance activities
Dengue prevention and controlDengueis a decentralized
preventionprogramme
and control in is
SriaLanka. The National
decentralized Dengue in Sri Lanka.
programme
Control Unit (NDCU) provides technical guidance and necessary logistic support while planning
Dengue
is done at the Provincial, District Control
and Medical Unit of
Officer (NDCU) provides
Health (MOH) technical
area guidance
levels. When and some logistic
planning
entomological surveys for the planning
forthcoming month,
is done the provincial,
at the advance programme of Medical
district and the Entomological
Officer of Health (MOH
Assistant/team should be prepared by the Entomological Assistant in consultation with the Regional
When planning
Epidemiologist, Entomologist, Regional entomological
Officers/Medical Officerssurveys for the forthcoming
of the Anti-Malaria Campaign,month,
Anti the advance p
Filariasis Campaign and the Medical officer of Health of
the Entomological the respective MOH
Assistant/team shouldarea.
be prepared by the Entomological
consultation with the Regional Epidemiologist, Entomologist, Regional Off
49
Officers of the Anti-Malaria Campaign, Anti Filariasis Campaign and the Medi
Health of the respective MOH area.
05
MANAGEMENT AND
Integrated vector management is a rational
decision making process for the optimal use of
CONTROL OF DENGUE resources for vector control
VECTORS
50
CHAPTER 05
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF DENGUE
VECTORS
D engue vector control measures are aimed at both immature and

adult stages of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. These measures are
included in the integrated vector management (IVM) strategy which
incorporates environmental, biological and chemical methods.
5.1.Integrated vector management (IVM)
Integrated vector management is a rational decision making process for

the optimal use of resources for vector control. IVM uses the available
resources, existing health system and evidence based appropriate vector
control interventions singly or in combination to suppress the vector
population. Key elements of IVM strategy are shown in Table 5.1.
5.1.1. Operationalising of IVM to local situation
a. Selection of vector control methods based on knowledge of local

vector biology, bionomics and ecology and the epidemiology of
dengue (Evidence based decision making)
In Sri Lanka, there are two peaks of dengue transmission each year in
association with the South- West and North-East monsoonal rains. The
major peak falls in June/ July with the South- West monsoon while the
other peak falls in November/ January (Fig 5.1).
Fig. 5.1. 5 year average showing the two seasonal peaks

of dengue transmission
51
CHAPTER 05
Table 5.1. Key elements of IVM strategy
No. Key Element Description
1. Advocacy, social Promotion and embedding of IVM principles in designing
mobilization and policies in all relevant agencies, organizations and civil
legislation society.
establishment or strengthening of regulatory and legislative
controls for public health.
empowerment of communities .
2. Collaboration within the Consideration of collaboration within and between public
health sector and with and private sectors including the engagement with local
other sectors (inter and communities and other stakeholders; application of the
intra- sectoral principles of subsidiarity in planning and decision-making;
collaboration) strengthening channels of communication among policy-
makers, vector-borne disease control programme managers
and other IVM partners.
3. Integrated approach Ensure rational use of available resources by addressing
several diseases, integrating non-chemical and chemical
vector control methods and integrating with other disease
control methods; use of a range of interventions, often in
combination and synergistically.
4. Evidence-based decision Adaptation of vector control strategies and interventions
making guided by the knowledge of local vector biology, bionomics
and ecology, disease epidemiology and resources, and
subject to routine monitoring and evaluation.
5. Capacity-building Provision of the essential material infrastructure, financial
resources and human resources at national and local level to
manage IVM strategies on the basis of situational analysis.
The current dengue disease surveillance system is primarily based on hospital notifications (H 544)
to the relevant MOH. The Epidemiology unit and Regional Epidemiologists receive the aggregated
data (H 399) from all MOOH every week. Simultaneously suspected dengue patients are notified
by a web based system (DenSys) from sentinel hospitals and data are shared among relevant
stakeholders. All reported patients are investigated by Public Health Inspectors to identify the source
of infection and patient locations are mapped. The distribution of patients are summarized to identify
"high risk clusters " based on Municipal area/Grama Niladari (GN) area wise distribution.
The entomological surveillance data are summarized to identify the GN area wise distribution of
Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Since Ae. aegypti is the principal vector of dengue in Sri Lanka, information
on the distribution of this species is of immense importance. Entomological surveillance data provides
information on the vector breeding sites and dynamics of vector density over time. Regular monitoring
of such data would help identify the fluctuations of vector density (Fig 5.2).
52
CHAPTER 05
50
2009 2010 2011
45
40
35
Larval Indices
30
25
20
15
10
BI
5
PI
0
CI
June
June
June
Jan-09
Nov
Nov
Nov
Mar
July
Dec
Jan-10
Mar
July
Dec
Jan-11
Mar
July
Dec
Apr
Aug
Sept
Apr
Aug
Oct
Aug
Sept
Apr
Oct
Sept
Oct
May
May
May
Feb
Feb
Feb
Fig. 5.2. Seasonal fluctuation of larval indices (MOH area Kaduwela, Colombo District)
Figure 5.2 : Seasonal fluctuation of larval indices (MOH area Kaduwela, Colombo District) , PI=premise index, BI=breteau
PI=Premise index, BI=Breteau index, CI=Container index
index,
Source: Dr. Subhashinie Aryaprema, Entomologist/Colombo district
CI=container index
It is observed that high larval indices precede increase in the number of dengue patients reported with a
lag period of 1-2 months (Fig. 5.3). Monitoring and mapping such data is helpful in identifying outbreak
Source: Dr. Subhashinie
prone areas, potentialAryaprema,
risk levelsEntomologist/Western
(Fig. 5.4). Province
50 120
2009 2010 2011
45
100
40
35
80
Breteau Idex (BI)
Reported cases (No.)

30
25 60
20
40
15
10
20
5
0 0 BI
June
June
June
Mar
July
Nov
Dec
Mar
July
Nov
Dec
Mar
July
Nov
Dec
Jan-09
Jan-10
Jan-11
Apr
Aug
Sept
Oct
Apr
Aug
Sept
Oct
Apr
Aug
Sept
Oct
May
May
May
Feb
Feb
Feb
Cases
Fig.5.3.
Figure5.3 :Relationship
Relationship 5.4. between
Fig. between BI and
Finer BI
dengue
scale and
(GNcasesdengue
(MOH
level) cases
risk area
map (MOH
Kaduwela, area
Colombo
of dengue Kaduwela,
District)
transmission Colombo District)
generated using
Source: Dr. and
entomological Subhashinie Aryaprema,
epidemiological Entomologist/Colombo district
data using GIS mapping
Source: Dr. Subhashinie Aryaprema, Entomologist/Western Province
Fig. 5.4. Finer scale (GN

Source: WHOlevel)
Denguerisk map
Bulletin of dengue transmission generated using entomological
(Year)
and epidemiological data using GIS mapping
Entomological surveillance provides information on vector breeding sites and vector
Source: WHO Dengue Bulletin (2009)
behavior. Biting behavior of Ae. aegypti is shown in Fig. 5.5. This information is useful in
performing space spraying during peak biting hours.
53
Fig 5.5.
CHAPTER 05
Entomological surveillance provides information on vector breeding sites and vector behavior. Biting
behavior of Ae. aegypti is shown in Fig. 5.5. This information is useful in performing space spraying
during peak biting hours.
Fig. 5.5.
Fig 5.5. Biting Behaviour Biting
of Aedes Behaviour
aegypti of Aedes
in Tangalle areaaegypti in Tangalle area
Source: Ms. B.S.L.Peiris, RMO/Hambantota
Source:Ms. B.S.L.Peiris, RMO/Hambantota
b.b.Utilization of a range of interventions, often in combination and synergistically (integrated

Utilization of a range of interventions, often in combination and synergistically
vector control)
(integrated vector control)
Source reduction by cleaning campaigns is carried out routinely during inter epidemic periods and before
Source reduction by cleaning campaigns is carried out routinely during inter epidemic periods
the expected dengue transmission period in order to prevent outbreaks. Cleaning can be accompanied
and
by before
space the expected
spraying dengueintransmission
of insecticide period
vulnerable and in order to
application of prevent
temephosoutbreaks.
1% SG for Cleaning
water storage tanks
and
canin
becombination.
accompanied by space spraying of insecticide in vulnerable and application of temephos
1% SG for water storage tanks and in combination.
Single or multiple vector control interventions can be used to control two or more diseases. For example,
aSingle
sourceorreduction programme
multiple vector controlcould preventcan
intervention dengue and
be used to chikungunya.
control two or more diseases. For
example, a source reduction programme could prevent dengue and chikungunya.
c. Collaboration within the health sector, researchers and with other agencies in the public and
private sectors that
c.Collaboration impact
within theon vector
health breeding
sector (intra
and with otherand inter sectoral
agencies collaboration/
in the public participation)
and private
sectors that have an impact on vector breeding (intra and inter sectoral collaboration/
Intersectoral collaboration is of utmost importance for dengue vector control. All relevant sectors such as
participation)
Ministry of Health, Education, Local Government, Environment, Public Administration, Construction,
NGOs, CBOs and other relevant sectors should cooperate for prevention and control of dengue vector
Intersectoral collaboration is of utmost importance for dengue vector control. All relevant
breeding sites with the technical guidance that is provided.
sectors such as Ministry of Health, Education, Local Government, Environment, Public
d.Administration,
Engagement with local communities
Construction, andand
NGOs, CBOs other stakeholders
other (Community
relevant sectors participation)
should cooperate for
prevention and control of dengue vector breeding sites with the technical guidance that is
Active community participation and community mobilization are important activities for sustainable
provided. of vector breeding sites. Communities can be involved in small scale and mass cleaning
elimination
campaigns, for desirable behaviour change and larvivorous fish programmes etc. 58
e. A public health regulatory and legislative framework
The households, and owners of premises that are positive for mosquito breeding are warned and
prosecuted (5.7).
54
CHAPTER 05
f. Rational use of insecticides
As the number of insecticides for vector control is limited and the indiscriminate use of insecticides
results in vector resistance, extreme care should be taken when using insecticides ensuring the use of
insecticides in areas where such interventions are extremely necessary.
5.2. Dengue vector control methods in Sri Lanka
Dengue vector control programme should be planned on scientific evidence and implemented by
trained personnel including community groups. The programme should be well supervised, monitored
and reviewed monthly in inter-epidemic periods and weekly in the epidemic periods.
Considering the socio economic, cultural and religious diversity of the human society, breeding sites
in different types of premises and vector control intervention methods described in this chapter can be
integrated appropriately.
Environmental, biological and chemical methods are used for dengue vector control in Sri Lanka.
However, source reduction through environmental management is the most cost effective activity. Major
approaches of dengue vector management and control are shown in Fig. 5.6.
IVM methods for Dengue vector control
Environmental Biological Intersectoral Law

Chemical
management and bio collaboration, enforce
methods
methods chemical Health ment
methods education
}
Adulticiding Larviciding
Environmental
modification
Source Thermal eg. Temephos
Environmental reduction
fogging 1% SG
manipulation
Ultra Low Temephos 50 EC
Personal protection volume
(Reduce man-mosquito) (ULV)
contact spraying Larvivorous fish
Bacillus
thurengiensis
isralensis(Bti)
Insect growth
regulators
eg.Pyriproxifen
Fig. 5.6. Dengue vector control methods used in Sri Lanka
55
CHAPTER 05
5.2.1.Environmental management methods
a.Environmental modification: Environmental modification includes long-lasting physical
a.Environmental
transformation modification:
of vector breeding Environmental
habitats to eliminate modification
and/ or prevent includes
mosquito long-lasting physical
breeding.
Environmental management
transformation seeks
of vector to change
breeding habitatsthe environment
to eliminate inprevent
and/ or order mosquito
to prevent or minimize vector
breeding.
propagation
For example,and human contact with the vector-pathogen by destroying, altering, removing or recycling
For example,
non-essential containers that provide larval habitats. Such actions should be the mainstay of dengue
Providing continuous water supply to minimize storage of water in cement tanks,
vector control.
Three typescontinuous
Providing of environmental management
water supply arestorage
to minimize defined:of water in cement tanks,
barrels, and other containers in areas with irregular water supply
barrels, and other containers in areas with irregular water supply
a. Environmental modification: Environmental modification includes long-lasting physical
Mosquito-proofing of water storage cement tanks, domestic wells and overhead
transformation of vector breeding of
Mosquito-proofing habitats
water to eliminate
storage cementand/ or prevent
tanks, domesticmosquito breeding.
wells and overhead
tanks/cisterns permanently.
For example, tanks/cisterns permanently.
Providing continuous
Construction water roof
of buildings without supply to minimize storage of water in cement tanks, barrels, and
gutters.
Construction of buildings without roof gutters.
other containers in areas with irregular water supply
Removal
of unserviceable
Mosquito-proofing
Removal ofroof
water gutters.
of unserviceable storage cement tanks, domestic wells and overhead tanks/cisterns
roof gutters.
permanently
Removal of unwanted
Removal ofcement
unwanted tanks.
cement tanks.
Construction of buildings without roof gutters
Removal
Use of unserviceable
ofmosquito
Use ofproof
mosquito roof
plasticproof
overhead gutters
plastictanks insteadtanks
overhead of open tanks.of open tanks.
instead
Removal of unwanted cement tanks
Removal
Use of of unnecessary
Removal
mosquito of plants
unnecessary
proof that hold
plastic water.
plants
overhead that tanks
hold water.
instead of open tanks
Fig.5.7 a. Source:
Mosquito-proofing of water
http://www.appropedia.org/ .Fig.5.7 b. Removal of unserviceable
Source: http://www.appropedia.org/ .
storage cement tanks
Original:Rainwater_harvesting
Original:Rainwater_harvesting roof gutters
Fig.5.7 a. Mosquito-proofing of water b. Removal of unserviceable roof gutters
Source:http://www.appropedia.org/
Fig.5.7 a.storage
Mosquito-proofing
cement tanks of water b. Removal of unserviceable roof gutters
Original:Rainwater_harvesting
storage cement tanks
b. Environmental manipulation: Environmental manipulation involves temporary changes in vector

habitats to prevent or reduce mosquito breeding. The effects of environmental manipulation is short
term, thus, such type of activities needs repeated application.
For example,
Regular cleaning with scrubbing of water storage tanks, flower pots, flower vases, ant-traps,
refrigerator trays etc. 61
61
Application of larvivorous fish, Bti and temephos 1% sand granules to the non-potable water
storage containers and application of salt or oil to ant traps
Proper draining of cement lined drains, water collections on cement floors and concrete slabs
and periodic cleaning of roof gutters
Proper disposal of solid waste by reducing, reusing and recycling of discarded receptacles
Proper storage of used tyres, household and garden utensils under a shade
End capping or filling the cavities of iron/ galvanized poles by cement or soil
Cutting bamboo at the nodes or filling bamboo stumps and tree holes with sand or cement
56
Proper storage of used tyres, household and garden utensils under a shade.
slabs and periodic cleaning of roof gutters.
Endofcapping
Proper disposal solidorwaste
filling by
the cavities
reducing,of iron/ galvanized
reusing poles by cement
and recycling or soil.
of discarded
receptacles.
Cutting
Proper storage of usedbamboo at the nodesandor garden
tyres, household filling bamboo
utensils stumps
under aand tree
shade. holes with sand or
cement
End capping or filling. the cavities of iron/ galvanized poles by cement or soil.
Cutting bamboo at the nodes or filling bamboo stumps and tree holes with sand or
CHAPTER 05
cement .
Fig 5.8.a. Regular cleaning with scrubbing of Fig 5.8.b.Proper disposal of solid waste by reducing,
Fig 5.8.a. Regular cleaning with scrubbing Fig 5.8.b.Proper disposal of solid waste by
flower
Potential of pots,
environmental
flower Figpots,
flower 5.8.a.
vases Regular vases
measures
flower cleaning
that canwithbescrubbing
reusing
taken ofandthe
for Figrecycling
5.8.b.Proper
control disposal
Ae. of
of discarded
of solid wasteand
receptacles.
aegypti by reducing,
Ae. albopictus
reducing, reusing and recycling of
larvae in different types
flower of
pots,breeding
flower vasessites are shown in Table 5.2and recycling
reusing of discarded
discarded receptacles.
receptacles
Source: Source:
Source: https://blogs.extension.org/mastergardener/ Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/
https://blogs.extension.org/mastergardener/emg/plants- https://www.flickr.com/photos/janiquegoff/8309063703
emg/plants-2/page/6/
Table 5.2.Potential environmental measures that can be taken janiquegoff/8309063703
for the control of Ae. aegypti and Ae.
2/page/6/ Source: Source:
albopictus larvae in different types of breeding sites
Potential environmental measures that can be taken for the
https://blogs.extension.org/mastergardener/emg/plants- control of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus
https://www.flickr.com/photos/janiquegoff/8309063703
62
larvae in different types of breeding sites are shown in Table 5.2
2/page/6/
Table 5.2. Potential environmental measures that can be taken for the control of Ae. aegypti and
Ae. albopictus larvae in different types of breeding sites 62
Breeding site Scrub Mosquito Store Modify Fill Reduce, Puncture
empty, proof under design/remove sand/ reuse recycle or drain
clean cover roof soil/
Collect and
weekly cement
dispose
1 Water + +
storage
cement tanks
and barrels
2 Discarded +
receptacles
3 Used tyres + + + +
4 Inventory +
items in the
institutions
5 Flower pots +
with saucers
6 Flower vases +
7 Refrigerator + +
trays
8 Ant traps +
9 Water + +
collection on
cement floors
and roofs
57
63
CHAPTER 05
Breeding site Scrub Mosquito Store Modify Fill Reduce, Puncture
empty, proof under design/remove sand/ reuse recycle or drain
clean cover roof soil/
Collect and
weekly cement
dispose
10 Roof gutters + +
11 Bamboo +
stumps, tree
holes
12 Plants with +
water
holding leaf
axils
c. Changes to human habitation or behavior (Personal Protection)

