TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEETS

BY
CHANTALE DOUCET AND BENOIT VOYZELLE

REVIEW COMPLETED MAY 29, 2012.

1.0 TESTING OF GROUND SUPPORT

A summary of the most popular methods and devices currently used to test support tendons in
the laboratory is shown in Figure 1, for both static and dynamic conditions. The simplest way to
describe these methods and devices might be to classify these into direct and indirect methods,
depending if the load is applied directly on the tendon or test specimen, as in the case of direct
methods, or on the grouted or holding pipe, as in the case of indirect methods. Well-known
references to describe and illustrate each test method are included in Figure 1. Intermediate test
configurations and different loading mechanisms, e.g. loading at the face plate versus across a
simulated joint for both static and dynamic testing, direct impact versus momentum transfer
loading for dynamic testing, can make the proposed description somewhat arbitrary and
theoretical. In all instances, a simple and objective description of the experimental work under
review, along with a proper presentation of the results is presented.

In the laboratory, static tests are usually carried out following the standard procedure developed
for in situ pull tests (ASTM 2008). Notwithstanding the mode of loading, e.g. direct pull-test at
one end of the bolt, or split-tube test across a simulated joint, the test procedure is relatively
simple, with relatively straight-forward analysis. Only tensile devices are discussed here. The
situation is slightly more complicated with dynamic testing, with two major facilities currently in
operation around the world, e.g. the CANMET-MMSL facility located in Ottawa (Ontario) and
the WASM facility located in Kalgoorlie (Western Australia). The main displacement is
measured at the end of the bolt, or at the point of impact and across a simulated joint along the
holding or connecting pipe. In situ standard pull-test is the most common direct static test
carried out in the field (ASTM 2008). Test results reported in the Technical Information Data
Sheets have been clearly identified according to the devices, procedures and equipments used for
testing.

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 TEST TYPE AND TEST TYPE AND
TESTING DEVICE TESTING DEVICE
METHOD METHOD

Direct dynamic
Direct quasi-static
impact test method
test method
(Standard impact drop
(Standard pull-test
test on bolt end or
on bolt end)
intermediate joint)
CANMET-MMSL / K. Judge.

CANMET-MMSL / K. Judge.

Indirect quasi- Indirect dynamic

static impact test method
test method
(Impact drop test with
(Split-tube test energy transferred to
with load applied the loading mass and
on the holding tube holding tube across a
across a normal normal joint)
joint)

CANMET-MMSL / K. Judge. After

Villaescusa and Wright 1999. Balkema / Thompson et al. 2004.

Figure 1. Concepts of static and dynamic testing.

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2.0 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

The definition of terms used in the Technical Information Data Sheets is presented in Table 1.
Although comprehensive, the table has been reduced to its most simple expression, with only
essential terms being listed, and clear and concise definitions being included.

Table 1. Technical terms and definitions.

Average (Sliding) Load (kN). Average load Load-Displacement Curve
measured after the initial peak.
Bolt Diameter (mm). Diameter of the bolt rod
or cable strand, as supplied by manufacturers.
Bolt Length (mm). Total length of the bolt or
cable strand, as supplied by manufacturers.
Cone Diameter (mm). Maximum cone
diameter of Modified Cone Bolts
Displacement (mm). Total of elastic and
plastic change in the length of the specimen
under loading.
Dynamic Average Load (kN). Load at which
the bolt ploughs, slides under dynamic
loading conditions.
Energy Absorption (J/cm). Total energy
absorbed by the specimen divided by the (After Gaudreau et al. 2004)
sliding length.
Steel Yield and Tensile Strengths (N/mm2). The yield
Hole Diameter (mm). Size of the borehole, as strength (or elastic limit) as well as the tensile strength
drilled or recommended by manufacturers for of the steel material, as supplied by manufacturers.
optimal installation of bolts and cables.
Stiffness (kN/mm). Slope of the load-displacement
Impact Energy (kJ). Potential Energy curve. Denoted Ke.
calculated for each test from the drop weight
Ultimate Plate Work (kJ). Total area under the plate
and height.
load and plate displacement curve. Maximum energy
Maximum Load (kN). Maximum load absorbed by the bolt at failure; energy absorption
withstood by a test specimen when loaded capacity.
until failure.
Velocity, v (m/s). Velocity of the drop weight at the
Sliding Length (mm). Predetermined length on impact.
the bolt on which sliding can occur;
Yield Load (kN). Maximum load withstood by a test
essentially corresponds to the displacement
specimen before displaying permanent deformation.
capacity.
Steel Elongation (%). Displacement of the bolt
or cable specimen, normalized for the
distance between measuring points.

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3.0 SUMMARY OF DYNAMIC TESTING AT CANMET-MMSL

Over the past 8 years, various testing programs were undertaken with the participation of the
mining industry and manufacturers to evaluate the behavior of various bolts under different
dynamic loading conditions. Prior to subjecting the bolts to dynamic impacts, pull tests were
performed and compared to in situ test results, when available, in order to ensure that the
laboratory installation is close to the actual behavior of the bolt underground. An overview of
the bolts tested and the results are presented in the following sections and summarized in Table
2. Test results reported in Table 2 were conducted with an impact velocity varying between 4.5
and 5.4 m/s. The maximum impact energy corresponds to the maximum energy the bolt could be
impacted with before failure. The maximum impact energy is used to characterize the bolts
instead of the absorbed energy because, as will be discussed in the next section, bolts will behave
very differently depending on their yielding mechanism and some can absorb more energy than
others for the same impact. Impact energy should therefore be used as the design parameter
because that is the ultimate energy that the bolt could withstand. The displacement values are
the displacement of the bolt measured at the plate end after one impact of the maximum impact
energy recorded in Table 2. The average load is an average of the load measured after the peak
load. The testing configuration used is also specified as it can affect the results significantly.
For example, the Rebar bolt was tested with both test configurations and the energy capacity
varies from 5 kJ, with the impact directly on the bolt plate (i.e. continuous tube), to 14 kJ with
the impact above the bolt plate (split tube).
A similar compilation as presented in Potvin et al (2010) is shown in Figure 2. This figure
groups testing results on bolts subjected to one impact of variable energy. The impact velocities
vary between 3 and 6.3 m/s, for an average of 5.3 m/s. Three main zones are identified: static
support, yielding support stretching and yielding support plowing, sliding. The static
support zone is composed primarily of the mechanical rock bolts and rebars, which are
traditionally installed as primary support. Two yielding support zones are identified depending
on the yielding mechanism of the bolts. The stretching zone is composed primarily of the D-
Bolts which will accumulate a lot of load over a relatively small displacement. The
plowing/sliding zone is composed of the MCB, Roofex and Yield-Lok which will dissipate the
energy over longer displacements through plowing and/or sliding and minimal stretching of the
bolt. Thicker bars provide better energy absorption as shown by comparing the 20-mm diameter
D-Bolt versus the 22-mm diameter. The same goes when comparing the Rx8D with the Rx20D.
Figure 3 presents into greater details the load-displacement behaviour of the bolts when
subjected to one impact of 30 kJ and 5.4 m/s. The difference between the stretching and
sliding/plowing bolts is noticeable. All the bolts presented can sustain the impact energy of 30
kJ but they dissipate the energy in different ways. Larger diameter bolts will accept higher loads
and will not displace through stretching or plowing/sliding as much as smaller bolts.

