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Bridge Earthquake Design

Part 1 Analysis

By Sleiman Mikhael
Feb 22, 2017

Contents
Earthquake measurements

Effect of soil

Status of the current Bridge code (AS5100.2) for earthquake design

Analysis types
The single-mode method
SDOF and Response Spectrum
Muti-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF)

Requirements of AP-T200-12 and AS1170.4

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Causes of Earthquakes
Earthquakes are naturally occurring broad-banded vibratory ground motions that are due to:

1. fracture and sliding of rock along tectonic faults within the Earths crust

2. tectonic ground motions,

3. volcanism,
4. landslides,
5. rockbursts and manmade explosions

Top 10 worst Australian earthquakes in modern times

(http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/science-
environment/2011/03/earthquakes-the-10-biggest-in-history/).
1. Newcastle, New South Wales, 28 December 1989
(Magnitude 5.6)
killed 13 people and hospitalised 160. Experts say soft sediments in the
ground may have intensified the shaking.
2. Beachport, South Australia, 10 May 1897 (Magnitude
6.5)
Fifty people were injured in this earthquake
3. Meckering, Western Australia, 14 October 1968
(Magnitude 6.5)
Twenty people were injured
4. Ellalong, New South Wales, 6 August 1994
(Magnitude 5.4)
Five people were injured
5. Adelaide, South Australia, 1 March 1954 (Magnitude
5.5)
As Adelaide sits on heavy clay and rock, amplification of the tremors is
thought to have been reduced, resulting in less damage than is normally
expected of a quake of this magnitude.
6. Warooka, South Australia, 19 September 1902
(Magnitude 6.0)
The second-largest recorded South Australian earthquake
- two lives lost
7. Meeberrie, Western Australia, 29 April 1941
(Magnitude 6.3)
No injuries were recorded.
8. Tennant Creek, Northern Territory, 22 January 1988
(Magnitude 6.3-6.6)
Three earthquakes of greater than magnitude 6.
9. Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Western Australia, 20 April 2010
(Magnitude 5.0)
Some scientists suggest the earthquake may have actually been a 'rock-
burst', induced by deep mining and not a natural quake at all.
10. Cadoux, Western Australia, 2 June 1979 (Magnitude
6.1)
One person injured

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Measurement of Earthquake

1- Magnitude
Quantification of released energy based on ground displacement - The Moment Magnitude Scale, a variation of the
1932 Richter scale
Magnitude scales are logarithmic, so an increase in one unit e.g. from 5 to 6, indicates a ten-fold increase in seismic
wave amplitude. Also, 1 degree higher means the energy released is 101.5 - about 32 times more
The Richter scale and its variances are not useful in structural engineering design

2- Intensity
Qualitative measures of location-specific earthquake effects. Numerous intensity scales have been developed, eg
MSK scale 1964: 12 Intensity Degrees
This scale is not also suitable for structural engineering

3- Time History
Seismometers record ground motions specific to their location.
Accelerograms used for recording ground accelerations
The maximum amplitude of recorded acceleration is termed the peak ground acceleration or zero period
acceleration

Example of Seismograph recording

(Time history)
Z is the vertical axis
X and Y are orthogonal axis in the horizontal plane

The ground acceleration is frequently reported as a

percentage of the gravity acceleration (g)

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Status of the current Bridge code (AS5100.2) for earthquake design

AS5100.2-2004 (Cl 14 Earthquake forces) was written based on AS1170.4-1993, which is now
superseded
AS1170.4-1993 used parameters and data taken from international standards
AS1170.4 has been revised and the current standard is AS1170.4-2007
The new revision was based on Australian seismic measurements and site properties. The main
prominent revisions were:
1. the soil classification,
2. the site factor,
3. the Average Return Interval (1/2000y as opposed to 1/500y)
4. The inclusion of a response spectrum for each soil category

The AUSTROADS TECHNICAL REPORT - Bridge Design Guidelines for Earthquakes issued in 2012 aimed to
provide earthquake bride design guidelines coherent with AS1170.4-2007 and include a displacement
method similar to that adopted in the American and Canadian codes.

From the Australian Earthquake

Hazard Map 2012

Hazard factors contours are given in

AS1170.4-2007 Figure 3.2 (A to D)

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Basic gravity acceleration-related Coefficients and

Hazard Factors as per AS1170.4 1993 and 1170.4-
2007 (Values correspond to 1/500y ARI)

Site Effects for Different Soil Conditions

Soil layers may amplify response at some frequencies and de-amplify it at others
Amplification is influenced by the stiffness and thickness of the layers
Site effects for different soil conditions are generally based on the average stiffness and thickness of the soil profile
Soil Classification as per AS1170.4 - 2007

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Spectral Ordinates as per AS1170.4 2007

- They are really amplification factors applied to the acceleration affected by soil classes

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Analysis Types (1)

1- The single-mode method:

Seismic load can be considered as an equivalent static horizontal force applied to an individual frame in
either the longitudinal or transverse direction.
The equivalent static force is based on the natural period of a single degree of freedom (SDOF) and code-
specified response spectra
Best suited for structures with well-balanced spans with equally distributed stiffness.