Changes to human habitation or behaviour (Personal Protection) actions to reduce
Actions to c.
reduce humanvector contact, such as installing mosquito screening on windows, doors and
Personal protection/Physical barriers
other entry points, and using contact,
humanvector mosquitosuch netsas installing
while sleepingmosquito screening on windows, doors and
during daytime.
For example, other entry doors
Screening points,and
andwindows
using mosquito
of houses/nets while sleeping
premises during proof
using mosquito daytime.
mesh,
example,
For Personal Protection/Physical barriers
Protective cloths to cover the body
Screening doors and windows of houses/ premises using mosquito proof mesh
Personal
Protective clothes to cover
Protection/Physical
Curtains/ insecticide thebarriers
treated body
curtains
Curtains/ insecticide treated curtains
Use of repellents
Screening doors and
Use of repellents windows of
- Application ofnatural
houses/and premises using
chemical mosquito
repellents suchproof mesh oil,
as citronella
Application of natural and chemical repellents such as citronella oil, lemon grass oil,
lemon grass oil, neem oil and chemical repellents containing DEET
neem oil
Protective and chemical
clothes to cover repellents
the body containing DEET (N, N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide).
(N, N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide). However, repellents have short term
However, the repellents have short term effect. - 10 hours
effect( - 10 hours).
Curtains/ insecticide treated curtains
Different premises/ institutions can have different mechanisms for dengue vector prevention
Differentand
premises/
control. institutions can have
Potential dengue vectordifferent mechanisms
control measures for dengue
for different typesvector prevention
of premises are and
Use of
control. Potential repellents
dengue vector control measures for different types of premises are shown in Table 5.3.
shown in Table 5.4.
Application of natural and chemical repellents such as citronella oil, lemon grass oil,
Table 5.3. Potential
neem oil dengue
Table vectorvector
5.4. Potential dengue
and chemical control measures
control
repellents for for
measures different
containing DEETtypes
different
(N, of
types ofpremises
premises
N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide).
Type ofrepellents
However, premise have short
Recommended activity
term effect( - 10 hours). Stakeholders
1 Living premises Regular examination and Households
Different premises/ institutions can have different
elimination mechanisms
of breeding sites for dengue vector prevention
and control. Potential dengue e.g. cleaning
(eg.
vector control on everyfor
measures different types of premises are
Sunday) and ensure no
shown in Table 5.3.
breeding sites
2 Construction site Inspections by the PHII/ Contractors (appointing inspection
MOH to ensure mosquito team), safety officers etc.
free environment
e.g.
Eg. Cleaning, application of
larvicides 64
3 Schools Establishing committees for School principal/ Responsible
58
cleaning environment teacher/ staff member, School
Weekly cleaning (half an Development Committees, Parents
hour on Friday) associations
4 Condominium Weekly cleaning (Half an Condominium authorities, Cleaning
1 Use
Living of repellents
premises Regular examination and Households
Application of natural and chemical
elimination ofrepellents such as citronella oil, lemon grass oil,
breeding sites
neem oil and chemical(eg.repellents containing
cleaning on everyDEET (N, N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide).
However, the repellentsSunday)
have shortand
term ensure
effect. no
- 10 hours
Different premises/ institutionsbreeding

can havesites
05
different mechanisms for dengue vector prevention
2 Construction site Inspections
and control. Potential dengue vector control by measures
the PHII/ Contractors
for different types(appointing
of premisesinspection
are
shown in Table 5.4. MOH to ensure mosquito CHAPTER
team), safety officers etc.
free environment
Table 5.4. Potential dengue vector control measures for different types of premises
Eg. Cleaning, application of
Type of premise larvicides
Recommended activity Stakeholders
3
1 Schools
Living premises Establishing committees and
Regular examination for School
Householdsprincipal/ Responsible
cleaning environment
elimination of breeding sites teacher/ staff member, School
Weekly cleaningon(half
(eg. cleaning an
every Development Committees, Parents
hour on Friday)
Sunday) and ensure no associations
4 Condominium breeding cleaning
Weekly sites (Half an Condominium authorities, Cleaning
2 Construction site hour cleaning
Inspections on every
by the PHII/ services/ Municipal
Contractors councilsinspection
(appointing
Sunday)
MOH to ensure mosquito team), safety officers etc. 62
Proper waste disposal
free environment
5 Institutions/ Offices Weekly cleaning
Eg. Cleaning, (half an
application of Head of the institutions, dengue
larvicides
hour on Friday) committee members
3
6 Schools
Hospitals Establishing committees
Establish an for Director/
active School MS/principal/ Responsible
DMO/ MOIC and PHI,
cleaning environment
committee to look after the teacher/ committees
Dengue staff member, School
Weekly environment
hospital cleaning (half an Development Committees, Parents
hour on Friday) associations
Weekly cleaning (half an
4 Condominium Weekly cleaning (Half an Condominium authorities, Cleaning
hour on Friday)
hour cleaning on every services/ Municipal councils
7 Bare lands/ abandoned To trace owner and issue Land owner, Local authority
62
lands notices and ensure no vector
breeding sites
8 Public places Display notices and ensure Local authority
no vector breeding sites
9 Religious places Clean weekly (Weekly Chief priest, Dayaka sabha,
(half an hour on Sunday)
cleaning (half an hour on
Sunday)
5.2. 2. Biological and bio-chemical

5.2. 2.Biological methods
and bio-chemical for dengue
methods vector
for dengue control
vector control
Biological vector control agents prey upon, parasitize and/ or compete with the target vector
Biological vector control agents prey upon, parasitize and/ or compete with the target vector species and
species and bio-chemical methods interfere with the development process of the vector
bio-chemical methods interfere with the development process of the vector species, thus, eliminating/
reducing vector thus,
species, eliminating/reducing
populations. vector populations.
Use of biological Use of agents
and bio-chemical biological
forand bio-chemical
vector control avoids
chemical contamination of the environment and reduces/averts development of resistance and
agents for vector control avoids chemical contamination of the environment of vectors
against reduces/averts development of
insecticides. Larvivorous resistance
fish (biological), Bacillus
of vectors thurengiensis
against isralensis
the insecticides. Larvivorous fish insect
(Bti) and
growth regulators (bio-chemical)
(biological), are used isralensis
Bacillus thurengiensis for dengue vector
and insectlarval control
growth in non
regulators potable water-storage
(bio-chemical) are
tanks and barrels,
used ornamental
for dengue ponds
vector larvalandcontrol
fountains.
in non potable water-storage tanks and barrels,
ornamental ponds and fountains.
a. Larvivorous fish
Poecilia reticulata (guppy), Aplocheilus spp (nalahandaya) Rasbora daniconius (dandi), juvenile stages
of Tilapia spp (Orechromis mossambicus and O. niloticus) (Fig. 5.9) feed on mosquito larvae. These
Larvivorous fish
fish species can be used for dengue vector control in water storage tanks, barrels, ornamental ponds,
fountains, cement lined drains and wells. (Technical specifications for preparation of larvivorous fish-
annexure VII). 63
59
ilia reticulata (guppy), Aplocheilus spp (nalahandaya) Rasbora daniconius (dandi),
nile stages of Tilapia spp (Orechromis mossambicus and O. niloticus) (Fig. 5.7) feed on
uito larvae. These fish
Larvivorous fishspecies canfish
Larvivorous be used for dengue vector control in water storage
, barrels, Poecilia
ornamental ponds,
reticulata (guppy),fountains,
Poecilia Aplocheilus
reticulata cement
(guppy), lined
spp (nalahandaya)
Aplocheilus drains
Rasbora
spp (nalahandaya) anddaniconius
Rasbora wells.
daniconius (Technical
(dandi),
(dandi),
05
juvenile stages of Tilapia spp
juvenile (Orechromis
stages mossambicus
of Tilapia spp (Orechromis and O.
mossambicus niloticus)
and O. (Fig.
niloticus) (Fig. 5.7)5.7) feed on
feed on
fications for preparation
mosquito larvae. of larvivorous
These fish-annexure
fish species can be VI).
used for dengue vector control in water storage
mosquito
tanks, larvae. These fish
mosquito species
larvae. can
These be used
fishcement
species canfor dengue
bedrains
used for vector
dengue vectorcontrol
control inin water
water storagestorage
CHAPTER
tanks,
barrels, ornamental
barrels, for ornamental
ponds, fountains, lined and wells (Technical
specifications preparation of ponds,
tanks, barrels, fountains,
ornamental
larvivorous cement
ponds, fountains,
fish-annexure VI). linedlined
cement drains
drains and wells.
and wells. (Technical
(Technical
.7.Larvivorous fish species suitable for dengue vector control
specifications for preparation of larvivorous fish-annexure VI).
specifications for preparation of larvivorous fish-annexure VI).
Fig.5.9.Larvivorous fish species suitable for dengue vector control
Fig.5.7.Larvivorous fish species suitable for dengue
suitable forvector control
Poecilia reticulate
Poecilia Fig.5.7.Larvivorous
Poecilia reticulate
reticulate
fish species Rasbora Rasbora
dengue vector
Rasbora daniconius
control
daniconius daniconius
Poecilia reticulatePoecilia reticulate Rasbora
Rasbora daniconius
daniconius
Tilapia species (juvenile stages) Aplocheilus dayi (Nalahandaya)

Tilapiaspecies
Tilapia species (juvenile
Tilapiastages)
(juvenile stages)
species (juvenile stages) Aplocheilus
Aplocheilusdayi
Aplocheilus dayi (Nalahandaya)
dayi (Nalahandaya)
(Nalahandaya)
Tilapia species (juvenile stages) Aplocheilus dayi (Nalahandaya)
Fig.5.9. Larvivorous fish species suitable for dengue vector control

Limitations of use of larvivorous fish
Limitations of use of larvivorous fish
Limitations
Theof use ofLimitations
larvivorous of
ofuse fish
of in
larvivorous fish site and due to changes in the pH
the fish
fish die
dieininthe
theabsence
absence food
of food theinbreeding
the breeding site and due to changes in the pH and salinity
theinand salinity in
inthe breeding sites
the
fish breeding
die thesites
absence
the fish dieof food
in the in the
absence of foodbreeding site site
in the breeding andandduedue to changes
to changes in theinpHthe pH
The fish die when the domestic water storage containers are refilled with chlorinated
The fish die when the
and salinity in the breedingdomestic
and salinity in thewater
sites breedingstorage
sites containers are refilled with chlorinated water.
water.
TheFish
fishcannot tolerate
die when theThehigh
fish water
domestic
die whentemperatures
water storage
the domestic containers
water storage arearerefilled
containers with
refilled with chlorinated
chlorinated
Fish cannot tolerate high water temperatures
water. water.
Messages for the community in stocking larvivorous fish for dengue vector 67 control
64 64
Remove fish when refilling the tanks and place the fish back after 6 hours of refilling
tations of use of larvivorous

b. Bacillus fish
thurengiensis isralensis (Bti)
Bacillus
the fish die in the thurengiensis
absence of isralensis
food (Bti) is abreeding
in the spore forming
sitebacterium
and duethat
to produces
changeshighly specific
in the pH
insecticidal proteins, called -endotoxins during sporulation (Fig. 5.10). The endotoxin is degranulated
and salinity in in
solely the
anbreeding sitesWhen the spores containing endotoxin are swallowed by mosquito larvae,
alkaline medium.
the endotoxin
The fish die when the is degranulated
domestic in the midgut
water (alkaline
storage medium) of
containers aretherefilled
mosquito with
larvae, chlorinated
midgut wall is
destroyed resulting in the death of the larvae.
water.
Bti has an extremely low-level of mammalian toxicity and does not affect non-target organisms.
64
In Sri Lanka, liquid and briquette (a slow release formulation) formulation of Bti are used. Liquid
formulation diluted product of Bt (Bactivec) is applied in the form of drops or using hand compression
sprayers / and mist blowers.
Bti is recommended for Ae. aegypti breeding sites that cannot be eliminated by source reduction
methods, e.g. water storage tanks, artificial and ornamental ponds, fountains and roof gutters.
60
In Sri Lanka, liquid and briquette (a slow release formulation) formulation of Bti are used.
Liquid formulation of Bt (Bactivec) is applied in the form of drops or using hand
compression sprayers of the diluted product.
Bti is recommended for Ae. aegypti breeding sites that cannot be eliminated by source
roof gutters. CHAPTER 05

reduction methods, eg. water storage tanks, artificial and ornamental ponds, fountains and
Fig. 5.8.Bacillus thurengiensis bacterium containing a spore and the crystal
Crystal
Spore
Fig. 5.10. Bacillus thurengiensis bacterium containing a

spore and the crystal
65
Limitations of the use of Bti for dengue vector control
Bti is not recommended for water containers where the water is likely to be used for human
consumption (drinking) due to the possibility of the presence of other microbial contaminations
in the product.
Bti formulations tend to rapidly settle at the bottom of water containers, thus, frequent
applications or mixing is required.

LiquidLiquid formulation
formulation of Bt isH-14
of Bt H-14 is effective
effective for days
for 10-12 10-12and days
the and the briquette
briquette formulationformulation
is is
effective for 30 days or more in the treated water. Thus, fortnightly application of liquid Bti and
effective for 30application
monthly days or more in the
of Bti treatediswater.
briquette Thus,
required forfortnightly application
effective dengue vectoroflarval Bti
liquidcontrol
and 4th instar larvae
the late application
monthly of Btiand pupae is
briquette arerequired
not killed
for by Bti as they
effective denguearevector
in the larval
non feeding
controlstages.
Types of breeding sites suitable for application of Bti is limited
the late 4th instar larvae and pupae are not killed by Bti as they are in the non feeding stages.
Types of breeding sites suitable for application of Bti is limited
Dosages
Dosagesfor
forapplication Bti(liquid)
applicationofofBti (liquid)and Bti(Briquette)
andBti (Briquette)formulations
formulations are shown in Table 5.4.
5.4.
Table
Table5.4
5.4. .Dosages
Dosagesfor
forapplication of Bti
application of Bti (liquid)
(liquid)and
andBti
Bti(Briquette)
(Briquette) formulations
formulations
Product Formulation Application Dosage/ Dilution factor Frequency of

methods Locality application
Bti Liquid Drops 04 drops of Bti Not applicable Fortnightly
(e.g. Bactivec) per 10 liters of intervals
water.
Using hand 540ml of Bti Fortnightly
compression to 09 liters of intervals
sprayers, water.
Mist blowers For urban area 3.5l of Bti to Fortnightly
6.5l of water intervals
Mist blowers For semi urban 1.8 l of Bti to Fortnightly
area 8.2 l of water intervals
Bti Briquette Briquette 01 dunk/100 sq Monthly
ft of water. intervals
61 larvae of both Ae. aegypti and Ae.

These dosages give 100% mortality of 1st 3rd instar
albopictus larvae within 48 hours.
Figure 5.9: Bti applied using mist blowers

CHAPTER 05
These dosages give 100% mortality of 1st 3rd instar larvae of both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae
within 48 hours.
Figure 5.11: Bti applied using mist blowers
c. Insect growth regulators (IGR)
Insect growth regulators (IGRs) interfere with the development of the immature stages of the mosquito
byInsect
: growth regulators (IGR)
Interfering with chitin synthesis during the molting process in larvae or
Insect
growth
Insect growthregulators
Disrupting regulators (IGR)
the pupal and adult transformation
(IGRs) processes.
interfere with the development of the immature stages of the
mosquito
Insect
IGR byregulators
growth
is recommended (IGRs)
for dengue interfere
vector control with thestorage
in water development
tanks andofcontainers.
the immature stages
In waters that of the
have been treated with the recommended dosage (0.01 mg/litre) of IGR, the larvae do not become
Interfering
mosquito by the larvalwith chitin synthesis during the molting process in larvae or
pupae, instead, period is extended and causes death.
Disrupting
Interfering thechitin
with pupalsynthesis
and adultduring
transformation processes.
the molting process in larvae or
The disadvantage of application of IGR for dengue vector control is that larvae and pupae remain visible
in IGR is recommended
Disrupting
IGR
the the pupal
treated water. formay
This dengue
and adult vector
impact control
transformation
on legislative in water
processes.
actions. storage
IGR too is not tanks and containers.
recommended for In
application in drinking
waters that watertreated
have been sources.with the recommended dosage (0.01 mg/litre) of IGR, the larvae
IGR is recommended for dengue vector control in water storage tanks and containers. In
do not
waters
5.2.3. become
that have
Chemical pupae,
been
methods forinstead,
treated with
dengue the
thelarval
vector period is extended
recommended
control and die.
dosage (0.01 mg/litre) of IGR, the larvae
doThe disadvantage
not become pupae, ofinstead,
application of IGR for is
dengue vector control
die.adultismosquito
that larvae and pupae
Chemical methods of vector controlthe larval
include useperiod extended
of insecticides andand
for larval control.
remain
The visible
Classification
disadvantage inofthe
and major IGRoftreated
groups
application water.
chemical
of IGR forThis
insecticides impact
that
dengue are on for
used
vector legislative
adult and
control actions. IGR
larvallarvae
is that control too
are
and is not
pupae
shown in Fig 5.12
recommended
remain visible infor
theapplication
IGR treatedin drinking water
water. This sources.
impact on legislative actions. IGR too is not
recommended for application in drinking water sources.
5.2.3. Chemical methods for dengue vector control

5.2.3. Chemical
Chemical methods
methods for dengue
of vector control vector
includecontrol
use of insecticides for larval and adult mosquito
62
control. methods
Chemical Classification and control
of vector major groups
includeofuse
chemical insecticides
of insecticides that are
for larval andused
adultfor adult and
mosquito
larval Classification
control. control are shown
and in Fig 5.10.
major groups of chemical insecticides that are used for adult and
CHAPTER 05
Classification of insecticides
Inorganic compounds Organic compounds

e.g.Florine, Phosphorus,
Chlorinated Organophosphates Carbamate Synthetic pyrethroids

Hydrocarbons e.g:Propoxur e.g. Permethrin
e.g. Fenitrothion, Deltamethrin
e.g.DDT Malathion
Temephos 1% SG
Temephos 50EC
Fig. 5.12. Classification of major groups of insecticides that are used for adult
mosquito and larval control
The NDCU in Sri Lanka, currently uses Temephos 1% SG and Temephos 50 EC for dengue vector larval
control. Malathion, Deltacide and Pesguard are used for thermal fogging.
5.2.3.1. Chemical larviciding
Use of Temephos 1% sand granules (SG)
Temephos 1% SG is a slow releasing formulation of larvicide that is recommended for Ae. aegypti and
Ae. albopictus control in domestic water storage containers such as water storage tanks, barrels and
other containers that cannot be destroyed, eliminated or otherwise managed. However, this insecticide
is not recommended for use in potable water.
Dosage, application methods and frequency of application of Temephos 1% SG are shown in Table 5.5.
Table 5.5. Dosage, application methods and frequency of application of Temephos 1%SG
Product Formulation
n Application methods Dosage (active Frequency of
ingredient) application
Container breeding
(mg/l)
Temephos 1% SG In cotton cloth pouches (put the 1ppm dosage 03 month

(GR) required amount of granules in the intervals
(1g of the product in
pouch and keep it suspended in
10 liters of water)
the water)
63
CHAPTER 05
Indications for use of Temephos 1% SG
in situations of dengue epidemics
Prior to peak transmission of dengue in order to prevent an epidemic when and where
epidemiological factors (disease incidence, entomological indices and environmental factors)
indicate potential dengue outbreaks/ epidemics.
Application of temephos 1% SG should be carried out assuming that the storage volume of water in
the tanks is maximal (or the usual storage volume), even if the tanks are not full of water. Method of
calculation of the volume of the container are shown in table 5.6
Table 5.6. Method of calculation of the volume of the container