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 Table 2. Summary of dynamic tests carried out at CANMET-MMSL.

Maximun
Average
Support Impact Displacement Test
Bolt Type Energy Load
Category (mm) Configuration
(kJ) (kN)

Mechanical Bolt
2.2 43 6 16 Continuous tube
Static Support

( 14.1 mm, Shell F 32 mm)

Resin Rebar
5 5 160 Continuous tube
(Type #6 - 20 mm)

Resin Rebar
14 58 280 Split tube
(Type #6 - 20 mm)

Modified Cone Bolt

16 160 72 134 16 Continuous tube
MCB33
Yielding Support Plowing, Sliding

Fully Debonded Cone Bolt

30 695 68 55 11 Split tube
MCB33FD

Modified Cone Bolt

16 89 25 155 46 Continuous tube
MCB38

Roofex Rx8 Dynamic

34 914 58 4 Continuous tube
800 mm sliding length

Roofex Rx20 Dynamic

51 783 45 99 7 Continuous tube
800 mm sliding length

Yield-Lok
43 750 95 7 Continuous tube
750 mm of coating

D-Bolt (20 mm)

Stretching

45 187 256 13 Split tube

Support -
Yielding

1500 mm smooth section

D-Bolt (22 mm)

56 225 279 3 Split tube
1500 mm smooth section

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 70
yielding support - stretching yielding support - plowing, sliding
60
Impact Energy (kJ)

50

40

30

20

10
static support
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Plate Displacement (m)

Mech. Bolt MCB33 FD Yield Lok

Rebars - split tube Rx20D D-Bolt - 20mm x 1.5m
MCB33 Rx8D D-Bolt - 22mm x 1.5m
Friction bolt
Figure 2. Compilation of dynamic testing results after one impact.

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 350

300
MCB33FD (2.1m)
Rx20D (0.45m)
250 Rx8D (0.80m)
Yield-Lok (0.75m)
D-Bolt (20mm x 0.8m)
Load (kN)

200

150

100

50

0
0 200 400 600 800
Displacement (mm)
Figure 3. Load versus Displacement behaviours of various bolts after one impact of 30 kJ and 5.4 m/s.

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4.0 REFERENCES

Anderson, T., Conlon, B. & Judge, K. (2006). In situ tendon pull tests. Division Report CANMET-
MMSL 06-008 (TR), CANMET Mining and Minerals Sciences Laboratories, Natural Resources
Canada, Ottawa (Ontario), 41 p.
ASTM (2007). Standard Test Method for Rock Bolt Anchor Pull Test. Standard Designation D4435-04,
ASTM International, West Conshohocken (Pennsylvania), 6 p.
ASTM (2008). Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Rock Anchor Capacities by Pull
and Drop Tests. Standard Designation D7401-08, ASTM International, West Conshohocken
(Pennsylvania), 7 p.
Atlas Copco (2004). Rock Reinforcement Product Information Sheets. Atlas Copco Construction and
Mining (Canada), Lively (Ontario), 32 p.
Atlas Copco (2010). Rock Reinforcement Product Information Sheets. Website
Beauchamp, L.A. (2006). Ground Support Manual. Mines and Aggregates Safety and Health
Association (MASHA), North Bay (Ontario), 285 p.
Cai, M., Champaigne, D. & Kaiser, P.K. (2010). Development of a fully debonded cone bolt for rockburst
support. Proceedings of the 5th International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining, Santiago,
Chile, eds. M. Van Sint Jan and Y. Potvin, Australian Centre for Geomechanics (ACG), Australia,
329-342.
Doucet, C. & Gradnik, R. (2010). Recent developments of the Roofex bolt. Proceedings of the 5th
International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining, Santiago, Chile, eds. M. Van Sint Jan and Y.
Potvin, Australian Centre for Geomechanics (ACG), Australia, 353-366.
DSI (2009). Mining and Tunneling Products Catalogue. Dywidag Systems International (DSI), DSI
Mining Products, Sudbury (Ontario), 107 p.
Duraset (2005). Rock Tendon Support Product Information Sheets. Duraset/Grinaker-LTA Mining
Products, Alberton/Johannesburg (South Africa), 30 p.
Gaudreau, D., Aubertin, M. & Simon, R. (2004). Performance assessment of tendon support systems
submitted to dynamic loading. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Ground Support,
28-30 September, Perth (Western Australia), E. Villaescusa and Y. Potvin, Editors, A.A. Balkema
Publishers, Leiden (Netherlands), 299-312.
Hadjigeorgiou, J. & Charette, F. (2009). Guide pratique du soutnement minier, 2e dition, Association
minire du Qubec, 162 p.
Hoek, E. (2007). Practical Rock Engineering Chapter 14: Rockbolts and cables. Lecture notes,
Rocscience Inc., Toronto, (Ontario), 21 p.
Jager, A.J. (1992). Two new support units for the control of rockburst damage. Proceedings of the
2nd International Symposium on Rock Support, eds. P.K. Kaiser and D.R. McCreath, A.A. Balkema
Publishers, Rotterdam (Netherlands), 621-631.
Jennmar of Canada (2011). Yield-Lok Bolt A new generation of yielding rock support. Product data
sheet.
Li. C.C. (2010). A new energy-absorbing bolt for rock support in high stress rock masses. Int. Jour. of
Rock Mech. & Mining Sc., 47 (2010), 396-404.
Li, C. & Charette, F. (2010). Dynamic performance of D-Bolt. Proceedings of the 5th International
Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining, Santiago, Chile, eds. M. Van Sint Jan and Y. Potvin,
Australian Centre for Geomechanics (ACG), Australia, 321-328.
Li, C.C & Doucet, C. (2011). Performance of D-Bolts under dynamic loading. Rock Mech. Rock Eng.
DOI 10.1007/s00603-011-0202-1.