Shape of the Method of calculation of the
container
Square (pictures) volume
Length x width x height of the
tank
Square (pictures) Length x width x height of the
Shape of the Method of calculation of the
Cylindrical tank
22/ 7x radius 2 x height of the
container volume
container
Cylindrical 22/ 7x radius 2 x height of the
Square (pictures) Length x width x height of the
container
tank
2
Cylindrical 22/ 7x radius x height of the
Quantities container
of temephos
Quantities of temephos 1% 1% SGcontainers
SG for for containers of different
of different sizes
sizes are are in
given given in 5.7.
Table Table 5.7.
Table 5.7. Quantities of temephos 1% SG required to treat water containers of different sizes
Table 5.7. Quantities of temephos 1% SG required to treat water containers of different sizes to kill
to kill mosquito
Quantities larvae 1% SG for containers of different sizes are given in Table 5.7.
of temephos
mosquito larvae
Capacity of the of
Table 5.7. Quantities Grams of Temephos
temephos 1% to
1% SG required SG
treatNumber of teaspoons
water containers required
of different sizes
container in liters required (one teaspoon contains
to kill mosquito larvae
Quantities of temephos 1% SG for containers of different sizes areapproximately
given in Table5 5.7.
grams)
Capacity of the Grams of Temephos 1% SG Number of teaspoons required
< 25Quantities of temephos
Table 5.7. Less than
1% 5SG required to treat water Pinch ( small
containers ofamount held
different between
sizes
container in liters required (one teaspoon contains
to kill mosquito larvae thumb and finger)
approximately 5 grams)
50 5 1
Capacity of the Grams of Temephos 1% SG Number of teaspoons required
< 25 Less than 5 Pinch ( small amount held between
container100in liters required
10 (one 2 teaspoon contains
thumb and finger)
200 20 approximately
4 5 grams)
50 5 1
< 25 250 Less than
255 Pinch5( small amount held between
100 10 2 finger)
thumb and
500 50 10
50 200 5 20 1 4
1000 100 20
100 250 10 25 2 5
64
200 500Use of temephos 50EC
20 50% 4 10
250 1000
In situations, 25 100 larval control measures are not
when other 20 feasible, Temephos
5 practical/
CHAPTER 05
Use of temephos 50% EC
In situations, when other larval control measures are not practical/ feasible, Temephos 50%EC can be
used for dengue vector larval control.
eg., during dengue epidemics, when vector breeds in water collections in abandoned/ unused boats,
concrete slabs, in yards with machinery parts, construction sites, etc.).
Application of Temephos 50 EC can be done using hand compression sprayers or mist blowers. The
dosage, application methods and frequency of application of Temephos 50 EC is shown in Table 5.8.
Table 5.8. Dosage, application methods and frequency of application of Temephos 50 EC
Product Formulation Application Dosage (active ingredient) Dilution Frequency

methods Container breeding (mg/l) factor of
application
Temephos EC By hand 01 20 ml in Fortnightly
compression 09 liters intervals
sprayers, of water
Susceptibility/ resistance level of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae should be monitored at regular
intervals (once in 3 months) according to WHO guidelines in order to ensure effective use of insecticide.
5.2.3.2. Adult Vector Control
5.2.3.2.a Space spraying to control adult mosquitoes using insecticides
Space spraying includes application of small droplets of insecticide into the air for rapid knock -down and
eventual death of adult vectors. This method is used in emergency vector control to suppress the vector
population and thereby to interrupt ongoing dengue outbreaks/epidemics or to prevent an impending
dengue outbreak from occurring. Space spraying can be done using 2 methods viz., thermal fogging and
ultra low volume(ULV)spraying.
Thermal fogging
Generally, thermal fogging machine employs the resonant pulse principle to generate hot gas (over 200
C) at high velocity.
These hot gases atomize the insecticide solution (mixture of the insecticide and the diluents) instantly
so that it is vaporized. As soon as this vapour encounters with the cooler ambient air, the vapour gets
condensed rapidly into tiny droplets forming a dense fog.
Each of the micro droplets of the fog contains the appropriate dose of the active ingredient, and has the
ability to float long distances. These droplets can penetrate and access sites with dense vegetation and
reach corners in open buildings and houses.
Once the droplets of insecticide come in contact with the target mosquito species in sufficient dosage,
the mosquito is rapidly knocked down and eventually killed.
65
dense vegetation and reach and
dense vegetation corners incorners
reach open buildings and houses.
in open buildings and houses.
Thermal CHAPTER
fogging
Thermal isfogging
foggers (Fig 5.12 and
foggers
05
carried isout
(Fig5.13).
by hand
carried
5.12 and 5.13).
carried
out by hand(portable) and vehicle
carried (portable) and mounted thermal thermal
vehicle mounted
Fig 5.12 Thermal

Fig 5.12 fogging
Thermalusing a hand
fogging usingcarried
a hand Fig. 5.13Thermal
carried fogging using
Fig. 5.13Thermal vehicle
fogging usingmounted
vehicle mounted
Thermal
fogging fogging
fogging machine machineis carried out by hand carried (portable) and vehiclemachine
fogging
fogging machine mounted thermal foggers (Fig 5.13
and 5.14).
Hand
Hand carriedFigmachines
5.13 Thermal
carried fogging
machines
are using
meant a hand
areformeantcarried Fig. 5.14 Thermal
for restricted
restricted outdoor fogging
outdoor
use and forusing
use andvehicle
for mounted
enclosed enclosed
spaces spaces
fogging machine fogging machine
(building).(building).
This type This type ofismachine
of machine used forisfogging
used forinfogging
congestedin congested housing
housing areas, areas,
multi multi storied
storied
Hand carried machines are meant for restricted outdoor use and for enclosed spaces (building). This
buildings, buildings,
type areasorthat
orofinmachine isinused
areas
arefor that arein
inaccessible
fogging inaccessible by a vehicle.
by a vehicle.
congested housing areas, multi storied buildings, or in areas that
are inaccessible by a vehicle.
In epidemic situations, especially in urban areas, when a large area is to be covered, fogging is carried out
byIn
using
somevehicle mounted
areas, fogging
especially in machines
the hilly areas, the fog of a vehicle mounted machine may not
In some areas, especially in the hilly areas, the fog of a vehicle mounted machine may not
Inreach
reach some some some
partsareas, parts of the
especially
of the target target
in the
areas. hilly areas. In fog
suchof situations,
areas,situations,
In such the ahand hand
vehiclecarried
mounted carried
machine
fogging fogging
may not machines
machines are some are
reach
parts of the target areas. In such situations, hand carried fogging machines are used to cover these areas
used these
cover to cover
used to simultaneously withthese
areas the areasmounted
vehicle simultaneously
simultaneously machine
with with the
theensuring
vehicle vehicle
fullmounted mounted
coverage of the targetmachine
machine area.
ensuring ensuring
full full
coverage
coverageUltra-low
of of area.
the target the target area.
volume (ULV) applications
Insecticides,
Insecticides, dosages, dosages,ofmethod of application, dilution factor of insecticides and frequency of
Ultra-low volumemethod
applicationsapplication, dilution
are mechanically factor
generated of insecticides
by ULV and
generators. ULV frequency
application of
involves
theapplication
application application
of thermalofoffogging
athermal
minimum fogging
are shownare
volume shown5.10.
inliquid
ofininsecticide
Table Table 5.10. over a wide area.
concentrate
ULV applications are made by backpack sprayers with ULV attachments or nozzles as well as by vehicle 75
75
mounted aerosol generators. Backpack sprayers are used for house to house spraying when the area to
be treated is not very large or in areas where vehicle-mounted machines cannot reach.
The weight of the machine and the vibrations caused by the engine make it necessary to allow the
operators to rest adequately and hence two or three operators are required per machine.
The vehicle mounted aerosol generators have an engine driven air compressor system to produce a flow
of air into which insecticide formulation is released and sheared into fine aerosol droplets.
Effectiveness of space spraying heavily depends on the environmental conditions under which spraying
is carried out.
Similarities and differences between thermal fogging and ULV are shown in Table 5.9
66
CHAPTER 05
Table 5.9. Similarities and differences between Thermal fogging and ULV
Thermal fogging ULV
Similarities
Both create a dry fog where the user can determine the droplet size and amount of product being
dispensed.
Both can be mounted on trucks or other vehicles for ease of application.
Differences
Thermal foggers use heat to produce a very visible fog ULV machines use a high volume of air to
create a fog without heat
Thermal Fogging reaches deep into obstructed areas ULV machines apply more on surfaces and
and overgrown thickets may not penetrate obstructed areas and dense
foliage completely
Thermal fogger produces a range of droplet sizes ULV sprayer generates fog droplets of a
including a large number of very small droplets. more precise size
Presence of very small droplets enables the fog to The absence of a large number of very small
reach spaces in areas highly obstructed by vegetation, droplets will limit penetration of the fog into
or other physical obstructions in buildings. highly obstructed areas.
Presence of a large number of very small droplets in Fog is comparatively less visible
the fog makes the fog highly visible.
Visibility of fog helps the operator to monitor the fog

and ensure thoroughness of application.
Comparatively more diluent is required (type of ULV sprayers can dispense formulations in a
diluent) more concentrated form and less diluent is
required.
Able to calibrate the machine to produce
droplets of the optimum size for the type of
chemical being used
Thermal foggers make much noise ULV machines create comparatively less
noise
5.2.3.2.b. Insecticides that are used for space spraying
Organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are used for adult vector control. WHO
recommended insecticides for space spraying against mosquitoes are shown in Table 5.10.
67
CHAPTER 05
Organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are used for adult vector control.
WHO recommended insecticides for space spraying against mosquitoes are shown in Table
5.10.
Table 5.10: WHO recommended insecticides for space spraying against mosquitoes
Compound and formulation Indoor Outdoor

(g Al/1000 m3) (g/Al/ha)
Cold Thermal Cold Thermal
fog fog fog fog
Deltamethrin UL 0.5 0.05 0.5 0.5-1.0
Delatamethrin EW - 0.05 1 -
Lambda-cyhalothrin EC - - 1-2 2
Malathion EW and UL - - 112-600 112-600
Permathrin( 25 cis: 75 trans;10.35%w/w)+s- 0.55 0.73 - -
bioallethrin(0.14w/w)+ piperonyl Permethrin permethrin
butoxide(9.85% w/w)EW
d-d, trans-cyphenothrin EC 0.1-0.2 0.2 3.5-4.00 3.5-4.0
5.2.3.2.c Technical details of space spraying

Dilution factors of different insecticides that are used for dengue vector control in Sri
I. Area to be covered by space spraying
Lanka by thermal fogging(Table 5.11)
For a single case of dengue, fogging should be carried out to cover an area of about 200m radius of the
When there is a cluster of dengue cases in an area (2 or more cases within < 200m distance
Insecticide
patients Mixing proportion
house/ source of infection as shown in Fig 5.15.a Required insecticide
within 2 weeks), fogging should cover the cluster as well as the area within a 200m radius
Required insecticide
When there is a cluster of dengue casesofinthean
from the perimeter area
cluster: (2 or more cases within at < 200m distance from each
(Fig.5.12b).
amount for 5 litre amount for 50 litre
other within 2 weeks), fogging should
Insecticide
Fig
cover within
Kerozine
5.12.a,b. Area of space
and 200m distance of the perimeter of the cluster as
spraying for a single dengue case and a cluster of cases by hand
shown in Fig. 5.15.b capacity
carried fogging machine could be deployed if resources hand held
are available capacity vehicle
oil/
fogging machine mounted fogging
Fig. 5.15.a. and . 5.15.b. Area to be covered by space spraying for a single dengue case and a cluster of
cases
For a single case Diesel For a cluster of a few cases
machine
Technical malathion 1 19 250 ml 2.5litre
Pesguard 1 200 m
159 30 ml 200m 300ml
More than 01 machine
For ULV application
Table 5.12 a: For Vehicle

a single case
mounted b:toFor
fogging machines are used cover alarge
cluster ofthere
areas when a few cases
are scattered
cases in a village or when there cases along the same or adjacent streets in an urban area
Fig. 5.15: Area to the
within bepastcovered by space
2 weeks. When space spraying
spraying for
is carried out a vehicle
using single dengue
mounted fogging case
Insecticide Mixing proportion Required insecticide
and
machines, the route of a cluster
the vehicle should beof cases
planned prior to the fogging operation in order to
employ hand operated fogging machines to reach the rest of the target area (to make sure the
entire target area is covered). Possible movement of a vehicle mounted fogging machine is
68
shown in Fig. 5.13. The speed of the vehicle should be 6-8 Km per hour. 76
CHAPTER 05
For fogging a single dengue case, 02 hand carried fogging machines are required. To cover the 200m
radius of a case 2-3 fillings (10 -15 liters) of the insecticide solution is sufficient.
In the case of a cluster of cases, two or more machines needs to be used and the number of machines to
be used depends on the extent of the cluster.
Use of vehicle mounted fogging machines for space spraying
Vehicle mounted fogging machines are used to cover large areas when there are scattered cases in a
village or when there are cases along the same or adjacent streets in an urban area within the past 2
weeks. When space spraying is carried out using vehicle mounted fogging machines, the route of the
vehicle should be planned prior to the fogging operation in order to employ hand operated fogging
machines to reach the rest of the target area (to make sure the entire target area is covered). Possible
movement of a vehicle mounted fogging machine is shown in Fig. 5.16. The speed of the vehicle should
be 6-8 Km per hour.
Fig.5.13. Possible movement of a vehicle mounted thermal fogging mac
Fig.5.16. Possible movement of a vehicle mounted thermal fogging machine
Frequency
II. Frequency of space spraying of space spraying
A minimum
In the case of an indigenous of two rounds
case, minimum of fogging
two rounds should
of fogging shouldbebecarried
carriedout
out.around
The firstaround
suspected/ serologic
of fogging should be positive
carried out as early
dengue as in
case possible of the or
a receptive notification
vulnerableof area
the case (at leasttransmission.
of dengue within 48
hours of the notification) and the second round within 5-7 days after the first round of fogging.
The first round of fogging: as soon as possible (at least within 48 hours) of
In the case of an exogenous case in receptive areas, one round of fogging may be sufficient. If the patient
notification
contracted dengue illness outside of the case)
his/her residence area and returned to the residence after the viraemic
phase, fogging in the residence
Theareasecond
may notround
be necessary. However,
within 5-7 fogging
days after theshould be carried
first round out in the
of fogging.
area where source of infection occurred.
It is of utmost importance that fogging should be accompanied by a cleaning/ so
69
reduction programme and health education.
Supply of insecticides and logistics for space spraying
CHAPTER 05
III. Activities to be followed prior to , during and after space spraying
III.a Steps to be followed prior to space spraying

Demarcate the target area to be covered by space spraying by studying a sketch map of the area.
When vehicle mounted machine is used for fogging, study the street map and determine the
route of the vehicle to cover the target area.
Make the community aware about fogging through health education and using public addressing
system. Specific instruction should be given to keep the doors and windows of their houses,
including those of all bedrooms open, cover their food and water and food items kept for sale by
vendors and in all instances to extinguish fire sources while fogging operations are in progress.
Advice on moving out of houses when fogging is in progress.
Advise the community to close all doors and windows of premises for half an hour imm ediately
after the fog dispersed in the interior of the house, then to open the doors and windows and
enter the house
Study wind direction and decide the path of sprayman to ensure full coverage of the target area.
The sprayman should move from downwind to upwind, i.e. against the wind direction.
Ensure proper traffic control especially when using vehicle mounted fogging machines since fog
can pose a traffic hazard to motorists and pedestrians.
III.b Steps to be followed during space spraying
When fogging is done using hand operated (Portable) thermal fogging machines
Spraymen should move from house to house
Fog in and out of the premise (peridomestic fogging)
Fog the interior of the premise by directing the fog to the interior of the premise through an
open door or a window for 10 15 seconds with the nozzle of the machine at a distance of
about 3m to the door/ window. Stepping into a premise/house with the fogging machine should
be avoided due to potential fire hazard with thermal fogging.
In single-storey houses, fogging can be done from the front door or through an open window
without having to enter every room of the house. All bedroom doors should be left open to
allow dispersal of the fog throughout the house.
After spraying, all doors and windows should be shut for half an hour to ensure good
penetration of the fog within the house.
When fogging is done in a multi-storied building, fogging should be begin from the uppermost
floor and the sprayman move from upstairs to downstairs and from the back of the building to
the front ensuring full coverage of the target area. This motion gives good visibility of the path
of the sprayman.
Fogging should essentially cover all possible mosquito resting sites including hedges, covered
drains, bushes, and tree-shaded areas based on the evidence and depending on the local
situations.
The most effective type of thermal fog for mosquito control is a medium/dry fog, i.e. it should
just moisten the hand when the hand is passed quickly through the fog at a distance of about
2.5-3.0 meters in front of the fog tube.
Adjust the fog setting so that oily deposits on the floor and furniture are reduced.
70
CHAPTER 05
III.c Special steps to be followed when fogging is carried out using vehicle mounted thermal foggers
Study the street map of the target area and determine the route for the vehicle
Ensure proper traffic control since it can pose a traffic hazard to motorists and pedestrians
In areas where the roads are narrow and the houses are close to the roadside, vehicle should
move against the wind direction with the spray head pointing backwards. In areas with wider
roads, move the vehicle in zigzag manner across the wind direction ensuring coverage of the
target area
Drive the vehicle at a steady speed of 6-8 Km/hr (3.5 4.5 miles/hr)
Turn off the fogging machine just before the vehicle stop
When some parts of the target area are inaccessible for the vehicle and not covered by vehicle
mounted fogging machine, use hand operated fogging machines to cover such area.
In case of roads having dead-ends, the spray production should be started only when the
vehicle is coming out of the dead-end, and not while going in.
The spray head should be pointed at a 45o angle to the horizontal to achieve maximum throw
of droplets.
Inside the house fogging

Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus rest and bite indoors as well as outdoors. Thus, indoor fogging is
recommended in epidemic situations and in areas with impending epidemics. However, special
precautions are necessary in indoor fogging in order to prevent potential fire hazards and to protect the
spray men, house occupants, poultry and household pets. Following precautions are needed to be taken
in indoor fogging.
Shut off all electricity at the master switch
Turn off all heating and cooking equipment and allow some time to cool down before spraying.
Ensure all occupants and animals remain outside the house during spraying and stay outside
for 30 minutes after spraying.
Ensure that the building is ventilated before reoccupation
Cover all water containers and foodstuffs
Cover fish tanks
Close all doors and windows before spraying and keep them closed for 30 minutes after
spraying to ensure maximum efficacy.
Spray operators should work backwards and away from the fog to minimize exposure.
eg. In single room houses and small single-storey houses, the spray can be delivered from the
front door or through an open window without entering every room of the house, provided that
adequate dispersal of the insecticide droplets can be achieved.
In large single-storey buildings, it may be necessary to apply the spray room by room, beginning
at the back of the building and working towards the front or vice versa (Fig 17 and 18).
71
1 and 2).
In multi-storey buildings, spraying is started from top floor to the ground floor and
from the back of the building to the front. This ensures that the operator has good
05
visibility at all times.
CHAPTER
A fog must be dry before being directed into a building. Test the fog by placing the
machine on the ground and checking that the area immediately in front of the nozzle
Inby
is not wetted multi-storey
the fog. buildings, spraying is started from top floor to the ground floor and from the back of the
building to the front. This ensures that the operator has good visibility at all times.
To reduce the production of large
A fog must wetting
be dry droplets,
before being obtain theinto
directed correct balance
a building. between
Test the fog by placing the machine
flow rate and combustion temperature. This is usually done by reducing the flowofrate.
on the ground and checking that the area immediately in front the nozzle is not wet due to
the fog.
To reduce
Water-diluted products the production
are recommended in of large fogging
indoor wetting droplets, obtain
in order to the correct
minimize fire balance between flow rate
and combustion temperature. This is usually done by reducing the flow rate.
hazards.
Water-diluted products are recommended in indoor fogging in order to minimize fire hazards.
1
7
1
7
Fig 5.17 pathway for the fogger when do fogging indoor Fig 5 .18 pathway for the fogger when do fogging
start with 1 and end with 7 indoor start with 1 and end with 7
Basic steps to be followed when fogging is done using vehicle mounted thermal foggers
IV. Optimum conditions for space spraying for dengue vector control
The street maps of the target area must be studied carefully before the spraying operation
begins periods of peak biting activity of Ae. aegypti and Ae.
Space spraying should be carried out during
albopictus and when the right weather conditions are
Ensure proper present
traffic controlfor itsitoptimum
since effectiveness.
can pose a traffic Time of
hazard to motorists andthe
pedestrians
day, ambient temperature, wind speed and precipitation are important environmental conditions that
Spraying should always be done downwind to upwind, i.e. vehicle moves against the
affect the effectiveness of space spraying.
direction of the wind. If possible, drive the vehicle at right angles to the wind direction
The vehicle is driven at a steady speed of 6-8 Km/hr (3.5 4.5 miles/hr) along the streets.
IV.a Timing 83
Spray production should be turned off when the vehicle is stationary.
Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are mostlyInactive in the morning for a few hours after sun rise hours and
dead end roads, the spraying should be started only when the vehicle is coming out of the
for a few hours before sunset Thus, spacedead
spraying is carried out within these peak periods of activity.
end, not while going into the dead end
The spray head should be pointed at a 45 0 angle to the horizontal plane to achieve maximum
IV.b Temperature
throw of the droplets,
In the middle of the day, when temperature

When is high,
using convection
insecticides currents
for vector control, from theofground
the safety the spraywill prevent
personnel, public and their
concentration of the fog close to the ground where adult mosquitoes are flying or resting, thus rendering
domestic pets and animals and the environment should be considered. The precautions that
the space spraying ineffective. Thus, the most appropriate periods for fogging are the mornings and the
are to be taken to ensure safety are discussed in Chapter 6
afternoons when the ambient temperature is cooler and favours optimal dispersion of droplets targeting
the vector.
84
IV.c Wind speed and wind direction
Air movements of less than 3 km/hr may result in vertical mixing, while winds greater than 13km/hr
disperse the spray too quickly. Thus, optimum wind speed for fogging is between 3 13 km/hour.
72
CHAPTER 05
The sprayman should be moving opposite the wind direction with the nozzle holding backwards so
that the spray would move with the wind in the same direction. However, the spraymen (with the hand
carried machine) or the vehicle (with the vehicle mounted machine) may move perpendicular to the
wind direction. Such movements take the fog with the wind to one direction, so that the sprayman/
vehicle should make the next movement to cover the other part of the target area in such instances.
IV.d Precipitation
In heavy rain, the spray loses its consistency and does not disperse in the air to the target area. Therefore
fogging should not be done during heavy rains. However, fogging is permissible during light showers.
Fogging is carried out only when the right weather conditions are present and usually only at
Fogging is carried
the prescribed outThese
time. only when the right
conditions weather conditions
are summarized in tableare present and usually only at the
5.11.
prescribed time. These conditions are summarized in table 5.11
Table5.11.
Table 5.13. Most
Most favourable,
favorable, average
average and unfavourable
and unfavourable weather
weather conditions
conditions for space
for space spraying
spraying
Most favourable conditions Average conditions Unfavourable

conditions
Time Early morning (0630 -0830) or late Early to mid-morning Mid-morning to mid
evening (1600- 1800) (0830 1030) afternoon
Wind Steady, between 3-13 km/h 0-3km/hr Medium to strong
over 13km/h
Rain No rain Light showers Heavy rain
Temperature Cool or mild Mild Hot
IV.e Droplet
Droplet sizesize
Space spraying is only effective while the droplets remain airborne. Droplets larger than 30m in
Space spraying is only effective while the droplets remain airborne. Droplets larger than
diameter are less effective as they do not remain airborne for a sufficient time. Droplets smaller than
30m
5m in diameter
in diameter arereadily
do not less effective as theywith
come in contact do not remain
flying insects,airborne for a sufficient
as the movement time.
of the smallest
droplets is affected by the air turbulence created by the insects flight. The optimum droplet size for
Droplets
space smaller
spraying than
against 5m in diameter
mosquitoes is 1020 do
m.notThereadily
dropletcome
size ofina contact
thermal with
fog isflying
usuallyinsects,
less thanas15
microns in diameter
the movement andsmallest
of the the optimum droplet
droplets size for ULV
is affected spray
by the airusually falls within
turbulence createdthebyrange of 10 25
the insects
microns in diameter
flight. The optimum droplet size for space spraying against mosquitoes is 1020 m. The
V. Types of insecticides used for space spraying in Sri lanka
droplet size of a thermal fog is usually less than 15 microns in diameter and the optimum
droplet factors
Dilution size forofULV spray
different usually falls
insecticides thatwithin theforrange
are used of vector
dengue 10 25control
microns in Lanka
in Sri diameter
by thermal
fogging and ULV are shown in Table 5.12 and 5.13.
Area to be covered by space spraying
For a single case of dengue, fogging should be carried out to cover an area of about 200m
radius of the patients house/ source of infection
73 as shown in (Fig 5.12a). When there is a
cluster of dengue cases in an area (2 or more cases within at < 200m distance from each other
within 2 weeks), fogging should cover within and 200m distance of the perimeter of the
cluster as shown in (Fig.5.12b).
CHAPTER 05
Table 5.12 Dilution factors of different insecticides that are used for dengue vector control in Sri
Lanka by thermal fogging Mixing proportion
Insecticide Required insecticide Required insecticide
amount for 5 litre amount for 50 litre
Insecticide Mixing proportionKerosine Required
Insecticide insecticide
capacity hand held Required insecticide
capacity vehicle
oil/ amount for machine
fogging 5 litre amount for 50
mounted litre
fogging
Insecticide Kerosine capacity hand held capacity vehicle
oil/ Diesel machine
fogging machine mounted fogging
Technical malathion 1 Diesel
19 250 ml machine
2.5litre
Technical malathion
Pesguard 1 1 19 159 25030
mlml 2.5litre
300ml
Pesguard 1 159 30 ml 300ml
Table 5.13 Dilution factors of different insecticides that are used for dengue vector control in Sri
Lanka by ULV application
Insecticide Mixing proportion Required insecticide

amount for 5 litre
Insecticide Water capacity hand held
fogging machine
Pesguard 1 15 330ml
330 ml
5.2.3.2.d. Supply of insecticides and logistics for space spraying
Insecticides are issued by the NDCU based on the local requirements. Kerosene oil and other logistics
are to be obtained from the respective local government authorities on the request by the MOH/RMO/
MOIC-AFU/Entomologist/RE of the area.
When using insecticides for vector control, the safety of the spray personnel, public and their domestic
pets and animals and the environment should be considered. The precautions that are to be taken to
ensure safety are discussed in Chapter 6
5.3. Use of residual insecticides for dengue vector control
Residual insecticide spraying for adult mosquito vector control is the application of a long lasting residual
insecticide to potential resting surfaces of vector mosquitoes. When a vector come into contact with a
sprayed surface and absorbs a lethal dose of insecticide, it reduces the lifespan of the vector mosquito.
This results in a progressive decline in vector density and longevity and a reduction in overall vectorial
capacity thereby contributing to a reduction in disease transmission.
According to the available knowledge, the Aedes vector rests on hanging objects, under surfaces of
furniture and inside containers both indoors and outdoors such as tires, pots etc. This resting habit
limits the use of residual insecticides for dengue vector control. Up to now there is little evidence on the
use of residual insecticide for dengue vector control. However, residual insecticide spraying could

74
CHAPTER 05
not be totally ruled out against dengue vector control. Thus, before deciding use of residual insecticide
for dengue vector control, it is necessary to study the vector resting sites and the susceptibility of vector.
5.4. What is WHOPES
The WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) was set up in 1960. WHOPES promotes and
coordinates the testing and evaluation of pesticides for public health. It functions through the
participation of representatives of governments, manufacturers of pesticides and pesticide application
equipment, WHO Collaborating Centres and research institutions, as well as other WHO programmes,
notably the International Programme on Chemical Safety.
In its present form, WHOPES comprises a four-phase evaluation and testing programme, studying the
safety, efficacy and operational acceptability of public health pesticides and developing specifications for
quality control and international trade.
WHOPES collects, consolidates, evaluates and disseminates information on the use of pesticides for
public health. Its recommendations facilitate the registration of pesticides by Member States.
WHOPES' objectives
To facilitate the search for alternative pesticides and application methods that are safe and cost-
effective; and
to develop and promote policies, strategies and guidelines for the selective and judiciou
application of pesticides for public health use, and assist and monitor their implementation
byMember States.
(source: http://www.who.int/whopes/en/)
5.5. Insecticide resistance monitoring
Insecticide resistance is the development of ability in a strain of insects to tolerate doses of toxicants
which would prove lethal to the majority of individual in a normal population of the same species.
Development of resistance is a complex and dynamic process and it depends upon genetic, biological
and operational factors. Currently dengue vector population in Sri Lanka have showed resistance and
possible resistance level for currently use insecticides. Therefore, resistance monitoring should be an
integral part of dengue vector control programme Sri Lanka.

Objective:
The purpose of the susceptibility test is to detect the presence of resistant individuals in an insect
population early to preserve the effectiveness of available insecticides. If use of insecticide continues
without knowing the presence of resistance, percentage of selected survivors will increase and the
susceptibility of the population will decline to a point that the insecticide no longer provides an acceptable
level of control. Therefore the susceptibility monitoring will help to plan alternative control strategies to
deal with the situation when the insecticide in question is no longer having the desired effect.
Test procedures for insecticide monitoring mention in annexure (VIII)
75
CHAPTER 05
5.6 Outbreak Management Plan
Definition of an outbreak
Outbreak (used synonymously with epidemic) is defined as a sudden unexpected increase of cases
or as the occurrence in a community or region of cases clearly in excess of expectancy. A sudden
and unexpected increase (outbreak) may differ from the seasonal peak, which is an expected increase
of cases that usually occurs during the wet season (monsoons). However, the response should be swift
in both these situations.
In Sri Lanka for practical purposes, country has been divided into 3 risk categories (Priority
High-risk, High-risk and Low-risk). This risk categorization is determined according to the disease
surveillance data (both historical average of cases and reported cases during current year), vector
indices, demographics and population density and other parameters such as case fatality rate etc.
Priority High-risk Area: Constant number of cases reported throughout the year, during both
monsoonal and non-monsoonal seasons
High-risk Area: Higher number of cases reported particularly during monsoonal seasons
Low-risk Area: Only few sporadic cases reported any time during the year
This section briefly outlines the sum of measures that should be taken during the period of
outbreak preparedness, during the outbreak and the post outbreak period based on risk level.
Objectives of controlling an outbreak are to reduce the case fatality rates, patient numbers and
entomological parameters.
As a Public Health Manager, one should detect early stage of outbreak by doing:
Regularly monitoring of entomological data
Conducting active and passive surveillance of dengue cases
Prompt reporting and communication with relevant stakeholders

5.6.1. Outbreak preparedness
Outbreak preparedness and control measures should be conducted according to the risk level. The risk
categorization for a particular location or division is dynamic and will vary both temporally and spatially.
As a part of outbreak preparedness, following steps are to be taken:
Establishing dengue action committees at different levels
Both national and sub-national level (Provincial and District) should have an outbreak response
committee with multi-sectoral representation for emergency response. The committee must have sub
76
CHAPTER 05
committees at the sub national level that can take quick decisions, mobilize resources and respond
quickly during the outbreaks.
The committee will have following responsibilities:

Capacity building of curative and preventive health staff, and other relevant personnel
Improve facilities and establish fever corners for screening suspected fever patients in hospitals
Ensure the supply of necessary logistics without interruption to all treatment facilities and make
available patient transport facilities at all treatment centres
Prompt notification of suspected cases from the health care facilities to identify vulnerable areas
Capacity building of all relevant staff on proper communication and health education
Ensure availability of necessary facilities for communication and health education in all hospitals
Ensure communication within Division (MOH), District, Provincial and National level units as
well as with other stakeholders including media
Conducting regular entomological surveys and analysis of entomological and disease data
Establishing operation centres (or a communication channel) at different level depending on the
extent of the outbreak
5.6.2. During the outbreak
Establishing an Operation Centre
During an outbreak, the Operations Centre must be open throughout, even on weekends and public
holidays (preferably 24/7). The setting up of an operations centre at different levels (such as District/
Provincial/National level) is based on the following criteria:
a. District level; when, at any one time, an outbreak occurs in two separate MOH areas, or there
are five or more new cases in any one priority high-risk locality.
b. Provincial level; when, at any one time, there are 2 or more Districts having outbreaks
c. National level; if, at any one time, there are three or more Provinces experiencing an outbreak.
All Divisions/Districts/Provinces must have a contingency plan to increase the man power needed and
equipment for immediate action when an outbreak detects.
Following measures should be initiated as early as possible once you detect an outbreak:
Adult and larval vector control

1. Plot reported cases on the area map to identify clusters.
2. Determine the number of hand held fogging machines, vehicle mounted fogging machines and
back pack sprayers available and determine the size of the area to be sprayed
3. Immediately commence adult space spray operations (thermal Fogging or ULV aerosols) in
the event of notification of a dengue case (ideally within 24 hours). Targeting both indoor and
outdoor areas, space spraying should be done within the radius of 200 meters of the index case
house.
77
CHAPTER 05
4. All houses within 200m radius of the dengue case house and dengue case contact points must
be totally surveyed for Aedes breeding and the quality of the surveys should be ensured by the
MOH and the Entomological Teams.
5. Special attention should be given to hospitals to prevent virus transmission. Fogging should be
continued at least once a week till the virus load reduces.
6. Continue space spray operations in localities with the notified cases and in nearby crowded
areas such as schools and towns. Repeat applications after 5 to 7 days till no more cases are
reported.
7. Intensify long term larval control measures in permanent water storage containers that are
difficult to clean and empty. These measures should include using larvicides and deposition of
fish.
8. Monitor larval and adult mosquito densities using relevant techniques
Source Reduction
1. Activate the Divisional and District Committees. Members of the committees should
communicate regularly with their stakeholders including Local Government, Healthcare
Providers in curative and Preventive sectors, Vector control personnel, Laboratory Scientists
and Community Leaders
2. Intensify source reduction campaigns especially in priority high-risk localities involving the
local community and members of the Presidential Task Force
3. Encourage local authorities to intensify solid waste separation and collection and environmental
clean-up.
Health Education
1. Encourage patients to seek medical attention if they have any of the following symptoms with
sudden onset of fever; headache & retro-orbital pain, nausea or vomiting, arthralgia, myalgia
or bleeding manifestations. Those diagnosed with dengue (including inward patients) are
encouraged to use mosquito nets when sleeping/ resting and applying insect repellent to break
the dengue transmission chain.
2. Enhance public awareness through mass media, newspapers and local communication systems.
Reinforce the importance of seeking medical attention if they have dengue symptoms
3. Deploy a mobile health education team during fogging operations to obtain more corporation
from public.
Legal Action
1. Legal actions to be initiated if continuous breeding places are found in same locality (premises)
or any major breeding places found (e.g. construction sites, factories)
78
CHAPTER 05
During the outbreak, the relevant health authorities should;
Monitor the situation daily and act accordingly

When needed solicit support of higher levels within health sector and other stakeholders.
5.6.3. Post outbreak activities
A detailed report should be developed once the outbreak is curtailed highlighting the lessons
learnt for long term prevention of further outbreak.
Larval and adult surveys should be continued according to the risk levels.
Closing up of operation room.
5.7. Law enforcement
Though majority of the people adhere to guidance given by health authorities some do not, either due to
negligence or lack knowledge or confidence on this strategy. Therefore, legal action against such persons/
organizations is important, with a view to mitigating the threat to public health.
Legal action could be taken against an individual if he/she owns/occupies premises with potential and
actual mosquito breeding sites which would be a threat to public health under different provisions of
following acts, ordinances and statutes by the authorities depending on the situation.
Quarantine and prevention of disease ordinance, No.3 of 1897