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Mansour Mining (2011). Ground Support Product Information Sheets. Mansour Mining Inc., Ground
Support Division, Sudbury (Ontario), 28 p.
Ortlepp, W.D., Bornman, J.J. & Erasmus, N. (2001). The Durabar A yieldable support tendon:
Design rationale and laboratory results. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on
Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines, 17-20 September, Johannesburg (South Africa),
G. Van Aswegen, R.J. Durrheim and W.D. Ortlepp, Editors, The South African Institute of Mining
and Metallurgy, Johannesburg (South Africa), Symposium Series S27, 263-266.
Ortlepp, W.D. & Stacey, T.R. (1998). Testing of tunnel support: Dynamic load testing of rockbolts
elements to provide data for safer support design. Safety in Mines Research Advisory Committee
Report GAP 423, 50 p.
Player, J.R. (2004). Field performance of cone bolts at Big Bell mine. Proceedings of the 5th International
Symposium on Ground Support, eds. E. Villaescusa and Y. Potvin, A.A. Balkema Publishers, Leiden
(Netherlands), 289-298.
Plouffe, M., Anderson, T. & Judge, K. (2007a). Dynamic and static testing of tendons Part A: Testing
of modified cone bolts. Division Report CANMET-MMSL 06-033-A (CR), CANMET Mining and
Minerals Sciences Laboratories, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa (Ontario), 35 p.
Plouffe, M., Anderson, T. & Judge, K. (2007b). Dynamic and static testing of tendons Part B:
Development of a testing protocol for friction bolts. Division Report CANMET-MMSL 06-033-B
(CR), CANMET Mining and Minerals Sciences Laboratories, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa
(Ontario), 21 p.
Potvin, Y, Wesseloo, J. & Heal, D. (2010). An interpretation of ground support capacity submitted to
dynamic loading. Proceedings of the 5th International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining,
Santiago, Chile, eds. M. Van Sint Jan and Y. Potvin, Australian Centre for Geomechanics (ACG),
Australia, 251-270.
Stillborg, B. (1994). Professional Users Handbook for Rock Bolting. Trans Tech Publications,
Clausthal-Zellerfeld (Germany), Series on Rock and Soil Mechanics, Volume 18, 164 p.
Thompson, A.G., Player, J.R. & Villaescusa, E. (2004). Simulation and analysis of dynamically loaded
reinforcement systems. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Ground Support, 28-30
September, Perth (Western Australia), E. Villaescusa and Y. Potvin, Editors, A.A. Balkema
Publishers, Leiden (Netherlands), 341-355.
Turner, M.H. & Green, T. (2005). Threadbar bolts in a seismically active, high stress, high yield
environment Otter-Juan Mine, Kambalda. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on
Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines, 9-11 March, Perth (Western Australia), Y. Potvin and
M. Hudyma, Editors, The Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Nedlands (Western Australia), 67-73.
Villaescusa, E., Thompson, A., Hassell, R., Player, J., Windsor, C., Shaw, H. & Morton, E. (2007).
Ground Support Research at the Western Australia School of Mines. Ground Control Strategies in
High-Stress Environments Session I, 2007 CIM Annual Conference and Exhibition, 29 April-2
May, Montreal (Quebec), The Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM),
Montreal (Quebec), 16 p.
Villaescusa, E. & Wright, J. (1999). Reinforcement of underground excavations using the CT bolt.
Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Ground Support, 15-17 March, Kalgoorlie
(Western Australia), E. Villaescusa, C.R. Windsor and A.G. Thompson, Editors, A.A. Balkema,
Rotterdam (Netherlands), 109-115.
Wu, Y.K., Oldsen, J. & Lamothe, M. (2010). The Yield-Lok Bolt for bursting and squeezing ground
support. Proceedings of the 5th International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining, Santiago,
Chile, eds. M. Van Sint Jan and Y. Potvin, Australian Centre for Geomechanics (ACG), Australia,
301-308

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 DISCLAIMER

Any determination and/or reference made in these technical data sheets with respect to
any specific commercial product, process or service by trade name, trademark,
manufacturer or otherwise, shall be considered to be opinion. CanmetMINING makes
no representation or warranty respecting the results arising therefrom, either expressly
or implied by law or otherwise, including but not limited to implied warranties or
conditions of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. The views and opinions
of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of CanmetMINING
and may not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.
TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 1 STANDARD MECHANICAL BOLT.

BACKGROUND TECHNICAL DATA

DESCRIPTION. Steel rod with threads at one or Property In SituStatic(1) LaboratoryStatic(2) LaboratoryDynamic(3)
both ends, i.e. shell anchor at one end, forged
head with plate, or threads with plate and nut at Steel Grade C1055 Mod C1060 C1060
the other end. Steel grade C1055 to C1070.
Steel Yield/Tensile
APPLICATION. Used when active support is Strengths (N/mm2)
448/689 380/630 380/630
needed immediately after excavation. For
intermediate and hard rock conditions, with Bolt Diameter
15.9 14.1 14.1
good anchoring capacity. (mm)
INSTALLATION. Perpendicular to rock surface. Hole Diameter
Use hemispherical washers for optimum 33 33 33
(mm)
performance. Anchored in solid rock.
Tensioned at a load of about 50% of the yield Bolt Length
1525 1525 1525
(elastic) strength of the bolt (+/- 3.5 tons). (mm)
ADVANTAGES. Easy to handle and install.
Yield Load
Relatively low cost. Provides immediate 84 1 82 1 N/A
(kN)
support upon installation.
LIMITATIONS. Loosened by vibrations, needs Maximum Load
128 1 118 1 80 9
periodic verification and tightening. Subject to (kN)
corrosion if not grouted after installation.
Dynamic Average Load
REFERENCES. Stillborg 1994, Beauchamp (kN)
N/A N/A 16
2006, DSI 2009, Hadjigeorgiou and Charette
2009. Displacement
81 8 102 14 43 6
(mm)
Steel Elongation
N/A 5 2.8 0.4
(%)
Stiffness
91 11 3 N/A
(kN/mm)
ULTIMATE Plate Work 1.6 2
(kJ) 7.9 1.5 11 2 (Impact E = 2.2 kJ;
v = 3.1 m/s)

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 1 STANDARD MECHANICAL BOLT (CONTINUED).

ILLUSTRATION SMB - Laboratory and In Situ Static Tests

Lab In Situ
140

120

100

Load (kN)
80

60

40
MASHA / Beauchamp 2006.
20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Plate End Displacement (mm)

CANMET-MMSL / Anderson et al. 2006. In Situ Static Test on a 1.5 m

long mechanical bolt.

NOTES: N/A Not available. SMB - Dynamic Test

80
(1)
Bolts 1.5 m long. Loads and displacements measured at the plate or hole
collar. Tests stopped after 85 mm of displacement. Movement of the
60
anchoring shell assumed negligible because of cyclic testing. Tests
carried out at CANMET-MMSL Experimental Mine, Val-dOr (QC),

Load (kN)
according to ASTM D4435 standard test method. 40
(2)
Bolts 1.5 m long. Bolts were installed in a 33-mm diameter hole drilled
through high strength concrete poured and cured in 127-mm diameter steel
tubes. Loads and displacements measured at the plate or tube collar. Tests 20
stopped at failure, after 90-120 mm of displacement. Tests carried out at
CANMET-MMSL Test Facility, Ottawa (ON).
0
(3)
Bolts 1.5 m long. Single impact, impact energy 2.2 kJ, impact velocity 0 10 20 30 40 50
3.1 m/s. Tests carried out at CANMET-MMSL Test Facility, Ottawa Plate End Displacement (mm)
(ON), with the same installation procedure as the laboratory static tests, CANMET-MMSL. Laboratory Dynamic Test.
using the continuous tube configuration.