Nuisances Ordinance , No.15 of 1862
Prevention of Mosquito Breeding Act, No. 11 of 2007
Statute of preventing public health nuisances of the Western Province Council no. 03 of 2012
Section 262 of CHAPTER XIV of the penal code
Quarantine and prevention of disease ordinance, No.3 of 1897 had been enacted more than a century
ago in order to prevent spread of contagious diseases. Under this ordinance, provisions are there to
destroy the goods that are capable to spreading of infectious disease. Also under this ordinance if a
person is found guilty of any offence he/she would be punished with either a fine or imprisonment or
both (Can access in http://www.commonlii.org/lk/legis/consol_act/qapod553410.pdf )
Under Nuisance ordinance, an occupant or owner of any house, building or land who maintains them
in an unsatisfactory manner creating a nuisance or injurious to health of any person as stipulated in this
ordinance would be considered to cause an offence. Whoever would commit this offence shall be liable
to a fine. (Can access in http://www.commonlii.org/lk/legis/consol_act/n562160.pdf )
In order to pay special attention for prevention of spreading of dengue; Prevention of Mosquito Breeding
Act was enacted in the parliament in year 2007. Director General of Health Services is the competent
authority as per this act and his powers are delegated to the Medical Officers of Health and the Public
79
CHAPTER 05
Health Inspectors.
This act includes prohibition against creating conditions favourable to breeding of mosquitoes, directions
to owner or occupent to take certain measures, action to be taken by competent authority in case of a
failure to adhere to guidelines stipulated in the act.
Where an offence is found to have been committed under this Act by an owner or occupier, prior to a
prosecution being instituted, a Public Health Inspector is required to serve a written notice with required
corrective measures to be taken with a time frame.
If the alleged offender does not take necessary corrective actions, he/she shall be guilty of an offence
under this Act, and on conviction after summary trial before a Magistrate, be liable to a fine or to a term
of imprisonment or both. In case of repeated offence the intensity of the punishment increases if found
guilty.
(Can acces in http://www.documents.gov.lk/Acts/2007/Prevention%20of%20Mosquito%2 Breeding
%20Act%20No%2011/Act%20No%2011%20E.pdf )
Statute of preventing public health nuisances of the Western Province Council no. 03 of 2012 enables
Public Health Staff to impose spot fines on those who breach the law within the Western Province (Can
access in http://www.healthmin.wpc.gov.lk/en/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/PHH-ENGLISH3.pdf ).
Under the Section 262 of CHAPTER XIV of penal code, if an individual does any act negligently or
unlawfully which he/she knows or has reasons to believe to be, likely to be spread the infection of any
disease dangerous to life would be punished with imprisonment or fine or both following a summary trial
before a magistrate. Police officer is the law enforcement officer under the provisions of this ordinance.
(Can access in http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/srilanka/statutes/Penal_Code.pdf )
80
CHAPTER 05
Flow chart of Dengue risk levels and responses
No current cases
Carry out larval and adult mosquito surveillance at least every six months in hotspots.
Investigate all the notified fever cases
Encourage to seek medical advice if fever for more than two days
Conduct in-service trainings in surveillance and control methods for public health
staff
Low Risk areas- sporadic case
Investigate all notified cases preferably within 24 hours - 3 days

Identify case movement in relation to high risk localities
Initiate adult space spraying if the case is locally acquired
Conduct space spraying for all premises within 200m radius of case contact point
Conduct larval control in all premises within 200m radius of case contact point
Emphasize mosquito control and personal protection via public awareness
Encourage to seek medical advice if fever for more than two days
If clustering of local transmission detected escalate to dengue outbreak
High Risk Areas- dengue outbreak
Investigate all fever cases preferably within 24 hours -3 days

Initiate communication channel within the District or Province based on involvement
of MOH areas /District
Initiate adult space spraying covering all affected areas and to be repeated weekly
Conduct space spraying for all premises within 200m radius of outbreak clusters
Conduct larval control in all premises within 200m radius of outbreak clusters
Enhance larval and adult mosquito surveillance as required mainly spot checks
Emphasize mosquito control and personal protection via public awareness
Monitor entomological parameters and case notifications
Review regularly with inter-sectoral collaboration
Priority High Risk Level- Large or multiple outbreaks
Initiate District, Provincial or National Level Emergency Operation room based on

involvement of MOH areas/Districts
Investigate all the notified cases preferably within 24 hours -3 days
Encourage public to seek medical attention when ill with fever
Commence adult space spraying/larval control in all premises of outbreak clusters
Communicate with village, divisional and district level committees for inter-sectoral
coordination
Initiate and continue source reduction campaigns in high risk localities
Repeat adult space spraying after 5-7 days till the outbreak is over
Conduct sentinel site surveillance, routine and spot checks in hotspots and monitor
entomological parameters
Enhance media and public awareness campaigns
Establish fever corners in major hospitals
Review the situation daily
81
CHAPTER 06
06
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Safety measures in insecticide use are necessary
to protect the health and lives of spraymen, spray
team supervisors, the public and their pets and
TO BE FOLLOWED TO
MINIMIZE HEALTH AND domestic animals, and to minimize
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS hazard to the environment
82
CHAPTER 06
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO BE FOLLOWED TO

MINIMIZE HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL
HAZARDS
S afety measures in insecticide use are necessary to protect the health

and lives of spraymen, spray team supervisors, the public and their
pets and domestic animals, and to minimize hazard to the environment.
To minimize routine and accidental exposure to insecticides, safety
precautions must be taken at all stages of insecticide use such as while
storage, transport, preparation of insecticide solutions, and during and
after spraying of insecticides.
6.1. Safety precautions to be taken when storing insecticides
Store the insecticide in the container with the original label.

The labels should identify the contents, nature of the material
and precaution methods.
Do not transfer insecticides to other containers, or to containers

used for food or beverages.
Keep all insecticide containers sealed or properly closed.
Store/ keep insecticides in a properly-designated place, away

from direct sunlight, food, medicine, clothing, children and
animals, and protected from rain and flooding.
Store the insecticide in a locked room with posted warning signs

such as Dangerous insecticides, children and unauthorized
persons are not allowed.
Use the first received insecticides first and this avoids prolonged
storage of any batch of insecticides.
83
CHAPTER 06
6.2. Safety precautions to be taken before use of insecticides
Read the label carefully and understand the directions for the preparation and application of
the insecticide as well as the precautions listed, follow the directions and precautions exactly as
recommended.
Know the first aid measures and antidotes for insecticides being used (mention)
Know the first aid measures and antidotes for insecticides being used (mentioned).
Wear personal protective equipments (masks, cap/ helmet, overalls, gloves, boots, goggles,
etc during(masks,
Wear personal protective equipments mixing of insecticides
cap/ and fogging.
helmet, overalls, gloves, boots, goggles, etc during
mixing of insecticides and fogging.
Wash clothes daily after working
Wash clothes daily after working
Mix insecticides in a well ventilated area, preferably outdoors
Mix insecticides in a properly ventilated area, preferably outdoors
Stand with the wind blowing from behind when mixing insecticides
Stand with the wind blowing from behind when mixing insecticides
Make sure that the spray equipment does not leak
Make sure that the spray equipment does not leak
Keep all unnecessary people away from where insecticides are being mixed
Keep all unnecessary people away from where insecticides are being mixed
Always, keep
Always, keep a fire extinguisher a fire
with theextinguisher
spray team with the spray team
Do not blow with the Do not blow

mouth withblocked
to clear the mouth to clear
spray blocked spray nozzles
nozzles
Do not wear unwashed

Doprotective clothing protective clothing
not wear unwashed
Do not drink, eat or smoke

Do notwhile
drink,fogging.
eat or smoke while fogging.
Do not smell or inhaleDo
insecticides
not smell or inhale insecticides
Figure 6.1
Figure 6.1 Personal personalequipment
protective protective equipment ware machine
wearing machine oprator
operator
84 93
CHAPTER 06
6.4. Safety precautions to be taken after fogging
Wash all spray equipments thoroughly and keep in the storeroom

All workers must wash themselves thoroughly with soap and water to remove insecticide
deposits on the skin

All protective clothing should be washed daily after use

Properly discard the empty insecticide containers. Do not store food or drinking water in these
containers

Make records on the daily use of insecticides

Before consuming food, wash hands thoroughly with soap and water.

Do not consume food while fogging

Do not fog too close to an object (<2m)

Do not use the fogging machine if it is not working properly, especially when leaking.
6.5. Authorities responsible for vector control and insecticide management in districts
RMO/MOIC - AFU and Entomologist are the responsible officers for distribution and maintenance of a
three months stock of insecticides in their respective districts for smooth functioning of vector control
activities in the district (Format annexed IX).
85
07
NOVEL METHODS
Ae.aegypti and Ae. albopictus their potential for
integration with other chemical or biological
FOR DENGUE VECTOR vector control interventions
CONTROL
86
CHAPTER 07
NOVEL METHODS FOR DENGUE VECTOR

CONTROL
N ovel vector control methods improve to disrupt different stages

of the mosquito life cycle.
7.1. Egg stage
Lethal ovitraps
The ovitrap (oviposition trap) was first recommended by WHO for
surveillance of Aedes vectors, then modified to render it lethal to
adults or larvae of Ae. aegypti (Fig 7.1). On principle, ovitraps could
kill adult mosquitoes if the ovistrip was treated with insecticide or
destroy progeny by using fine nylon netting for trapping the larvae. In
Singapore, lethal ovitraps were used to eradicate Aedes vectors from
Singapore International Airport and the autocidal ovitrap was designed
and developed for the control of Aedes vectors in urban areas with a
high density of Aedes and a high incidence of dengue haemorrhagic
fever. In Brazil, lethal ovitraps with deltamethrin-treated ovistrips killed
89% of Ae. aegypti adults and produced more than 99% larval mortality
during one-month field trials. The advantages of lethal ovitraps for
controlling Aedes vectors include their simplicity, their specificity for
and effectiveness against container breeders like Ae. aegypti and their
potential for integration with other chemical or biological vector
control interventions.
87
effectiveness against container breed
withstage
7.2. Larval other chemical or biological vect
CHAPTER 07
Fig.7.1. Lethal oviposition traps
Predatory copepods
Mesocyclops spp. (Crustacea; Eudecapoda) (Fig 7.2) ha
control mosquito larvae. Two species in particula
aspericornis, have proven effective against dengue vecto
control programme using copepods and clean-up campa
transmission for a number of years.
Fig.7.1. Lethal oviposition traps
7.2. Larval stage
Fig 7.2. Mesocylops

7.2.1 Predatory copepods
Mesocyclops spp. (Crustacea; Eudecapoda) (Fig 7.2) have been studied for their potential to control
mosquito larvae. Two species in particular, M. thermocyclopoides and M. aspericornis, have proven
effective against dengue vectors. In Vietnam, a large-scale vector control programme using copepods
and clean-up campaigns successfully controlled dengue transmission for a number of years.
Fig 7.2. Mesocylops
88
Copepods can survive up to 6 months in containers, how

CHAPTER 07
Copepods can survive up to 6 months in containers, however, they are often lost when water is removed,
containers are cleaned or (copepod) food is limited. Thus, reintroduction of Mesocyclops is necessary for
sustainable use of this species for dengue vector control.
7.2.2 Mosquito densonucleosis viruses
Densonucleosis viruses or densoviruses (DNVs) are viruses in the genus Brevidensovirus of the family
Parvoviridae. Five strains of Aedes densoviruses have been identified to date. Theses viruses are either
lethal to the treated populations, or it shortens the lifespan of adult mosquito. Current experiments
show that the efficiency of densoviruses in vector control could vary greatly on both viral strains and
geographic origins of the mosquito vectors.
7.3. Adult stage
7.3.1. Irradiated, or Genetically Modified(GM) Adult mosquito releasing technique
Scientists have proposed two distinct strategies involving the release of irradiated, or GM insects:
population suppression and population replacement. Population suppression; is a method in which
insects are engineered to ensure that when they mate with wild individuals no viable offspring are
produced. This is achieved by creating GM insects carrying a lethal gene and when they mate with the
wild insects, the lethal gene is passed to the offspring causing them to die. If enough of the GM males were
to be released to inundate the wild females this would result in the elimination of the insect population
from the area. Most suppression strategies are self-limiting because the lethal genes are designed to kill
successive generations, eventually removing all the GM individuals from the wild.
7.3.1.1 Suppression (males releases)
Irradiation
Transgenic mosquitoes
Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes
7.3.1.2 Replacement (males & females releases)
Irradiation
Sterile insect technology (SIT)

This method is introduced by Edward F Knipling. In Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), laboratory-reared
male insects are sterilized by radiation and released over an area in large numbers. These sterilized
males compete with fertile wild males to mate with wild females in a form of area-wide birth-control.
If a female mates with a sterile male then it will have no offspring, thus reducing the next generation's
population. Repeated release of insects can diminish small populations, though it could be impossible to
eradicate it and is not efficient against dense insect populations.
89
CHAPTER 07
Genetic Modification of Insects

Genetically modified (GM) insects are produced by inserting new genes into their DNA.
Many genes have been identified that can alter the behaviour and biology of insects. When
Fig.7.3. Eradication of insect population after repeated release of insects
these genes are inserted
into an
Transgenic insects genome they are called transgenes and the insect is
mosquitoes
described as transgenic or genetically modified. By injecting DNA containing the desired
genes into the eggs of insects, modified
Genetically genetically modified strains can beinserting
created (Fig.genes
7.3).into their DNA.
Genetically modified (GM) insects are produced by(GM) insects
inserting are
new produced
genes intobytheir DNA.newMany genes
that can alter the behaviour andManybiology of have
genes insects
beenhave been identified.
identified When
that can alter these genes
the behaviour andare inserted
biology of insects. When
Fig.7.3. Genetically sterile mosquito technique
into an insects genome they are these
calledgenes
transgenes and the insect is described as transgenic or genetically
are inserted into an insects genome they are called transgenes and the insect is
modified. By injecting DNA containing the desired genes into the eggs of insects, genetically modified
described as transgenic or genetically modified. By injecting DNA containing the desired
strains can be created (Fig. 7.3).
genes into the eggs of insects, genetically modified strains can be created (Fig. 7.3).
Fig.7.3. Genetically sterile mosquito technique
Fig. 7.4. Genetically sterile mosquito technique

Scientists
source: have
WHO proposed two management
Dengue vector distinct strategies
workshopinvolving the2013
11-15 March release of GM insects:
population suppression and population replacement. Population suppression; is a method in
GM Aedes aegypti (strain OX513A) was have
Scientists developed in UK
proposed two and evaluated
distinct at the
strategies Institute
involving thefor Medical
release of GM insects:
which insects
Research Malaysia are2006,
(IMR) in engineered
both to
under ensure
laboratory that
andwhen they
semi-field mate with
conditions, wild
and individuals
Institute Pasteurno viable
population suppression and population replacement. Population suppression; is a method in
in Paris, France. According to these studies, so far, the results are very encouraging.
offspring are produced. This is achieved by creating GM insects carrying a lethal gene and
which insects are engineered to ensure that when they mate with wild individuals no viable
Release ofwhen
insectsthey mate with
carrying the wild
offspring
dominant are insects,
lethal produced.
mutationsthe
Thislethal gene
is achieved
(RIDL) is passed
by
technology creating to
GMthe offspring
insects carryingcausing
a lethal them
gene and
Release oftoinsects when they mate mutations
with the wild insects,are
the designed
lethal gene to
is passed toor
theeliminate
offspring causing them
die. If carrying
enough of dominant
the GMlethal
males were to be (RIDL)
released to inundate reduce
the wild females this would
mosquito populations, especially to die. If enough of the GM males were to be released to inundate the wildusing
those that are infected with dengue viruses. A method females this would
recombinantresult
DNA in the elimination
technology of the insect population
to create from called
the area. Most suppression insectsstrategies
result in thegenetically
eliminationmodified insects
of the insect population from RIDLthe("release
area. Mostof suppression strategies
carrying aare
dominant lethal") because
self-limiting is under development
the lethal by a company
genes are called Oxford
designed to Insect
kill Technologies
successive generations,
are self-limiting because the lethal genes are designed to kill successive generations,
(Oxitec), UK. The method works by introducing a repressible "dominant lethal" gene into the insects.
This gene eventually removing
kills the insects allbe
but it can therepressed
eventually GM individuals
removing byallanthe GM from
external the wild.
individuals
additive from the wild. which allows the
(tetracycline),
insects to be reared in manufacturing facilities. This external additive is commonly administered orally, 98 98
and so can be an additive to the insect food.
The RIDL males are released in large numbers into the affected region. The released males are not sterile,
but any female offspring their mates produce will have the dominant lethal gene expressed and so will
have a high probability to die.
90
CHAPTER 07
Wolbachia for dengue vector control
Wolbachia are bacteria (Fig 7.5) that live within reproductive tissues of the insect hosts, manipulate
the reproduction in the hosts and passed from one generation to the next through the insects eggs.
This bacteria is symbiotic rather than parasitic and present in up to 60% of all the different species of
insects including some human biting mosquitoes, but, not the major mosquito species involved in the
transmissionFig. 7.4. Wolbachia
of diseases such as bacterium and an insect
dengue. Scientists egg
are now containing
engaged Wolbachia
in studying Wolbachia to see its
potential as a new tool for the control of dengue vectors.
Insect egg containing Wolbachia
TheWolbachia bacteriumendosymbiontsInsect
bacterial obligatory vertically Wolbachia
egg containing
are passed in the cytoplasm of the eggs of
Fig. 7.5. Wolbachia bacterium and an insect egg containing Wolbachia
their hosts. It causes male killing and sterility in males and also induces parthenogenesis
source: WHO Dengue vector management workshop 11-15 March 2013
(unfertilized eggs produce off springs). There is cytoplasmic incompatibility (conflict
The bacterial obligatory endosymbionts are passed vertically in the cytoplasm of the eggs of their hosts. It
between cytoplasmic and nuclear components) that impacts on the offsprings as follows.
causes male killing and sterility in males and also induces parthenogenesis (unfertilized eggs produce off
springs). There is cytoplasmic
a)When incompatibility
male mosquitoes (conflict between
with Wolbachia cytoplasmic
mate with and mosquitoes
female wild nuclear components)
that dont have
that impacts on the offsprings as follows:
Wolbachia, those females will lay eggs but they wont hatch. -Population suppression
a) When male mosquitoes with Wolbachia mate with female wild mosquitoes that dont have
b) When male mosquitoes with Wolbachia mate with females that are already having
Wolbachia, those females will lay eggs but they wont hatch. -Population suppression
Wolbachia all offspring will have Wolbachia. Population replacement
b) When male mosquitoes with Wolbachia mate with females that are already having Wolbachia all
c) When
offspring female
will have mosquitoes
Wolbachia. with Wolbachia
Population mate with males without Wolbachia all her
replacement
offspring will have Wolbachia (Fig . 7.3).- Population replacement
c) When female mosquitoes with Wolbachia mate with males without Wolbachia all her offspring
will have Wolbachia (Fig.7.7) - Population replacement
91
CHAPTER 07
Fig 7.5. Cytoplasmic Incompatibility and vertical transmission
Fig 7.5. Cytoplasmic Incompatibility and vertical transmission
ReleasingFig.
a limited numberIncompatibility
7.6. Cytoplasmic of mosquitoes andwith Wolbachia
vertical to breed with female wild type
transmission
Releasing a limited number of mosquitoes with Wolbachia to breed with female wild type
source:over
mosquitoes, WHOa Dengue
small vector
number management workshop will
of generations, 11-15result
March 2013
in all the mosquitoes having
mosquitoes, over a small number of generations, will result in all the mosquitoes having
Wolbachia (Fig 7.5).
Wolbachia (Fig 7.5).
Releasing
Fig.a 7.6.
limited number
Spread ofofWolbachia
mosquitoes with
in theWolbachia to breed with
wild mosquito female wild type mosquitoes,
population
over aFig.
small number of generations, will result in all the mosquitoes
7.6. Spread of Wolbachia in the wild mosquito population having Wolbachia (Fig. 7.7).
7.3.3. Insecticide-treated materials and insecticide treated bed nets

Fig. 7.7. Spread of Wolbachia in the wild mosquito population
source: WHO Dengue vector management workshop 11-15 March 2013 101
7.3.3. Insecticide-treated materials and insecticide treated bed nets
92
101
Efficacy of insecticide-treated materials (ITMs) and insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) (Fig.
CHAPTER
7.7) in controlling diurnally-active Ae. aegypti is now being evaluated. In the case of long-
07
lasting insecticide-treated nettins (LLIN), the netting is loaded with appropriate dosage of
7.3.3. Insecticide-treated
insecticide materials
during manufacture and insecticide
to avoid the need fortreated bed nets Presumably, during the
re-impregnation.
frequent visits of vector mosquitoes to houses for host-seeking, it contacts with the ITM,
Efficacy of insecticide-treated materials (ITMs) and insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) (Fig. 7.8) in
thereby, reduces
controlling the life expectancy
diurnally-active Ae. aegyptiof isthe mosquito
now so that theIn
being evaluated. mosquito
the casewould not live long
of long-lasting insecticide-
treated nettings (LLIN), the netting is loaded with appropriate dosage of insecticide
enough to transmit dengue. Presence of insecticide in treated curtains reduce entry into during manufacture
to avoid the need for re-impregnation. Presumably, during the frequent visits of vector mosquitoes to
houses by repelling incoming mosquitoes or, the ITNs functioned as residually-treated
houses for host-seeking, it contacts with the ITM, thereby, reduces the life expectancy of the mosquito
soresting surfaces
that the thus,
mosquito resulting
would death
not live of enough
long the mosquitoes resting
to transmit on thePresence
dengue. curtain/net.
of insecticide in treated
curtains reduce entry into houses by repelling incoming mosquitoes or, the ITNs function in the as
residually-treated resting surfaces thus, result in the death of the mosquitoes resting on the curtain/net.
Fig. 7.7. Insecticide treated material and insecticide treated bed net
Fig. 7.8. Insecticide treated material and insecticide treated bed net
Low-level Ae. aegypti biting was reduced to zero after introduction of ITNs in a village in the Democratic
Low-level Ae. aegypti biting was reduced to zero after introduction of ITNs in a village in
Republic of the Congo. A cluster-randomized trial in Latin America has demonstrated that insecticide-
the Democratic
treated Republic
window curtains of the
and/or Congo. A cluster-randomized
insecticide-treated domestic-water trial in Latin
container America
covers has dengue
can reduce
vector densities that
demonstrated to lowinsecticide-treated
levels. Results of a window
pilot study in Haitiand/or
curtains indicated that bednets reduced
insecticide-treated peridomestic
domestic-
dengue vector breeding and may have helped to reduce sero-conversion rates over 12 months.
water container covers can reduce dengue vector densities to low levels. Results of a pilot
study in Haiti indicated that bednets reduced peridomestic dengue vector breeding and may
have helped to reduce sero-conversion rates over 12 months.
102
93
94
ANNEXURES
List of Annexures
I Daily Dengue Entomological Survey Form-
Details of positive /potential premises and
containers
II Breeding places -check list
III Daily Dengue Entomological Survey Summary

Report
IV Dengue Entomological Surveillance Report

(Final Summary)
V Entomological survey format- Institutions/

construction sites
VI Ovitrap Surveillance Format
VII Technical specifications for larvivorous fish tanks

(Wild Guppy)
VIII Guidelines for susceptibility test of insecticide on

dengue vector adult mosquitoes and larvae
IX Quarterly Stock Return of Insecticide
95
ANNEXURES
ANNEXURE - I
Daily entomological survey - details of positive / potential premises and Containers
MOH area : Locality :

PHI area : Date of inv
GN Division : . Number o
Type of premises
S
. Name and address of the house holder/public 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
N site
o
wet
wet
wet
wet
wet
wet
wet
wet
dry
dry
dry
dry
dry
dry
dry
po.
po.
po.
po.
po.
po.
po.
po.
1 Id
od
Id
2 od
Id
3 od
Id
4 od
Id
5 od
Id
6 od
Id
7 od
Id
8 od
Id
9 od
Id
10 od
Id
11 od
Id
12 od
Id
13 od
Id
14 od
Id
15 od
Id
16 od
Id
17 od
Id
18 od
Id
19 od
Id
20 od
Id
21 od
Id
22 od
Id
23 od
Id
24 od
Id
25 od
Id
26 od
Id
27 od
Id
28 od
Id
29 od
Id
30 od
Id
31 od
Id
32 od
Id
33 od
Id
34 od
Total
Observations:
.. .. .** Refer to the sheet containing the des
Name of the EO Signature of the EO Date G- Houses H: Commercial Sites I: 1
96
ANNEXURES

vestigation :
of premises investigated : ..
Type of positive/potential breeding places**
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Total
wet
wet
wet
wet
wet
wet
wet
wet
wet
wet
wet
wet
wet
dry
dry
dry
dry
dry
dry
dry
dry
dry
dry
dry
dry
dry
dry
po.
po.
po.
po.
po.
po.
po.
po.
po.
po.
po.
po.
po.

scription of potential breeding places.
Write the number of each breeding place category found in the premises in the relevant column/space. positive places shold be witten in red color
1.Government Inst.2. private Inst. J: Construction Sites K: Open Areas L: 1.schools2.other Education centres M:Religious N:Factories O: Other places, po-larvae positive , ID- Indoor,Od -
97
ANNEXURES
ANNEXURE -II
Breeding Places - check list
Annexure V-Breeding places -check list
1.Water storage barrels 13. Temporary removed items
a. water storage metal barrels(indoor/outdoor) a. temporary removed wheelbarrows
b. water storage plastic barrels(indoor/outdoor) b. temporary removed metalware
c. temporary removed glassware
2. Water storage cemnt tanks d.temporary removed plasticware
a.water stoorage cement tanks (indoor/outdoor) d.temporary removed other
3. Water storage other 14 Covering items

a. plastic cans(indoor/outdoor) a.polythene
b. clay/plastic pots(indoor/outdoor) b.other
c. water storage plastic tanks(indoor/outdoor)
d. other water collecting utensils(indoor/outdoor) 15.Discarded(degradable)
4. concerte slabs
a. half constructed buildings(out door) 16.Discarded(non degradable)
b.
5. Roof gutters 17. Discarded (Reuse)
6. Tyres 18.pet feeding cups

Re usable tyres
7. Ornamental and horticulture items 19.Nonuse cisterns/commode
a. Flower pots
b. Flower pots with hardened soil 20. Other
c. Flower vases a. wet cement wetfloors
cement floors
d. Tanks without fish b. earth pipes
e. bird baths c. non use squatting pans
d. concrete holes
8. Natural e. barrel lid
a. Leaf axils
b.Tree holes
c. Bamboo stumps
9.Ponds
ponds without larvivorous fish
10. Wells
shallow cemented well
11. Tube wells

non use/functional or motor connected tube wells
12.A/C refrigerators
A/C with water collecting tray
refrigerator with water collecting tray
98
ANNEXURES
ANNEXURE -III
Daily Summary Report
AnnexureIV- Daily summary report
Dengue Entomological Survey

RMO/AFU/MOH.. Entomology team
Daily summary report
Locality: .
No. of EO visited:.
No. of labour visited: ..
Total no. of premises inspected:
No. of positive premises:
No. of positive containers:.
No. of wet containers: ..
No. of dry containers : ..
Comments and suggestions:.
Name of the report received officer :.. Signature:
Name of the EO .. Signature:

Signature:
.. Signature:
Dengue Entomological Survey

RMO/AFU/MOH.. Entomology team
Daily summary report
Locality: .
No. of EO visited:.
No. of labour visited: ..
Total no. of premises inspected:
No. of positive premises:
No. of positive containers:.
No. of wet containers: ..
No. of dry containers : ..
12.A/C refrigerators
A/C with water collecting tray
Name of the report received officer :.. Signature:
Name of the EO . Signature:

.. Signature:
99 Signature:
ANNEXURES
ANNEXURE -IV
Dengue Entomological Surveillance Report (Final Summary)
100
Annexure V-Entomological survey format- Institutions/ construction sites/.
Entomological survey format*- Institutions/ construction sites/.

NDCU/RMO/AFU/MOH.. Entomology team
National Dengue Control Unit ANNEXURE -V
Public Health Complex , 555/5, Elvitigala Mawatha, Narahenpita, Colombo 05
Telephone: (0094) 011 2368416, 2368417 Fax: (0094) 011 2369893 Email: ndcu2010@yahoo.com
MOH area: GN Division: .. Survey type:.

PHI area: Name of the premises/site surveyed: if larvae positive,
potential containers specify type of
Specify the locality surveyed within No.of Wet No.of Dry mosquito
the premises/site Type of the container containers containers genus(Aedes/Culex ) Action taken
101
Entomological Survey Format - Institutions/ Construction Sites
Total
ANNEXURES
*Please use one format for each premises/site inspected.

Name and signature of the Health Entomology Officer: Date:.
Annexure VI - Ovitrap Surveillance Format
Ovitrap Surveillance Format

Public Health Complex , 555/5, Elvitigala Mawatha, Narahenpita, Colombo 05
Telephone: (0094) 011 2368416, 2368417 Fax: (0094) 011 2369893 Email: ndcu2010@yahoo.com ANNEXURE -VI
ANNEXURES
Date: / /
Climatic Bright Gloomy Raining Drizzling
condition: sun shine heavily MOH area .............................................................
(Weather) PHI area ..............................................................
Ovitrap Surveillance Format
GN Div:
Nature of Locality: Residential Town
Public site Other
Ovitrap place
Indoor Outdoor
area
day.)
S.No. Name & address of the house holder/public site
102
(On the collection
Positive /Negative
Od
Id
Indoor
Outdoor
No of eggs
Ae.aegypti
Ae.albopictus
Mix
No of eggs
Ae.aegypti
Ae.albopictus
Mix
Total
A-Aedes aegypti B-Aedes albopictus

G- Houses H: Commercial Sites I: 1.Government Inst.2. private Inst. J: Construction Sites K: Open Areas L: 1.schools2.other Education centres M:Religious N:Factories O: Other places

Name of the Entomological Assistant
ANNEXURES
Technical specifications for larvivorous fish tanks (Wild Guppy)

ANNEXURE VII
Importance of rearing guppy for dengue control activities
Technical specifications for larvivorous fish tanks (Wild Guppy)

A variety of fish species feed on mosquito larvae and thus is recommended for eliminating mosquitoes from
Importance of rearing guppy for dengue control activities
some habitats. Larvivorous fish are those that feed on immature stages of mosquitoes. Guppy eats
A variety of fish species feedlarvae

mosquito on mosquito larvae and
and thus are recommended for thus is recommended
eliminating mosquitoes from somefor containers
eliminatingsuch mosquitoes
from some habitats. Larvivorous fish are those that feed on immature stages of mosquitoes. Guppy
as those that are used to store potable water (water storage tanks, barrels), open fresh water wells
eats mosquito larvae and thus are recommended for eliminating mosquitoes from some containers
such as those that are(Batticaloa
used todistrict,
storeKalmunai)
potableinwater (water
Sri Lanka storage
(Fig. 1.1) As this tanks, barrels),
is a biological control open
activityfresh
it is water wells
(Batticaloa district, Kalmunai) in Sri
more environmental Lanka
friendly (Fig. 1.1)beneficial.
and economically As this is a biological control activity it is more
environmental friendly and economically beneficial.
Figure. 1.1: Type of containers positive for Aedes larvae, 2015

Fig. 1.1: Type of containers positive for Aedes larvae, 2015
Essential features of larvivorous fish,

Essential features of larvivorous fish,
1. small, hardy and capable of moving about easily in shallow waters among thick weeds where
mosquitoes find suitable
1. breeding grounds.
small, hardy and capable of moving about easily in shallow waters among thick
2. drought resistant and capable of flourishing in both deep and shallow waters as well as living in
weeds where mosquitoes find suitable breeding grounds.
drinking water tanks and pools without contaminating the water.
3. have the ability to withstand rough handling and transportation for long distances.
4. be prolific breeders having shorter span of life cycle.
5. breed freely and successfully in confined waters. 1
6. be surface/column feeders and carnivorous in habitat
7. have a predilection for mosquito larvae even in the presence of food materials.
8. compatible with the existing fish life in that environment.
Advantages of use of larvivorous fish

These fish are self-perpetuating after its establishment and continue to reduce
mosquito larvae for long time.
The cost of introducing larvivorous fish is relatively lower than that of chemical control.
103
ANNEXURES
Use of fish is an environment friendly method of mosquito control.
Larvivorous fish such as Poecilia prefer shallow water where mosquito

larvae also breed.
Some other important larvivorous fish species that can be used for dengue mosquito larval control are;
Fish Hatchery
Following description is focused on rearing Poecilia reticulata as a larvivorous fish species.
Transportation
1 Nalahandaya (Aplocheilus of
sp.) fish
most efficient in clear water
2. Guppy (Poecilia reticulalata) can be used successfully even in organically polluted water
Collection of fish
3. Juvenile stages of Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus/ Oreochromis niloticus) hardy fish
4. Rasbora daniconius (Dandi)
Precaution during Transportation
Following description
Release of fishon rearing Poecilia reticulata as a larvivorous fish species.
is focused
Indications
Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) to use fish
Topics mentioned below are discussed under Poecilia reticulata.
Monitoring
Habitat, size and longevity
Breeding Habitat
Breeding Season
Larvivorous Efficiency
Fish Hatchery
Transportation of fish
1.1 Habitat, size and longevity
Collection of fish
Precaution during Transportation
Release of fish
It is to
Indications a use
very
fish hardy fish and survives in all types of water bodies. It tolera
Monitoring
degree of pollution with organic matter. The temperature range sui
breeding
1.1 Habitat, size and longevity is from 240C to 340C. It can survive in water with pH
from 6.5
It is a very hardy fish and survives in allto 9 (However,
types of water bodies.itIt tolerates
cannothighsurvive inpollution
degree of cold water
with often belo
organic matter. The temperature range suitable for breeding is from 240C to 340C. It can survive in water
with pH ranging from 6.5 and stock may
to 9 (However, need
it cannot replenishment
survive if the
in cold water often temperature
below 100C) and stockfalls below 1
may need replenishment if the temperature falls below 100C. The Guppy lives for 4 + 1 years. The male
Guppy
is 3 cm long, whereas the female is uplives
to 6 cmfor 4 + 1 years. The male is 3 cm long, whereas the f
in length.
up to 6 cm in length.
Figure 1.2: Male Guppy Figure 1.3 : Female Guppy

Figure 1.2: Male Guppy Figure 1.3 : Female Guppy
Length: 3cm Length: 6cm
Length: 3cm Length: 6cm
104
1.2 Breeding Habitat

ANNEXTURE
1.2 Breeding Habitat
The guppy takes about 90 days to mature. Each ovary contains 100 to 160 eggs. The female
gives birth to young ones in broods of 5 to 7 at a time. About 50 to 200 young ones are released by the
female every four weeks.
1.3 Breeding season
Reported to breed throughout the year at about four weeks interval after maturity. However
breeding season will depend on climatic conditions. In warmer climate it may breed from April to
November.
1.4 Larvivorous efficiency
The larvivorous efficiency of Poecilia is due to following characters:
A single fish eats about 80 to 100 mosquito larvae in 24 hours.

It is a surface feeder.
Tolerates handling and transportation very well.
Does not require specialized equipment for transportation.
Survives and reproduces when introduced into new water bodies. Once well established, it can
be found in the habitat even after many years.
(Note: It is highly carnivorous and parents or older brood may eat up their own young ones.
Therefore, a fair amount of weeds is required in the water so that young ones can hide and survive.)
1.5 Fish hatchery
In order to have continuous supply of fish , it is necessary to establish a hatchery where the fish may
survive and multiply before contemplating their use in the local waters for the control of mosquito
breeding.
The hatchery for larvivorous fish can be established in:

a Natural water body
a special hatchery
1.5.1 The Natural water body
Criteria for selecting a water body for a fish hatchery are:
It should be a permanent water body.

Depth of water should be at least 1.5m or more.
Water should be confined and without big natural outlet.
105
ANNEXURES
The minimum size of water body should be at least 5 m x 4 m. The water body of 10 mx 5 m can
support 50000 fish.
It should be free from other carnivorous fish.
Water should not be contaminated by chemical or other harmful substances.
Easily accessible for daily or periodic inspection and for collection of fish.
De-weeding in ponds and shallow water bodies and cleaning of margins should be carried out
periodically.
1.5.2 Special hatchery
Following points may be kept in view, while constructing the special hatcheries for the rapid reproduction
of the fish.
There should be a constant supply of fresh dechlorinated water so that the required level of
water in the tank does not drop.
Submerged vegetation such as hydrilla, vallisneria should be available in the tanks.
Salinity of water should not exceed 20 grams per litre. These fish may survive salinity up to 52
gms. per litre. But it cannot reproduce at high salinity level.
Hatchery should not be subjected to strong water current and should be protected from heavy
rains and floods.
Brick made tanks, lined with good quality of cement plaster, thickness of wall about 50cm.
The tank should be divided into two portions of equal size of 5 m x 4 m with central separator
of 0.5 m thick.
Area, sufficiently big for construction of 3 tanks of 5mx4 m (one for laying young
Ones, one for for holding mature full grown fish and the other for stocking fish when cleaning
one of the present tanks ).
Depth of water in the hatchery should be 1.5 m.
Proper outlet at the bottom of tank should be provided.
Overflow outlet about 5cm below inlet protected with proper wire mesh to prevent escape of
fish.
Floor of tank 0.5 m thick with slope from the partition towards sides.
Proper inlet at 1.25 m height.
Bottom of tank covered with uniform thickness of sand for about 10 cm.
The bottom should be seeded with organic matter about 2 kg/m2.
The tank should be allowed to mature for 10-15 days.
Minimum 25% of water should be replaced once a week.
The fish should be transferred from the tank to avoid over population.
In case of scarcity of natural food, artificial food may be given.
Chlorination of water beyond the tolerance levels, or presence of insecticides can be lethal to the
fish.
1.6 Collection of fish for transportation

Fishes are collected with help of netting, which is fitted on a circular iron ring of 60 to 90 cm
diameter with a wooden handle
106
ANNEXTURE
Figure 1.4 : Fish hand net

Sufficient quantity is collected by repeated dips.
Collection in bucket or drum till they are packed for transportation.
1.7 Transportation of fish
The fish are best transported in small containers of up to 40 litres, such as plastic buckets cans,
or in strong plastic bags, half filled with water from the rearing pond.
Fish should be transported in water at ambient temperatures and should not be exposed to
direct sunlight. The containers should have sufficient openings to allow flow of air .
If fish are tansported in polythene bags,
Take polythene bag of 3 -5 litre capacity.
Fill it with 1.5 liter of water.
Introduce the fish in the bag till the total volume of water + fish is two litres.
Bubble the oxygen in bag from O2 cylinder or from air pump.
Close the mouth of bag with a string leaving sufficient space at the top.
Put the bag in a thermo cool container and close the mouth of container.
The container can be transported for a period of 24 hours without further filling oxygen.
If the period of transport is more than 24 hours then arrange for change of water and
oxygenate.
1.8 Precaution during Transportation
Fish do not tolerate sudden temperature changes.