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 2A CEMENT GROUTED REBAR.

BACKGROUND TECHNICAL DATA

DESCRIPTION. Steel bar with rugged surface to Property In SituStatic LaboratoryStatic LaboratoryDynamic
develop solid bonding with cement grout.
With forged head, or threads with face plate Steel Grade N/A N/A N/A
and nut to create a compression zone at the
Steel Yield/Tensile
face. N/A 400/ N/A 400/ N/A
Strengths (N/mm2)
APPLICATION. Permanent, generally passive
anchor. Can be used as active anchor with Bolt Diameter
N/A 20 (#6) 20 (#6)
specific 2-step grouting procedure (see (mm)
INSTALLATION). Load distributed along the Hole Diameter
whole length of the bar when fully grouted. N/A 32-38 32-38
(mm)
Used when high pull and shear strengths as
well as minimal displacement are required. Bolt Length
N/A 500 - 3000 500 - 3000
(mm)
INSTALLATION. A cement plug is created at the
end of the hole to anchor the bolt. The bolt is Yield Load
N/A 89-120 N/A
inserted. Once the grout has set, the bolt is (kN)
tensioned and the rest of the hole is filled with
Maximum Load
cement. Threads are used either to tension the N/A 125-180 N/A
(kN)
bolt or to create a compression zone at the face.
The grout consists of cement, sand and Dynamic Average Load
admixtures. N/A N/A N/A
(kN)
ADVANTAGES. Develops high strength. Good Displacement
resistance to corrosion. N/A 35 (1) N/A
(mm)
LIMITATIONS. Performance depends on the
quality of installation. Procedure longer and Steel Elongation
N/A 9-13 N/A
more complex than for resin grouted bolts, (%)
especially for upper position. Open fractures Stiffness
and water can create problems. N/A 50-60 (1) N/A
(kN/mm)
REFERENCES. Stillborg 1994, DSI 2009.
Plate Work
N/A 6 (1) N/A
(kJ)

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 2A CEMENT GROUTED REBAR (CONTINUED).

ILLUSTRATION

Hoek 2007

NOTES: N/A Not available.

(1)
Measured across a single joint.

Source: Stillborg 1994, Mansour Mining 2011

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 2B RESIN GROUTED REBAR.

BACKGROUND TECHNICAL DATA

DESCRIPTION. Steel bar with rugged surface to Property In SituStatic(1) LaboratoryStatic(2) LaboratoryDynamic(3)
develop solid bonding with resin. With forged
head, or threads with face plate and nut to Steel Grade ASTM A615 Gr. 60 ASTM A615 Gr. 60 ASTM A615 Gr. 60
create a compression zone at the face.
Steel Yield/Tensile
APPLICATION. Permanent, often active anchor. Strengths (N/mm2)
420/620 420/620 420/620
Use of dual-set resin to tension the bolt (see
ILLUSTRATION). Load distributed along the Bolt Diameter (mm) 19.5 19.5 19.5
whole length of the bar when the hole is
Hole Diameter
completely filled. Used when high pull and 33 33 38
(mm)
shear strengths as well as minimal
displacement are required. Bolt Length
1524 1825 1828
INSTALLATION. Resin cartridges, e.g. proper (mm)
type and quantity, are inserted inside the hole.
Impact
The rebar is then inserted into the hole and Impact ON
ABOVE
rotated at the same time. Threads are used to the bolt
the bolt
either tension the rebar or create a compression plate
plate
zone at the face.
ADVANTAGES. Develops good, immediate Yield Load
128 1 132 2 205 135
strength and high stiffness. Good resistance to (kN)
corrosion.
Maximum Load
LIMITATIONS. Performance depends on the 168 7 169 6 280 160
(kN)
quality of installation. Longer, more complex
procedure than for mechanical bolts, especially Dynamic Average Load
N/A N/A 280 160
for upper position. (kN)
REFERENCES. Beauchamp 2006, DSI 2009.
Displacement
23 2 28 2 58 5
(mm)
Steel Elongation
N/A 1.7 0.1 3.1 0.1
(%)
Stiffness
57 68 7 71 43
(kN/mm)
ULTIMATE Plate Work
2.8 0.5 4.2 0.3 13.8 4.6
(kJ)

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 2B RESIN GROUTED REBAR (CONTINUED).

ILLUSTRATION Resin Rebar - Laboratory and In Situ Static Tests

Lab In Situ
180
160
140
120

Load (kN)
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30
Plate End Displacement (mm)

MASHA / Beauchamp 2006. CANMET-MMSL

NOTES: N/A Not available. Resin Rebar - Dynamic Test

(1)
Threaded bolts 1.5 m long. Loads and displacements measured at the plate 300
or hole collar. Tests carried out at CANMET-MMSL Experimental Mine,
Val-dOr (QC), according to ASTM D4435 standard test method. 250
(2)
Threaded bolts 1.8 m long. Loads and displacements measured at the plate 200

Load (kN)
or tube collar. Tests stopped at failure, after 25 mm of displacement.
Tests carried out at CANMET-MMSL Test Facility, Ottawa (ON). 150
(3)
Threaded bolts 1.8 m long. Single impact, impact energy 14.2 kJ, impact 100
velocity 5 m/s. Tests carried out at CANMET-MMSL Test Facility,
Ottawa (ON), using the split-tube and continuous tube configurations. 50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Plate End Displacement (mm)
CANMET-MMSL. Split-tube Configuration.

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 3 RESIN OR CEMENT GROUTED THREADBAR.

BACKGROUND TECHNICAL DATA

DESCRIPTION. Typically Dywidag #6 bar with Property In SituStatic LaboratoryStatic(1) LaboratoryDynamic(2)
threaded external profile to develop solid
bonding with resin or cement grout. Face plate Steel Grade N/A ASTM A615 Gr. 75 ASTM A615 Gr. 75
and nut used either to tension the bar or to
Steel Yield/Tensile
create a compression zone at the face. N/A 520/690 520/690
Strengths (N/mm2)
APPLICATION. Permanent, active or passive
anchor. Load distributed along the whole Bolt Diameter
N/A 19 19
length of the bar when fully grouted. Used (mm)
when high pull and shear strength and minimal Hole Diameter
displacement are required. N/A 32 32
(mm)
INSTALLATION. The bar is anchored and
Bolt Length
tensioned, and the hole is grouted afterwards N/A 50-3000 50-3000
(mm)
(optional). The plate and nut are tightened
once the bar is properly anchored. Grout Yield Load
N/A 146 N/A
consists of resin, or cement with sand and (kN)
admixtures. Injection can be done in one or
Maximum Load
two steps, to allow the tensioning of the bar N/A 195 N/A
(kN)
(e.g. for active support conditions).
ADVANTAGES. Develops high pull and shear Displacement
N/A > 65 75
strength. Bolt length can be extended with (mm)
couplings. Good resistance to corrosion. Steel Elongation
N/A 9 N/A
LIMITATIONS. The performance depends on (%)
the quality of installation, e.g. resin or grout
Stiffness
cement. Installation slightly longer and more N/A 31 N/A
(kN/mm)
complex than for mechanical bolts, especially
for upper position. Open fractures and water
Plate Work
can create problems. N/A 11 17.2
(kJ)
REFERENCE: DSI 2009.