Preferably the fish should not be given any food for 10-12 hours period prior to packing
for transportation.
1.9 Release of fish

To release the fish in a water body, measure the perimeter of water body.
Release the fish at the rate of 5 to 10 fish per linear meter.
If the mosquito larval density is high more fish up to 20 can be released.

107
ANNEXURES
1.10 Indications to use fish
Fish should be preferably introduced in all unused wells in the rural and peri-urban areas before
the high mosquito breeding season to maximize impact. However, the fish may be used in such
wells even if the seeding has been delayed.
Fresh water bodies in rural areas such as stagnant ponds, slow moving streams quarry pits,
large borrow pits, margins of ponds should be targeted apart from wells. Such places should be
surveyed and numbered to facilitate subsequent monitoring of impact.
In open mosquito breeding sites or rice fields, the fishes need to be protected from pesticides
applied to crops, when used in rice fields
1.11Monitoring
Supervisors should check the fish hatcheries at least once a month during the high

There are
transmission 3 types of small scale production tanks. These are:
season.
At least 10% of the sites where fish have been introduced should be checked for:
1.Whether
Larval rearing
fish havetanks/Primary
been introducednursery
or not
Whether the fish are surviving or not
2.Identification
Grow out tanks/Secondary nursery
of possible reasons, in case the introduced fish are not surviving
Guppy production tanksrearing tanks

3. Brood stock
There are 3 types of small scale production tanks. These are:

1. Larval rearing tanks/Primary nursery
2. Grow out tanks/Secondary nursery
3. Brood stock rearing tanks
Figure 1.5: Collecting fry in a fine-mesh dip net
Example:
Example:
Figure 1.5: Collecting fry in a fine-mesh dip net
Example: 108
If a particular MOH area/District needs 10000 fingerlings per month, calculations are as
ANNEXTURE
Example:
If a particular MOH area/District needs 2500 fingerlings per month, calculations are as fol
lows.
Total no of fingerlings needed to be distributed to the district/MOH area = 2,500
Grow out tanks

Tank shape: circular
Material: concrete tanks
Tank No 02: Grow out tank
Number of fingerlings obtained from

larval rearing tank =X
Grow out stocking density = 15ft-2
Grow out mortality = 10%
Grow out production =X * (90/100) = 2,500
X x 90/100 = 2,500
X = 2,778
Total surface area of the tank = X/15

= 2,778/15
= 185ft2
Larval rearing tanks
Tank shape: circular/rectangular

Material: concrete tanks
Stocking density = 25ft-2
Nursery mortality = 20%
Nursery production =Total production* 0.8
= 2,778
Nursery growing period = 1 month
Total production = 3,472
Therefore One day old guppy requirement (monthly) = 3,472 3475 for district/MOH
Total area for tank = 3,475/25

= 139 ft2
109
Monthly production for a female = 60
Breeding interval: 21days
3,475
Female brood stock requirement =
60
=Y
ANNEXURES
Brood stock ratio
Female: male
3. Brood stock tanks
3:1
Monthly production for a female = 60
Y/60 : (Y/60) * 1/3
Breeding interval: 21days
Female brood stock requirement = 3,475/60 =Y
Total no of brood fish = (3,475/60) + (3,475/60)*1/3
Brood stock ratio
Female: male
=58+20
3:1
Y/60 : (Y/60) * 1/3
= 78
Total no of brood fish = (3,475/60) + (3,475/60)*1/3
=58+20
= 78
Total surface area of brood stock tank = 78/3
Total surface area of brood stock tank = 78/3
= 26ft2 = 26ft2
Summary
Production of 2,500 of fingerling guppy per month,

Summary
Production of 2,500 of fingerling guppy per month,
Tank type Stocking density Circular tank size

Surface area of the (Tank diameter/ft)
tank(ft2)
1. Larval rearing tank 25ft-2 139 6.7
2. Grow out tank 15ft-2 185 7.7
3. Brood stock rearing 3ft-2 26 2.9
tank
(Source: NAQDA)
110
ANNEXTURE
ANNEXURE VIII
Guidelines for susceptibility test of insecticide on dengue vector adult mosquitoes and larvae
Objective:
The purpose of the susceptibility test is to detect the presence of resistant individuals in an insect
population early to preserve the effectiveness of available insecticides. If use of insecticide continues
without knowing the presence of resistance, percentage of selected survivors will increase and the
susceptibility of the population will decline to a point that the insecticide no longer provides an acceptable
level of control. Therefore, the susceptibility monitoring will help to plan alternative control strategies to
deal with the situation when the insecticide in question is no longer having the desired effect.
Source
National Dengue Control unit has purchased Insecticide impregnated papers, solutions and test kits,
from the University Sains, Malaysia which prepared them on behalf of WHO.
This guideline prepared according to the Monitoring and managing insecticide resistance in Aedes
mosquito populations interim guidance for entomologists (2106), Global plan for insecticide resistance
management in malaria vectors, global malaria progrmme(2014) and vector resistance to pesticides,
WHO/TRS/818, fifteenth report of the WHO expert committee on vector biology and control(1992).
1. The WHO susceptibility test for adult mosquitoes
Composition of standard diagnostic test kit
1. Twelve (12) plastic tubes (125 mm in length and 44 mm in diameter). Each tube fitted at one end
with 16-mesh screen. The 12 tubes are,
a. Four (4) tubes marked with a red dot will be used as exposure tubes, i.e. for exposing
mosquitoes to the insecticide impregnated papers.
b. b. Two(2) marked with a yellow dot for use as control tubes, for exposure of mosquitoes
to the oil-treated control papers (i.e. without insecticide);
c. c. Six(6) marked with a green dot for use as holding tubes for pre-test sorting and post-
exposure observation.
2. Six(6) slide units, each fitted with a screw-cap on both sides and a 15 mm filling hole.
3. Twelve (12) spring wire clips, 6 steel and 6 copper, to hold the paper in position against the walls
of the tubes; the 6 steel clips are to be used with the green-dotted holding tubes and 6 copper
clips are to be used with the 4 red-dotted exposure and the two-yellow-dotted control tubes.
4. Two (2) glass or plastic aspirator tubes of 12 mm internal diameter, together with 60 cm of
tubing and mouthpieces.
111
ANNEXURES
5. Fourty(40) sheets of clean paper (12 x 15 cm) for lining the holding tubes.
6. One (1) roll of self-adhesive plastic tape.

1.2. Other materials
7. Instruction sheet, 20 copies of report forms.
1.2. Other materials

1. One mosquito cage 2. 10% sugar water solution
3. Live female mosquitoes (140 healthy 4. Cotton wool, Rubber bands
specimens needed for testing)
5. Wet towel 6. Paper cups
7. Digital thermometer 8. Covering nets
9. Hygrometer
1.3. Test procedures

1.3. Test procedures
1. Roll seven sheets of clean white papers (12 x 15 cm) separately to make them cylinder shape and
1. Roll
insert seven
each intosheets
sevenof holding
clean white papers
tubes (one (12
per xtube)
15 cm)andseparately to make
secure them them cylinder
in position shapespring-
with a steel
wireand insert
clip. Theneach
theinto seven
tubes holding
should tubes (one
be attached per tube) and secure them in position with a steel
to slides.
spring-wire clip. Then the tubes should be attached to slides.
2. Collect at least 140 female mosquitoes with the aspirator provided (Fig.1A). Damage resulting from
careless handling of mosquitoes during collection may produce misleading high mortalities.
2. Collect atshould
Mosquitoes least 140 female mosquitoes
be collected in groupswith themore
of not aspirator
thanprovided
10 (Fig.1,(Fig.1A). Damagetransferred
B) and gently resulting to the
from careless handling of mosquitoes during collection may produce misleading high mortalities.
holding tubes through the filling-hole in each side (Fig.1, C) to give 20 per tube. (Where possible
Mosquitoes
collect should
this number be the
from collected
same in groupsand
locality of not more than
monitored over10time
(Fig.1,
to B) and gently
examine transferred
the trends.)
to the holding tubes through the filling-hole in each side (Fig.1, C) to give 20 per tube. (Where
3. Once the mosquitoes
possible collect thishave
numberbeenfrom
transferred,
the same the slideand
locality unit has to beover
monitored closed
time and the holding
to examine the
tubes set in an upright position for one hour. After one hour, replace any knocked-down, dead
trends.)
or damaged mosquitoes with healthy ones.
4. Seven
3. Onceadditional exposure
the mosquitoes havetubes
beenhave to be prepared
transferred, in much
the slide unit has tothe
be same
closedway. Line
and the each tubes
holding of the
fiveset
(5)inred-dotted
an uprightexposure
position tubes
for onewith a sheet
hour. After of
oneinsecticide-impregnated paper, while
hour, replace any knocked-down, dead theor2
yellow dottedmosquitoes
damaged control exposure tubesones.
with healthy should be lined with oil-impregnated papers; each has to
be fastened into position with a copper spring-wire clip.
4. Seven
5. Attach theadditional exposure
five exposure tubestubes have
to the to beposition
vacant preparedon in the
much the same
slides, way. the
and with Lineslide
eachunit
of the
open the
five (5) red-dotted
mosquitoes need to be exposure tubesinto
blown gently withthea sheet of insecticide-impregnated
exposure tubes. (Fig. 1, D) Once paper, while
all the the 2
mosquitoes are
in the exposure
yellow dottedtubes,
controlthe slide unit
exposure tubeshas to bebeclosed
should and oil-impregnated
lined with detach the exposure
papers;tubes
eachand
has toset them
upright. Fill theinto
be fastened twoposition
control with
tubesa with
coppermosqitoes
spring-wirein the
clip.same way.
6. Keep mosquitoes in the exposure and control tubes for one hour. Make sure that the tubes are
5. Attach the five exposure tubes to the vacant position on the slides, and with the slide unit
set in an upright vertical position with the mesh-screen on top (Fig.1, E).
open the mosquitoes need to be blown gently into the exposure tubes. (Fig. 1, D) Once all the
7. Transfer back the
mosquitoes aremosquitoes to the
in the exposure holding
tubes, tubesunit
the slide at the
hasend of closed
to be the 1-hour exposure
and detach the period,
exposureby
reversing the procedure outlined in step 5. Set all the holding tubes upright, with
tubes and set them upright. Fill the two control tubes with mosqitoes in the same way. the mesh-
screen on top. Soak a pad of cotton-wool in 10% sugar solution and place on mesh-screen
(Fig. 1, F).
6. Keep mosquitoes in the exposure and control tubes for one hour. Make sure that the tubes are
8. Maintain mosquitoes in the holding tubes for 24 hours (the recovery period). During this time,
it is important to keep the holding tubes 112in a shady, sheltered place free from extremes of
temperature (an insectary is ideal). If conditions are very hot and dry, a moist chamber may be
prepared by suspending damp toweling in a container, temperature and humidity should be
recorded during the recovery period. If necessary, the tubes should be protected from ants by
ANNEXURES
set in an upright vertical position with the mesh-screen on top (Fig.1, E).
7. Transfer back the mosquitoes to the holding tubes at the end of the 1-hour exposure period,
by reversing the procedure outlined in step 5. Set all the holding tubes upright, with the mesh-
screen on top. Soak a pad of cotton-wool in 10% sugar solution and place on mesh-screen (Fig.
1, F).
8. Maintain mosquitoes in the holding tubes for 24 hours (the recovery period). During this
time, it is important to keep the holding tubes in a shady, sheltered place free from extremes
of temperature (an insectary is ideal). If conditions are very hot and dry, a moist chamber may
be prepared by suspending damp toweling in a container, temperature and humidity should be
recorded during the recovery period. If necessary, the tubes should be protected from ants by
placing them on a platform standing in a pan of water. Temperature and humidity should be
recorded during the recovery period.
9. At the end of recovery period (i.e. 24 hours post-exposure), count and record the number of
9. At thedead mosquitoes
end as inperiod
of recovery table 1.
(i.e. 24 hours post-exposure), count and record the number of
dead mosquitoes as in table 1.
Table 1. Classification
Table of adult
1. Classification mosquitoes
of adult in bioassays
mosquitoes in bioassays
Alive Moribund* Dead*

Can stand on and fly in a Cannot stand (e.g. has 1 or 2 No sign of life; immobile;
coordinated manner legs) cannot stand
Cannot fly in a coordinated
manner Lies on its back,
moving legs and wings but
unable to take off
Can stand and take off
briefly, but falls down
immediately
* Knocked down after 60 minutes or dead after 24 hours of exposure
10. If mosquito mortality in the control tubes exceeds 10%, correct the mortalities of all treated
groups usingdown
* Knocked Abbotts formula
after 60 (below).
minutes or deadDiscard
after 24 the testofand
hours repeat if the corrected mortality in
exposure
the control tubes exceeds 10%.
10. If mosquito mortality in the control tubes exceeds 10%, correct the mortalities of all treated
groups using Abbotts formula (below). Discard the test and repeat if the corrected mortality in
% mortality with treated paper % mortality with control
the control
Corrected tubes
mortality (%)exceeds
= 10%. X 100
100 % mortality with control
11.Corrected mortality (%)
If supplementary = (%
tests mortality with
(biochemical ortreated paper -are
molecular) % mortality withafter
necessary control)
completing
100 the
(100 - % (dead
susceptibility test, transfer each mosquito mortality with control
or alive) to an )individual, clearly labelled
Eppendorf tube. Refrigerate and store the tubes until they can be processed for supplementary
11. If supplementary tests (biochemical or molecular) are necessary after completing the susceptibility
testing
test, transfer each mosquito (dead or alive) to an individual, clearly labelled Eppendorf tube.
Refrigerate and store the tubes until they can be processed for supplementary testing
113
ANNEXURES
111
Fig.1 Method
Fig.1 Method for determining
for determining the susceptibility
the susceptibility or resistance
or resistance of adult
of adult mosquitoes
mosquitoes
Source: WHO/VBC/81.806 Source: WHO/VBC/81.806
114
When testing pyrethroids, timed observation of the rate of knock down (kd) should be made
routinely after 10, 15, 20,30,40,50 and 60 minutes of exposure.
ANNEXURES
1.4. Calculation of mortality and knock-down rates and Interpretation of susceptibility test results
Observed mortality = Total number of dead mosquitoes X 100

When testing pyrethroids, Total sample
timed size of the rate of knock down (kd) should be made routinely
observation
after 10, 15, 20,30,40,50 and 60 minutes of exposure.
If mosquito mortality in the control tubes exceeds 10%, correct the mortalities of all treated
1.4. Calculation of mortality and knock-down rates and Interpretation of susceptibility test results
groups using Abbotts formula (below). Discard the test and repeat if the corrected mortality in
Observed mortality = Total number of dead mosquitoes X 100
Total sample size
If mosquito mortality% mortality with treated paper % mortality with control treated
Corrected mortality (%) = in the control tubes exceeds 10%, correct the mortalities of all X 100
groups using Abbotts formula (below).
100Discard the test and
% mortality withrepeat if the corrected mortality in
control
Corrected mortality (%) = (% mortality with treated paper - % mortality with control) X 100
Mortality between 98100%: Susceptibility (100is- %
indicated
mortality with control )
Mortality less than 98%: Resistance suggested. Further tests are needed to verify.
Mortality
Mortality between between
90%97%98100%: Susceptibility
(corrected is indicated
if necessary): Presence of resistant genes in the vector
Mortality less than 98%: Resistance suggested. Further tests are needed to verify.
population mustbetween
Mortality be confirmed.
90%97% The confirmation
(corrected of resistance
if necessary): Presencemay be obtained
of resistant genes by performing
in the vector
additional bioassaymust
population testsbewith the same
confirmed. Theinsecticide
confirmation on the same population
of resistance or on theby
may be obtained progeny of any
performing
additional
surviving bioassay
mosquitoes testsunder
(reared with the same insecticide
insectary conditions) onand/
the same
or bypopulation
conductingormolecular
on the progeny
assaysoffor
any surviving mosquitoes (reared under insectary conditions) and/ or by conducting molecular
known resistance mechanisms. If at least two additional tests consistently show mortality below
assays for known resistance mechanisms. If at least two additional tests consistently show
98%, then resistance
mortality belowis 98%,
confirmed.
then resistance is confirmed.
Mortality
Mortality less90%:
less than than 90%: Confirmation
Confirmation of existence
of existence of resistant
of resistant genes
genes in the
in the testtest population
population with
with additional bioassays may not be necessary, as long as a minimum of 100
additional bioassays may not be necessary, as long as a minimum of 100 mosquitoes were tested. mosquitoes were
tested. However, further investigation of the mechanisms and distribution of resistance should
However, further investigation of the mechanisms and distribution of resistance should be
be undertaken.
undertaken.
1.5. Insecticide impregnated papers and discriminating concentrations
1.5. Insecticide impregnated papers and discriminating concentrations
Table
Table 2. 2Discriminating
Discriminatingconcentrations
concentrationsand
andexposure
exposuretime
timeof
of insecticides
insecticides used for Aedes
used for Aedesmosquitoes
mosquitoes
Insecticide class Insecticide Discriminating Exposure Control paper

concentrations period
(hours)
b
Pyrethroids Cyfluthrin 0.15% 1 Silicone oil
Deltamethrin 0.03%a 1 Silicone oil
Lambdcyhalothrin 0.03% 1 Silicone oil
Permethrin 0.25% 1 Silicone oil
b
Etofenprox 0.5% 1 Silicone oil
Alpha-cypermethrin 0.03%a 1 Silicone oil
Organophosphate Fenitrothion 1% 1 olive oil
Malathion 0.8% 1 olive oil
Pirimiphos methyl 0.21%b 1 olive oil
a b
Tentative
a
TentativeDetermined
b forfor
Determined Anopheles
Anophelesmosquitoes1,
mosquitoes1,tentative
tentativefor
forAedes.
Aedes.
Source :( WHO/ZIKV/VC/16.1)
Source :( WHO/ZIKV/VC/16.1)
NOTE: Manufacture date and expiry date mention in the box; all papers have to be used before the
expiry date. 128
115
ANNEXURES
1.6. Conditions and precautions in use.
Mosquito sampling and rearing

Larval stages are easier to collect from the most productive breeding sites, and should be kept
alive and taken to a local or centralized insectary facility for rearing. Usually the second or F2
generation is used, as enough number of larvae or adult mosquitoes are needed for the necessary
tests. Only female mosquitoes should be used in the tests. It is recommended that susceptibility
tests be performed on non-blood fed females of 35 days old.
Conditions
The optimum conditions for phenotypic susceptibility tests are 27 2oC temperature, 75 10
% relative humidity and low illumination that are usually maintained in an insectary. Where
such infrastructure is not available, the tests should be done indoors in a building free from
insecticidal contamination while maintaining optimum humidity and temperature using
local procedures and avoiding extreme illumination and wind. Where possible, subsequent
comparison test should be made under similar conditions of temperature and humidity
Multiple use of the impregnated papers

The efficacy of impregnated papers declines with the number of uses and the number of
mosquitoes tested. This is especially true of the pyrethroid-impregnated papers. The current
recommendation is that no insecticide-impregnated paper should be used more than 6 times.
Pyrethroid papers should not be used more than 5 times.