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 3 RESIN OR CEMENT GROUTED THREADBAR (CONTINUED).

ILLUSTRATION

DSI 2009

NOTES: N/A Not available.

(1)
Bolts 2.2 m long, with 0.5 m of encapsulated length. Loads and
displacements measured at the plate or hole collar. Test stopped after 65
mm of displacement. Turner and Green 2005 and DSI 2009.
(2)
Tests conducted at the WASM facility using the load transfer concept and
split-tube configuration. Villaescusa et al. 2007.

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 4 DURASET CONE BOLT (SA).

BACKGROUND TECHNICAL DATA

DESCRIPTION. Forged conical head at one end Property In SituStatic LaboratoryStatic LaboratoryDynamic
to anchor the bolt, and either threads, plate and
nut to create a compression zone at the face, or Steel Grade N/A N/A
eye collar end to facilitate cable lacing of
Steel Yield/Tensile
excavation face. The bolt is coated with wax N/A N/A
Strengths (N/mm2)
on its entire length to enhance debonding.
Injected with grout. Behaves like a grouted Bolt Diameter
16 22 16 22
mechanical bolt under static conditions, and (mm)
ploughs through the grout under dynamic
Hole Diameter
conditions. 32 42 32 42
(mm)
APPLICATION. For effective support in areas
prone to seismic events or rapid stress changes. Bolt Length
1500-3000 1500-3000
(mm)
INSTALLATION. The bolt is inserted in the hole
and injected with grout cement, e.g. cement Yield Load
100 200 N/A
strength ranging from 25 to 60 MPa. Threaded (kN)
end bolts with face plate and nut are tightened
Maximum Load
at the collar. 110 250 120, 250
(kN)
ADVANTAGES. Provides effective support in
areas prone to seismic events or rapid stress Displacement
> 500 (1,2,3) > 500 (1,2,3)
changes. Can accommodate large (mm)
displacements while keeping its support Steel Elongation
capacity. N/A N/A
(%)
LIMITATIONS. Installation more complex and
Stiffness
longer than for standard mechanical or resin 5.5 (1) N/A
(kN/mm)
bolts.
REFERENCES. Jager 1992, Player 2004, Plate Work
Duraset 2005. 40 (1,2,3) 100 (1,2,3) 40 (1,2,3) 100 (1,2,3)
(kJ)

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 4 DURASET CONE BOLT (SA).

ILLUSTRATION

2005 Duraset.

NOTES: N/A Not available.

(1)
Bolt length not specified. Loads and displacements measured at the plate
or hole collar. Tests carried out in South Africa.
(2)
Tests stopped after 500 mm of displacement.
(3)
Tested in several steps.

Source: Jager 1992, Player 2004, Duraset 2005, Villaescusa et al. 2007.

2005 Duraset. Mixed static and dynamic tests on 16 and 22 mm diameter

SA cone bolts

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 5A MODIFIED CONE BOLT MCB33 (NTC-MANSOUR).

BACKGROUND TECHNICAL DATA

DESCRIPTION. Smooth bar with threads at Property In SituStatic(1) LaboratoryStatic(2) LaboratoryDynamic(3)
collar or plate end, and forged cone and mixing
blade at top anchor end. Resin is used for Steel Grade C1055 Mod C1055 Mod C1055 Mod
infilling the hole and anchoring the bolt. The
Steel Yield/Tensile
bolt is sometimes coated with grease to 448/689 448/689 448/689
Strengths (N/mm2)
facilitate debonding and cone ploughing
through the resin. Bolt/Cone Diameters
17.2/22.5 17.2/23.1 17.2/23.1
APPLICATION. For mine openings subject to (mm)
seismicity and rock bursting.
Hole Diameter
INSTALLATION. Resin cartridges are first (mm)
33.5 34.4 34.7
inserted. The bolt is then pushed slowly inside
the hole while maintaining a full speed rotation Bolt Length
2230 2235 1625
to ensure a complete mixing of the resin. The (mm)
face plate and nut are tightened once the resin
Yield Load
has set. 112 3 114 3 N/A
(kN)
ADVANTAGES. For both active and passive
loading conditions. Behaviour similar to the Maximum Load
168 4 173 3 200 59
standard mechanical bolt behaviour under (kN)
static loading conditions. The bolt will yield
Dynamic Average Load
and plough through the resin under dynamic N/A N/A 134 16
(kN)
loading, thus absorbing the released energy.
LIMITATIONS. Proper resin mixing is critical. Displacement
150 (nominal) 242 37 160 72
REFERENCE. Mansour Mining 2011. (mm)
Steel Elongation
N/A 91 1.8 1.3
(%)
Stiffness
19 3 20 2 17 6
(kN/mm)
16 1
Plate Work
20 1 36 5 (Impact E = 16 kJ;
(kJ)
v = 5.4 m/s)

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 5A MODIFIED CONE BOLT MCB33 (NTC-MANSOUR) (CONTINUED).

ILLUSTRATION MCB33 - Laboratory and In Situ Static Tests

Lab In Situ
200
180
160
140

Load (kN)
120
100
80
60
40
Mansour Mining 2011 20
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Plate End Displacement (mm)

CANMET-MMSL / Anderson et al. 2006. In Situ Static Tests on 2.23 m

long MCB33 and Lab Static Tests of MCB33 Bolts.
NOTES: N/A Not available.
(1)
MCB33 - Dynamic Test
Bolts 2.23 m long. Loads and displacements measured at the plate or hole
collar. Tests stopped after 150 mm of displacement. Movement of the 300
cone unknown because not accessible from the collar. Tests carried out at
CANMET-MMSL Experimental Mine, Val-dOr (QC), according to 250
ASTM D4435 standard test method.
200

Load (kN)
(2)
Bolts 2.23 m long coated with grease. Loads and displacements measured
at the plate or hole collar. Tests carried out at CANMET-MMSL Bells 150
Corners Complex (Ottawa).
100
(3)
Bolts 1.63 m long coated with grease. Single impact, impact energy 16 kJ
and impact velocity 5.4 m/s. Tests carried out at CANMET-MMSL Bells 50
Corners Complex (Ottawa) using the continuous tube configuration.
0
0 50 100 150
Plate End Displacement (mm)
CANMET-MMSL.

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 5B FULLY DEBONDED MCB33 CONE BOLT (MANSOUR).