After the impregnated paper has been removed, the package should be resealed carefully with
the plastic tape. The packages should be kept in a cool place.
2. Monitoring of susceptibility levels in larval mosquitoes to insecticides

The purpose of the susceptibility test is to detect the presence of resistant individuals in a
mosquito larval population as soon as possible so that alternative control plans can be made in
time to deal with the situation when the insecticides in question is no longer having the desired
effect.
WHO standard larval susceptibility test kits use
2.1 Equipments:
i. four 1-ml pipettes (red dot, yellow dot, black dot, white dot) for insecticides and 1 for ethanol
ii. 5 rubber suction bulbs for above
iii. 3 droppers with rubber suction bulbs (eye drops)
iv. The following materials for use in making a strainer:
a. 2 wire loops
b. 1 piece of nylon netting (30 cm2)
c. 1 tube of cement (UHU)
v. 1 polyethylene bottle, 50 ml
116
ANNEXURES
vi. 1 instruction sheet

vii. 20 report forms
viii. 1 label
2.2 Other requirements
250 ml Beakers or disposable plastic cups

Larval trays
Measuring cylinder
Thermometer
2.3 Insecticide solutions (in 50 ml bottle)
i. Temephos 156.25 mg/l, 31.25 mg/l, 6.25 mg/l, 1.25 mg/l
2.4 Test procedures
Instructions to make a strainer.
Two pieces of netting be cut and cemented to opposite side of the large end of the wire loop. More
cement should then be applied around the outside of the loops to join the 2 pieces of netting. When dry,
the netting may be trimmed with scissors. The kit contains sufficient netting for replacement purposes.
a) For a complete test with one insecticide, sufficient larvae should be collected from the field. 300
individuals from the same species should be selected; they should be in their 3rd or early 4th
instars and should be retained in the water they were collected until selection for testing.
b) Batches of 20 larvae should be transferred by means of a strainer to beakers each containing 200
ml of water. The average temperature of the water should be 25C; it must not be below 20C or
above 30C.
c) Prepare the test concentration by pipetting 1 ml of the standard insecticide solution under the
surface of the beakers and stirring vigorously for 30 sec. with the pipette, in preparing a series
of concentrations, the most dilute should be prepared first. Four or more replicates are set up
for each concentration and equal numbers of controls are set up simultaneously with water in
which 1ml ethanol is added.
d) Within 15-30 minutes of the preparation of the test concentration, larvae should be added.
e) After 24 hr. exposure, larval mortality should be recorded. For slow acting insecticides, 48
hr regarding may be required. Moribund larvae are counted and added to dead larvae for
calculating percentage mortality. Dead larvae are those that cannot be induced to move when
they are probed with a needle in the siphon or the cervical region. Moribund larvae are those
incapable of rising to the surface or not showing the characteristic of diving reaction when the
water is disturbed.
117
ethanol is added.
d) Within 15-30 minutes of the preparation of the test concentration, larvae should be added.
e) After 24 hr. exposure, larval mortality should be recorded. For slow acting insecticides, 48 hr
regarding may be required. Moribund larvae are counted and added to dead larvae for calculating
percentage mortality. Dead larvae are those that cannot be induced to move when they are probed
with a needle in the siphon or the cervical region. Moribund larvae are those incapable of rising to
the surface or not showing the characteristic of diving reaction when the water is disturbed.
f) Discard the larvae that have pupated during the test. If more than 10% of the control larvae pupated
ANNEXURES
in the course of the experiment, the test should be discarded and repeated.
g) If the control mortality is between 5%-20% the average observed mortality should be corrected by
Abbotts formula
f) Discard the larvae that have pupated during the test. If more than 10% of the control larvae
pupated in the course of the experiment, the test should be discarded and repeated.
Corrected mortality (%) = % mortality in test - % mortality in control X100
g) If the control mortality is between
100- %5%-20% theinaverage
mortality controlobserved mortality should be corrected
by Abbotts formula
Corrected mortality (%) = % mortality in test - % mortality in control

X100
Table3. Tentative
diagnostic dosage for larval mosquito
100- % mortality in control
Table3. Tentative diagnostic dosage for larval mosquito
Insecticide Diagnostic dosage Mosquito species

(mg/litre)
Temephos 0.012 Aedes aegypti
Source:WHO_TRS_818.pdf
Source:WHO_TRS_818.pdf
2.5. General remarks

a) The accuracy of the concentrations provided will be affected if the alcohol is allowed to evaporate
2.5. General remarks
from the standard solutions. The bottles should therefore be tightly stoppered after use. The contents
a) The accuracy of the concentrations provided will be affected if the alcohol is allowed to evaporate
should no longer be used when they have decreased below 5ml.
from the standard solutions. The bottles should therefore be tightly stoppered after use. The
b) The beakers should be carefully cleaned after use to remove traces of insecticides. They should be
contents should no longer be used when they have decreased below 5ml.
thoroughly rinsed, scrubbed with detergent and water. Pipettes should be thoroughly cleaned with
acetone or alcohol.
b) Thewater,
c) Distilled beakersrain
should be carefully
water, cleaned
tap water, wellafter use to remove
or stream traces
water can beofused
insecticides. They should
but it should be as free as
be thoroughly rinsed, scrubbed with detergent
possible from chlorine or organic contaminants. and water. Pipettes should be thoroughly cleaned
with acetone or alcohol.
3. Frequency and reporting system
c) Distilled water, rain water, tap water, well or stream water can be used but it should be as free as
3.1 Frequency of adult
possible from andorlarval
chlorine organicsusceptibility
contaminants. test
3. Frequency
Insecticide andmonitoring
resistance reporting system
could be conducted across a network of sentinel site, with these sites
selected
3.1soFrequency
as to represent the
of adult range
and ofsusceptibility
larval ecological zones
test and dengue transmission intensities that occur in the
country.
Insecticide resistance monitoring could be conducted across a network of sentinel site, with these sites
selected so as to represent the range of ecological zones and dengue transmission intensities that occur
Testing could be repeated at least once in 3 months. (If observed any indication of resistance, frequency
in the country.
should be increased).
Testing could be repeated at least once in 3 months. (If observed any indication of resistance, frequency
should be increased).
3.2 Reporting results of susceptibility testing.
The results of susceptibility
3.2 Reporting results of testing shouldtesting.
susceptibility be submitted to the National Dengue Control Unit once in 3
months by Regional Malarial Officers/Entomologists to update the national level data base.
The results of susceptibility testing should be submitted to the National Dengue Control Unit once in 6
131
months by Regional Malarial Officers/Entomologists to update the national level data base.
118
ANNEXURES
4. Cage Bioassays
4.1. Objective:
Caged bioassays are used to evaluate the efficacy of space spraying (fogging) operations.
Space spray is transient and only mosquitoes flying at the time of the application are affected.
The efficacy of space spray is greatly influenced by environmental and operational factors.
4.2. Equipments
1. Bio assay cages

2. Mosquito cages
3. Aspirator tubes
4. Paper cups
4.3. Test Procedure
Mosquitoes for bioassay should be obtained from eggs collected in the field or field collected
larvae. Larvae hatched from these eggs should be reared without crowding and with an adequate
food supply to ensure uniformity of size.
Shortly before the treatment, 20-25 females, 24-36 hours old and fed on a 10% sugar solution,
should be transferred to each bioassay cage.
It is recommended 100 mosquitoes to be tested, with 4-5 replicates. Two to three days old female
mosquitoes should be used for bioassays.
The cages should be transported to and from the field in mosquito cage protected from extreme
heat.
At least five houses in the treatment area should be used.
As a minimum for evaluation of space sprays applied outdoors, cages should be located at each
house at the following sites:
For indoors at an exposed site and in a sheltered site
For outdoor in front and at the rear of the houses
(Within 10m -50m different distances)
The same number of cages should be exposed at similar sites in the untreated area.
Thirty minutes after exposure, the cages should be removed and returned to the laboratory in
their transport cages.
119
ANNEXURES
Then the mosquitoes are transferred to clearly marked clean holding cages, and are provided
with sugar solution and maintained at ambient temperature.
Mortality in all cages should be determined 24 hours after the spray application.
Temperature and relative humidity should be recorded during the test (both the exposure and
the holding periods). Ideal temperature for testing is 25 2C, and should not higher than 30C.
Relative humidity should be 70-80%.
Chambers should be hung vertically.
Cages should be washed thoroughly before use in another experiment.
Interpretation of susceptibility test results
Observed mortality = Number of dead mosquitoes X 100

Number of test mosquitoes
If control mortality is between 5-20%, the average observed mortality should be corrected by
Abbotts formula:
Corrected mortality (%) = % mortality in test - % mortality in control

X 100
100- % mortality in control
4.4. Frequency of cage bioassay test
Test could be repeated at least once in 6 months (or accordingly MOH request, for clarification of usage
of space spraying)
4.5. Reporting results of cage bioassays test.
The results of cage bio assay test should be submitted to the National Dengue Control Unit once in 6
months by Regional Malarial Officers/Entomologists update the national level data base.
120
Annexure VIII-QUARTELY STOCK RETURN OF INSECTICIDE
QUARTELY STOCK RETURN OF INSECTICIDE
RMO/RFU/ENTOMOLOGIST:-
R.D.H.S :-
Month (Duration) :- Year :-
Larvicides Adulticides
ANNEXURE - IX
Abate 1% Abate 50 Technical

Insecticide SG (kg) EC(L) liquid Bti(L) ... Malathion (L) Pesguard(L) Delatacide(L) ..(L)
stocks on hand at the
beginning of the month
Quartely Stock Return of Insecticide
Stocks received during

the Month
Amount Stocks
121
distributed during the
month
Balance at the end of

month
Three month average

Distribution (current and
past 2 months )
Amount Required for the
next 3 months
Amount requested from
NDCU
..
Signature of the RMO/MOIC-AFU/Entomologist Date :
..
ANNEXURES
Signature of the RDHS Date :

ANNEXURES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
01. Anti Malaria Campaign,2009, Guidelines on the use of Pesguard FG 161 for thermal
fogging/ULV application to control disease vector mosquitoes/flies, dated 22nd June
2009.
02 Anti Malaria Campaign, 2010, Guidelines for the application of Bactivec(Cuban

Bacillus thurengiensis) in dengue vector breeding sites.
03. Hapugoda Menaka D, De Silva N.R, Rajamanthri M.D.S, And Abeywickrema W. dengue vector
surveillance in localities with reported dengue cases in Kurunegala and Gampaha district, Sri
Lanka Association for the Advancement of science, Proceedings of the 57th Annual session of
the 2001:5
04. Hapugoda M. D, Gunasekera, M.B., De Silva, N.R, Gunasena, S., Preethimala L.D., Dyanath
M.Y.D and Abeywickrema,W., Detection of dengue virus in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes by
reversed transcription polymerase chain reaction- lipid hybridization ( RT-PCR-LH )base assay.
The bulletin of the Sri Lanka college of microbiologists , 2003 , vol.1,issue 1:30-31
05. Louis VR ,Quionez C.A.M, Kusumawathie PHD,Janaki S, TozanY, Wijayamuni R, Smith AW,
Tissera HA Characteristics of and factors associated with dengue vector breeding sites in the
City of Colombo, Sri Lanka. Pathogens and Global Health, Volume 110, 2016.
06. Queensland Dengue Management Plan (DMP) 2010-2015, 2011.
07. Strategic Plan for Prevention and Control of Dengue Fever/Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever
in Sri Lanka, 2011-2015.
08. World Health Organization (1957) Technical report series No.125, insecticides seventh report of
the expert committee., 7.http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/40380/1/WHO_TRS_125.pdf
09. World Health Organization (1981) Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of
adult mosquito to organochlorine, Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides establishment of
base line .WHO/VBC/81.805
10. World Health Organization (1986) , Arthropodborne and rodent borene viral diseases report of
a WHO scientific group, Technical report series, 719, Geneevapg.32.
11. World Health Organization (1992) Vector resistance to pesticides. WHO/TRS/818. Fifteen
Report of the WHO Expert committee on vector biology and control, http:// whqlibdoc.who.
int/trs/WHO_TRS_818.pdf.
122
ANNEXURES
12. World Health Organization ( 1995)Guidelines for dengue surveillance and mosquito control.
Western Pacific Education in action series no. 8 , WHO regional office for the Western Pacific,
Manila pg. 5-15
13. World Health Organization (2005) Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito
larvicides, pp1-36.World Health Organization (Geneva).
14. World Health Organization (2009) Dengue Guidelines for diagnosis treatment, prevention and
control. World Health Organization (WHO) and the special programme for Research and
Training Diseases.Geneva, Switzerland (TDR). 1-160.WHO/HTM/NTD/DEN/2009.1
15. World Health Organization (2011) Comprehensive guideline for prevention and control of Dengue
and Dengue Haemorrhagic fever, revised and expanded edition.p60-65,WHO(India). SEARO
Technical publication series No.60.
16. World Health Organization (2012 a) fact sheet, WHO recommended insecticides for space
spraying against mosquitoes, http://www.who.int/whopes/recommendations/wgm/en/
17. World Health Organization (2012 b) global plan for insecticide resistance management in malaria
vectors who global malaria programme.p1-14, WHO (Geneva).
18. World Health Organization (2013a) fact sheet, WHOPES-recommended compounds and
formulations for control of mosquito larvae, http://www.who.int/whopes/recommendations/
en/
19. World Health Organization (2013 b).Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in
malaria vector mosquitoes. pp1-30, World Health Organization(Geneva). http://apps.who.int/
iris/bitstream/10665/80139/1/9789241505154_eng.pdf.
20. World Health Organization(2016), Monitoring and managing insecticide resistance in Aedes
mosquito populations interim guidance for entomologists, WHO/ZIKV/VC/16.1.
21. Yapa Bandara A.M.G.M and Abeykoon A.R, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus breeding sites
in the Matale municipal Council area, Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of science,
Proceedings of the 58th Annual session of the 2002: 20
123
Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka

Continued geographic expansion of Aedes
mosquito has seen the magnitude and
frequency of epidemic dengue increase
dramatically to become the most important
arthropod-transmitted viral disease of
humans in the world today.
This authoratative guideline is an essential

resource on Aedes vector surveillance and
control for the prevention and control of
dengue in Sri Lanka.

Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine Sri Lanka
555/5, Elvitigala Mawatha
Narahenpita, Colombo 05.
Tele: 011-2368416, 011-2368417 Fax: 011-2369893

GUIDELINES FOR AEDES VECTOR
NOVEMBER 2016

SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL

Guidelines For Aedes Vector Surveillance and Control

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Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka

GUIDELINES FOR AEDES VECTOR SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL IN SRI LANKA

This authoratative guideline is an essential

National Dengue Control Unit

Tele: 011-2368416, 011-2368417 Fax: 011-2369893

E-mail : ndcu2010@yahoo.com Web: www.dengue.health.gov.lk

National Dengue Control Unit

GUIDELINES FOR AEDES VECTOR SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL IN SRI LANKA

National Dengue Control Unit

Tele: 011-2368416, 011-2368417 Fax: 011-2369893

The transmission and magnitude of dengue epidemics have dramatically expanded in

Dr. Palitha Mahipala

Dr.Hasitha Tissera National Coordinator and Consultant Epidemiologist

Dr.P.H.D. Kusumawathie Regional Malarial Officer, Kandy

Ms.M.D.Sakunthala Janaki Entomologist, NDCU

Professor Deepika Fernando Professor in Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo

Dr.M.P.P.U.Chulasiri Senior Registrar, NDCU

Dr.M.M.M.Muzrif Senior Registrar, NDCU

Dr.M.B.A.Ghouse Registrar, NDCU

Dr.K.A.S.D.Kumarapperuma Medical Officer (Health Informatics), NDCU

Dr. Iroshini Abeysekara Medical Officer, NDCU

Dr.B.D.W.Jayamanne Medical Officer (Health Informatics), NDCU

Dr.Sinha De Silva Medical Officer, NDCU

Dr.Thanuja Rathnayaka Medical Officer, NDCU

Ms.S.A.D.S.Perera Entomologist, NDCU

Mr. J.A.R.D Alwis Senior Public Health Inspestor, NDCU

Mr.I.D.Hemantha Health Entomological Officer, NDCU

Dr.B.D.W.Jayamanne Medical Officer (Health Informatics), NDCU

The editorial committee wishes to gratefully acknowledge the contribution of following

D engue is an arboviral disease complex which includes Dengue

Dengue is found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. DF/

Transmission of the dengue virus depends on biotic and abiotic factors.

To date, vector control is the mainstay of dengue prevention and

BIOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION OF DENGUE

V ector biology, identification and study of the bionomics and

2.1. Life cycle of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus

Fig. 2.1. Life cycle of the dengue vector (7 10 days)

Fig. 2.1. Life cycle of the dengue vector (7 10 days)

Fig. 2.4. Major body parts of the Aedes Pupa

Fig. 2.5. Major body parts of the adult Aedes mosquito

2.2. Characteristic features of Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes

Species: Ae. aegypti (Linneus)

Fig.2.6. Taxonomical state of Aedes mosquitoes

Stage Ae. aegypti Ae. albopictus

After page 17 Mesonotum

2.4.1. Vector competency

Vector competency is the vectors capability to transmit a pathogen. It denotes high

2.4.2. Vectorial capacity

Vectorial capacity is a measurement of the efficiency of a vector for disease transmission.

''Aedes albopictus'' adult

VECTOR BIONOMICS (BEHAVIOUR)

K nowledge on the bionomics (behaviour) of Ae. aegypti and Ae.

3.1. Common oviposition sites (breeding habitats) of dengue vectors

The dengue vectors, are container breeders; they breed in a wide

Ae. aegypti prefers to oviposit in artificial containers. This species is a

3.2. Indoor and outdoor breeding sites of dengue vectors

3.2.1.Common indoor breeding sites

3.2.2.Commom outdoor breeding sites

Discarded containers (Ground level and on concrete slabs)

(a) Discarded receptacles

Ground level water storage cement tank Overhead cement tank

Indoor water storage tank and barrel Wat

Ground level water storage cement tank Water storage barrel