BACKGROUND TECHNICAL DATA

DESCRIPTION. Smooth bar with threads at Property In SituStatic LaboratoryStatic(1) LaboratoryDynamic
(2)

collar or plate end, and forged cone and mixing

blade at top anchor end. Resin is used for Steel Grade C1055 Mod C1055 Mod C1055 Mod
infilling the hole and anchoring the bolt. The
Steel Yield/Tensile
bolt is coated with a shrink wrap to facilitate 448/689 448/689 448/689
Strengths (N/mm2)
debonding and cone ploughing through the
resin. Bolt/Cone Diameters
17.2/22.7 17.2/22.7
APPLICATION. For mine openings subject to (mm)
seismicity and rock bursting.
Hole Diameter
INSTALLATION. Resin cartridges are first (mm)
34.4 34.6
inserted. The bolt is then pushed slowly inside
the hole while maintaining a full speed rotation Bolt Length
2282 2282
to ensure a complete mixing of the resin. The (mm)
face plate and nut are tightened once the resin
Yield Load
has set. 130 3 N/A
(kN)
ADVANTAGES. For both active and passive
loading conditions. Behaviour similar to the Maximum Load
190 2 199 7
standard mechanical bolt behaviour under (kN)
static loading conditions. More effective than
Dynamic Average Load
grease used in the original cone bolt design. N/A N/A 55 11
(kN)
The bolt will yield and plough through the
resin under dynamic loading, thus absorbing Displacement
the released energy. 141 5 695 68
(mm)
LIMITATIONS. Proper resin mixing is critical.
Steel Elongation
REFERENCE. Mansour Mining 2011, Cai et al. 51 0.94 0.87 Comment [B.1]: Ajuster lanne avec la
(%) rfrence
2010.
Stiffness
19 1 17 2
(kN/mm)
43 3
Plate Work
21 1 (Impact E = 30 kJ;
(kJ)
v = 5.4 m/s)

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 5B FULLY DEBONDED MCB33 CONE BOLT (MANSOUR) (CONTINUED).

ILLUSTRATION
MCB33FD - Laboratory Static Test
200
180
160
140

Load (kN)
120
100
80
60
40
Cai et al. 2010 20
0
0 50 100 150
Plate End Displacement (mm)

CANMET-MMSL.
NOTES: N/A Not available, N/S Not specified.
(1)
Bolts 2.28 m long with shrink wrap. Loads and displacements measured MCB33FD - Dynamic Test
at the plate or hole collar. Tests stopped at failure. Tests carried out at 225
CANMET-MMSL Bells Corners Complex (Ottawa). 200
(2) 175
Bolts 2.28 m long with shrink wrap. Single impact, impact energy 30 kJ
and impact velocity 5.4 m/s. Tests carried out at CANMET-MMSL Bells Load (kN) 150
Corners Complex (Ottawa), using the split-tube configuration. 125
100
75
50
25
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Plate End Displacement (mm)
CANMET-MMSL.

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 5C MODIFIED CONE BOLT MCB38 (NTC-MANSOUR).

BACKGROUND TECHNICAL DATA

DESCRIPTION. Smooth bar with threads at Property In SituStatic(1) LaboratoryStatic(2) LaboratoryDynamic(3)
collar or plate end, and forged cone and mixing
blade at top anchor end. Resin cartridges are Steel Grade C1055 Mod C1055 Mod C1055 Mod
used for anchoring the bolt. The bolt is coated
Steel Yield/Tensile
with grease to enhance debonding and facilitate 448/689 448/689 448/689
Strengths (N/mm2)
cone ploughing through the resin during
seismic and rapid stress changes. Bolt/Cone Diameters
17.1/26.2 17.1/26.2 17.3/26.5
APPLICATION. For mine openings subject to (mm)
seismicity and rock bursting.
Hole Diameter
INSTALLATION. Resin cartridges are first (mm)
38.5 37.8 37.8
inserted. The bolt is then pushed slowly inside
the hole while maintaining a full speed rotation Bolt Length
2230 2246 2246
to ensure a complete mixing of the resin. The (mm)
face plate and nut are tightened once the resin
Yield Load
has set. 108 2 123 3 N/A
(kN)
ADVANTAGES. For both active and passive
loading conditions. Behaviour similar to the Maximum Load
165 10 189 4 265 5
standard mechanical bolt behaviour under (kN)
static loading conditions. The bolt will yield
Dynamic Average Load
and plough through the resin under dynamic N/A N/A 155 46
(kN)
loading, thus absorbing the released energy.
LIMITATIONS. Proper resin mixing is critical. Displacement
130 (nominal) 140 6 89 25
REFERENCE. Mansour Mining 2011. (mm)
Steel Elongation
N/A 5.2 0.4 1.1 0.4
(%)
Stiffness
21.3 0.3 25 3 N/A
(kN/mm)
14 1
Plate Work
18 3 22 1 (Impact E = 16 kJ;
(kJ)
v = 5.4 m/s

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 5C MODIFIED CONE BOLT MCB38 (NTC-MANSOUR) (CONTINUED)

ILLUSTRATION MCB38 - Laboratory and In Situ Static Tests

Lab In Situ
200
180
160
140

Load (kN)
120
100
80
60
40
20
Mansour Mining 2011.
0
0 50 100 150
Plate End Displacement (mm)

CANMET-MMSL / Anderson et al. 2006. In Situ Static Tests on MCB38

cone bolt.

NOTES: N/A Not available.

MCB38 - Dynamic Test
(1)
Bolts 2.23 m long. Loads and displacements measured at the plate or 200
hole collar. Tests stopped after 130 mm of displacement. Tests carried
out at CANMET-MMSL Experimental Mine, Val-dOr (QC), according
to ASTM D4435 standard procedure. 150

Plate Load (kN)

(2)
Bolts 2.25 m long. Loads and displacements measured at the plate or
hole collar. Tests stopped after 150 mm of displacement. Tests carried 100
out at CANMET-MMSL Bells Corners Complex (Ottawa).
(3)
Bolts 2.25 m long. Single impact, input energy 16 kJ and impact velocity 50
5.4 m/s. Tests carried out at CANMET-MMSL Bells Corners Complex
(Ottawa) using the continuous tube configuration.
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Plate End Displacement (mm)

CANMET-MMSL / Plouffe et al. 2007.

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 6 DURABAR YIELDABLE BOLT (SA).

BACKGROUND TECHNICAL DATA

DESCRIPTION. The rod is bent to form a wave Property In SituStatic LaboratoryStatic LaboratoryDynamic
and act as a ductile anchor. The collar end is
terminated with either an eye to facilitate cable Steel Grade N/A N/A
lacing or with a threaded section for nut and
Steel Yield/Tensile
washer. The bar is coated with wax on its 450 450
Strengths (N/mm2)
entire length except at the collar end to
enhance debonding. The hole is injected with Bolt Diameter
16 16
cement grout. (mm)
APPLICATION. Provides effective support in Hole Diameter
32-38 32-38
areas with high closure rates, prone to seismic (mm)
events and rapid stress changes.
Bolt Length
2200 2200
INSTALLATION. The bolt is inserted into the (mm)
hole and injected on its entire length with
Yield Load
cement grout. Suggested cement strength 100 N/A
(kN)
ranges from 25 to 60 MPa.
Maximum Load
ADVANTAGES. The bolt yielding capacity (kN)
120 120
provides effective support in areas with high
closure rates or prone to seismic events. Can Dynamic Average Load
N/A 60
accommodate large displacements without (kN)
loosing its efficiency.
Displacement
> 500 (1,2) > 500 (1,2)
LIMITATIONS. Installation more complex and (mm)
longer than for mechanical and resin bolts.
Steel Elongation
Passive, untensioned anchor.
(%)
REFERENCES. Ortlepp et al. 2001, Duraset Stiffness
2005. 4.5 (1) N/A
(kN/mm)
Plate Work
48 (1,2) 45 (1,2)
(kJ)

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 6 DURABAR YIELDABLE BOLT (SA).

ILLUSTRATION

Duraset

Duraset. Static tests on 2.2 m long Durabar yielding bolt.

NOTES: N/A Not available.

(1)
Bolts 2.2 m long. Loads and displacements measured at the plate or hole
collar. Tests carried out in South Africa.
(2)
Calculations made for 600 mm of displacement.
Source: Ortlepp et al. 2001, Duraset 2005.

Duraset. Dynamic tests on 2.2 m long Durabar yielding bolt.

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 7A ROOFEX RX8 DYNAMIC.

BACKGROUND TECHNICAL DATA

DESCRIPTION. Steel bar sliding through an Property In Situ Static LaboratoryStatic(1) LaboratoryDynamic(2)
energy absorber for a pre-specified length
(sliding length). Bolt is designed to initiate Steel Grade CK 45 CK 45 CK 45
sliding at constant load.
Steel Yield/Tensile
600/N/A 600/N/A 600/N/A
APPLICATION. Used when yielding support is Strengths (N/mm2)
needed in high stress and/or high convergence Bolt Diameters 12.5 (bar) 12.5 (bar)
environments. N/A
(mm) 30 (energy absorber) 30 (energy absorber)
INSTALLATION. Resin cartridges, e.g. proper Hole Diameter
type and quantity, are inserted inside the hole. N/A 38 38
(mm)
The bolt is then inserted into the hole and
rotated at the same time. Threads are used Bolt Length
N/A 2100 2100
either to tension the bolt or to create a (mm)
compression zone at the face.
Yield Load
N/A 82 2 82 5
ADVANTAGES. Performance is independent of (kN)
resin mix quality as long as energy absorber Average (Sliding) Load
remains fixed in the hole. N/A 77 1 58 4
(kN)
LIMITATIONS. Relatively high cost. Displacement Sliding length + 18 % Sliding length + 18 %
N/A
REFERENCES. Atlas Copco 2010, Doucet and (mm) elongation elongation
Gradnik 2010. Steel Elongation
N/A 18 2 18
(%)
Stiffness
N/A 91 81
(kN/mm)
Energy Absorption 0.03(sliding length) +
N/A N/A
(kJ) 7.05

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 7A ROOFEX RX8 DYNAMIC (CONTINUED).

ILLUSTRATION Roofex Rx8D - Static Test

100

80

Load (kN)
60
Nut
Plate
Mixing/stop Steel sleeve Energy absorber Steel sleeve Inner steel bar 40
element

20
Adapted from Atlas Copco 2010.

0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275
Plate Displacement (mm)

CANMET-MMSL / Doucet and Gradnik 2010.

NOTES: N/A Not available. Rx8D - Dynamic Tests

(1) y = 0.03x + 7.05 R2 = 0.95
Bolts 2.1 m long. Loads and displacements measured at the plate or tube 40
collar. Tests stopped after 250 mm of displacement. Tests carried out at
CANMET-MMSL Test Facility, Ottawa (ON), according to ASTM
D4435 standard test method. 30

Impact Energy (kJ)

(2)
Bolts 2.1 m long with 800 mm sliding length. Loads and displacements
measured at both bolt ends. Tests carried out at CANMET-MMSL Test 20
Facility, Ottawa (ON), using the continuous tube configuration.

10

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Plate Displacement (mm)

CANMET-MMSL / Doucet and Gradnik 2010.

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 7B ROOFEX RX20 DYNAMIC.

BACKGROUND TECHNICAL DATA

DESCRIPTION. Steel bar sliding through an Property In Situ Static (1) LaboratoryStatic(2) LaboratoryDynamic(3)
energy absorber for a pre-specified length
(sliding length). Bolt is designed to dissipate Steel Grade C60E C60E C60E
and control high amounts of energy liberated
Steel Yield/Tensile
from the rock mass. Bolt behaves like a stiff 520/800 520/800 520/800
Strengths (N/mm2)
support element until the designed sliding load
is reached. Bolt Diameters 20 (rod) 20 (rod) 20 (rod)
(mm) 50 (energy absorber) 50 (energy absorber) 50 (energy absorber)
APPLICATION. Used when yielding support is
needed in high stress and/or high convergence Hole Diameter
54 54 54
environments. (mm)
INSTALLATION. Resin cartridges, e.g. proper Bolt Length
3000 2100 2100
type and quantity, are inserted inside the hole. (mm)
The bolt is then inserted into the hole and
Yield Load
rotated at the same time. Threads are used 130 201 4 N/A
(kN)
either to tension the bolt or to create a
compression zone at the face. Maximum Load
N/A 278 1 124 12
(kN)
ADVANTAGES. Performance is independent of
resin mix quality as long as energy absorber Average (sliding) Load
200 221 6 99 7
remains fixed in the hole. (kN)
LIMITATIONS. Relatively high cost. 783 45 mm for 800
mm sliding length and
REFERENCES. Atlas Copco 2010, Doucet and Displacement
Sliding length
295 3
impact E = 51 kJ
Gradnik 2010. (mm) (for 300 mm sliding length)
(Dependent on the sliding
length)
Steel Elongation
N/A 92 42
(%)
Stiffness
6.5 71 N/A
(kN/mm)
Energy Absorption 0.054(sliding length) +
N/A N/A
(kJ) 7.6 kJ

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 7B ROOFEX RX20 DYNAMIC (CONTINUED).

ILLUSTRATION
Roofex Rx20S - Static Test

300

250

200

Load (kN)
Gradnik and Doucet 2010. 150

100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Plate Displacement (mm)

CANMET-MMSL / Doucet and Gradnik 2010. Laboratory testing on 2.1

m long bolt with a sliding length of 300 mm.

NOTES: N/A Not available. Rx20D - Dynamic Tests

2
y = 0.054x + 7.60 R = 0.95
(1)
Bolts 3 m long with 500 mm sliding length. Tests conducted by Atlas 60
Copco GDE at the RHI Magnesite Mine in Breiteneau, Austria.
50
(2)
Bolts 2.1 m long with 300 mm sliding length and inner steel tube welded

Impact Energy (kJ)

on energy absorber. Loads and displacements measured at the plate or 40
tube collar. Tests carried out at CANMET-MMSL Test Facility, Ottawa
(ON). 30
(3)
Bolts 2.1 m long with 800 mm sliding length. Loads and displacements 20 Rx20D-800 mm

measured at both bolt ends. Tests carried out at CANMET-MMSL Test Rx20D-1000 mm

Facility, Ottawa (ON), using the continuous tube configuration. 10 Rx20D-1000 mm failed

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Plate Displacement (mm)

CANMET-MMSL / Doucet and Gradnik 2010.

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29
TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 11 D-BOLT.

BACKGROUND TECHNICAL DATA

DESCRIPTION. A smooth steel bar with a Property In Situ Static(1) LaboratoryStatic(2) LaboratoryDynamic(3)
number of anchors along its length. The
anchors are firmly held in cement grout or Steel Grade B500C B500C B500C
resin, while the smooth sections of the bolt
Steel Yield/Tensile
between the anchors may deform in response 450/610 450/610 450/610
Strengths (N/mm2)
to rock dilation.
Bolt Diameter
APPLICATION. For areas where support with (mm)
22 20 22 20 22
large load-bearing and deformation capacities
are required. Hole Diameter
33.4 32 34 32 34
(mm)
INSTALLATION. Resin cartridges of the
appropriate sizes are inserted into the hole. Bolt Length 2100 2100
2200
The bolt is then spun into the hole and the (mm) (1500 smooth section) (1500 smooth section)
anchor paddles mix the resin.
Yield Load
176 (thread) 164 5 206 6 N/A N/A
ADVANTAGES. Large load-bearing and (kN)
deformation capabilities. Every smooth Maximum Load
section of the bolt works independently; the 221 (thread) 228 10 269 9 N/A N/A
(kN)
failure of one section has only a local effect on
the bolts reinforcement capability. Dynamic Average Load
N/A N/A N/A 256 13 279 3
(kN)
LIMITATIONS. Resin mixing is critical to
ensure that the anchors do not move. Displacement
8 140 11 154 11 187 225
(mm)
REFERENCES. Li 2010, Li and Charette 2010.
Steel Elongation
N/A 91 10 1 13 0.7 15 0.7
(%)
Stiffness
N/A 20 4 38 14 N/A N/A
(kN/mm)
Energy Absorption 29 1 37 2
(kJ/m of smooth N/A 21 2 22 3 (Impact E (Impact E
section) = 43 kJ) = 56 kJ)

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 11 D-BOLT (CONTINUED).

ILLUSTRATION D-Bolt - Laboratory Static Tests

20 mm dia 22 mm dia
300

250

200

Load (kN)
150

Li 2010 100

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Plate End Displacement (mm)

CANMET-MMSL.

NOTES: N/A Not available.

(1)
D-Bolt - Dynamic Tests
Tests conducted by Mansour Mining in norite rock mass. The bolt thread 300
was pulled to examine the anchorage capacity of the anchors. Displ per drop, 22mm x 1.5m
(2) 250 Displ at failure, 22mm x 1.5m
Bolts 2.1 m long. Loads and displacements measured at the plate or tube Displ per drop, 22mm x 0.9m

Displacement (mm)
collar. Tests carried out at CANMET-MMSL Test Facility, Ottawa Displ per drop, 20mm x 1.5m
200 Displ at failure, 20mm x 1.5m
(ON), using a split-tube configuration to examine the elongation of the
smooth section. 150
(3)
Bolts 2.1 m long. Loads and displacements measured at both bolt ends.
Tests carried out at CANMET-MMSL Test Facility, Ottawa (ON), using 100
the split-tube configuration. Max IE = 43 kJ Max IE = 56 kJ
50
for 20 mm bolt for 22 mm bolt

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Impact energy, IE (kJ)

Li and Doucet 2011.

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 12 YIELD-LOK.

BACKGROUND TECHNICAL DATA

DESCRIPTION. The bolt is made of a 20 mm Property In Situ - Static (1) Laboratory - Static (2) Laboratory - Dynamic (3)
steel bar upset at one end to specified
dimensions to achieve designed performance Steel Grade ASTM A615 Gr. 75 ASTM A615 Gr. 75 ASTM A615 Gr. 75
under static and dynamic loading. The upset
Steel Yield/Tensile
and part of the bar are encapsulated in 520/690 520/690 520/690
Strengths (N/mm2)
polymer. The end profile is stamped to aid
insertion of bolt and resin mixing. The bar is Bolt Diameter 20 (steel bar) 20 (steel bar) 17.2 (steel bar)
threaded at the other end for tensioning with (mm) 25.4 (polymer coating) 25.4 (polymer coating) 25.4 (polymer coating)
nut.
Hole Diameter
APPLICATION. Suitable for burst-prone and/or 32 - 38 32 - 38 34.5
(mm)
high convergence areas.
INSTALLATION. The bolt is fully encapsulated Bolt Length 1700 3000
N/A N/A
in resin or grout. Resin mixing is facilitated by (mm) (coating 750 mm)
deformations on the head of the bolt.
Yield Load
ADVANTAGES. Provides immediate support. 150 N/A N/A
(kN)
Can be configured to yield either in dynamic
(YL-Dynamic) or static (YL-Static) conditions. Maximum Load
200 N/A 118 8
LIMITATIONS. Displacement capacity depends (kN)
on the length of polymer coating (typically 750
Dynamic Average Load
mm). N/A N/A 95 7
(kN)
REFERENCES. Jennmar of Canada 2011, Wu et
al. 2010. Displacement Up to the length of 201 20
N/A
(mm) polymer coating (Impact E = 16.4 kJ)
Steel Elongation
N/A N/A 43
(%)
Stiffness
N/A N/A 92
(kN/mm)
43
Energy Absorption (kJ) N/A N/A (Displ = coating length,
750 mm)

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29

TECHNICAL INFORMATION DATA SHEET NO. 12 YIELD-LOK (CONTINUED).

ILLUSTRATION

Wu et al. 2010.

Jennmar of Canada 2011. YL-D: Yield Lok Dynamic; YL-S: Yield Lok
Static

NOTES: N/A Not available.

Jennmar Yield-Lok - Dynamic Test
(1)
Tests conducted by Jennmar of Canada and Wu et al. 2010. 225
Polymer Coating 750 mm

(2)
No laboratory tests were conducted. 200 Impact Energy
16.4 kJ
(3) 175
Bolts 1.7 m long with 750 mm long polymer coating. Loads and 43.0 kJ
displacements measured at both bolt ends. Tests carried out at 150

Load (kN)
CANMET-MMSL Test Facility, Ottawa (ON), using the continuous 125
tube configuration.
100
75
50
25
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Plate End Displacement (mm)

CANMET-MMSL.

CanmetMINING Version : 2012-05-29