AP-T200-12 and AS1170.4-2007

Elastic Design Spectrum for Horizontal Earthquake Response (AP-T200-12, Equation 3)
suitable for BEDC-2 and some BEDC-3 bridges
C(T) = Kp Z Ch(T)
where
C(T) = elastic design spectrum for horizontal earthquake
kp = probability factor (1.7 for 1/2000Y ARI)
Z = hazard factor
Ch(T) = spectral shape factor

Analysis Types (2)

Reduced Design Forces for Ductile Response

Cd(T) = reduced design earthquake coefficient for ductile response at the fundamental
natural period of the structure
= design ductility factor, given in Table 4.2 of AP-T200-12.

AP-T200-12, paragraph 4.7.4:

Tf is the fundamental period of the frame

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Analysis Types (3)

2- The multimode spectral analysis

It assumes that member forces, moments, and displacements due to seismic load
can be estimated by combining the responses of individual modes using the
complete quadratic combination (CQC) method and the square root of the sum
of the squares (SRSS) method.

3- The time history method

numerical step-by-step integration of equations of motion
usually required for critical/important or geometrically complex bridges.
Inelastic analysis provides a more realistic measure of structural behaviour when
compared with an elastic analysis.

SDOF model and Response Spectrum (1)

SDOF Model Applied forces in
equilibrium

elastic force exerted on the mass and related

to the displacement of the mass

damping force on the mass and related to

the velocity across the viscous damper

inertial force of the single mass and is related

to the acceleration of the mass

Time-dependent (variable) force

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SDOF model and Response Spectrum (2)

K: Spring constant N/m

C: Damping coefficient N/s

m : mass Kg

SDOF model and Response Spectrum (3)

General equation of motion

Natural circular
frequency

Damping ratio

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SDOF model and Response Spectrum (4)

Free, un-damped motion

SDOF period (s)

SDOF natural
frequency

SDOF model and Response Spectrum (5)

Typical response of an un-damped SDOF system

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SDOF model and Response Spectrum (6)

Damped free motion

Conclusion: given a damping ratio of not

more than 5% in most structures, T
doesnt vary much for a damped structure

SDOF model and Response Spectrum (7)

Typical response of an damped SDOF system

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SDOF model and Response Spectrum (8)

Applied force
Displacement

Forced damped Free,

damped

SDOF model and Response Spectrum (9)

Solution with ground movement

Relative movement of mass

Ground movement

Instead
of :

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SDOF model and Response Spectrum (10)

Earthquake movement solution
Conclusion:
The maximum displacement of the structure
under earthquake action depends of:
ground acceleration
structure modal period and damping ratio

Structure-related properties
Ground acceleration

SDOF model and Response Spectra (11)

A response spectrum is a plot of the

peak or steady-state response
(displacement, velocity or
acceleration) of a series of oscillators
(SDOFs) of varying natural frequency,
that are forced into motion by the
same base vibration or shock.

The resulting plot can then be used to

pick off the response of any linear
system, given its natural frequency of
oscillation

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SDOF model and Response Spectrum (12)

Applicability of SDOF model

- well-balanced spans (similar span lengths and stiffnesses) under transverse action
- equally distributed stiffness (pier stiffnesses and abutment supports)

AP-T200-12 provides a method of calculation equivalent period for bridge structures

with non uniform stiffness (Paragraph 4.7)

Example of an SDOF (1)

(Chen & Duan - 2003)
Structure properties:
= 0.05
area of superstructure A = 3.57 m2,
moment of inertia of column Ic = 0.1036 m4,
Ec of column = 20,700 MPa,
material density = 2400 kg/m3,
length of column Lc = 9.14 m
length of the superstructure Ls = 36.6 m. The

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Example of an SDOF (2)

For a period of 0.608s, Ch = 2.5 (soil Ce response

spectrum)
Kp x Z x Ch = 1.7 x 0.08 (Melbourne) x 2.5 = 0.34 m/s2
(assuming elastic range, = 1)

Force on mass:
0.34 x 313588.8 = 106620 N, say 107 KN

Maximum displacement:
0.107 x 9.143 / 12 x 20700 x 0.1036 = 0.0032m

Maximum moment in column:

107 x 9.14/2 = 489 KNm

Inelastic Response Spectrum (1)

The input seismic energy received by a bridge structure is
dissipated by both viscous damping and yielding (localized
inelastic deformation converting into heat and other
irrecoverable forms of energy).

Both viscous damping and yielding reduce the response of

inelastic structures.

Damping has negligible effects on the response of structures

( as to T and )

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Inelastic Response Spectrum (2)

Nonlinear inelastic dynamic analysis requires careful structural modeling and intensive computing
effort.

As alternative, the ductility-factor method can be used to obtain the inelastic response spectra from the
elastic response spectra.

The ductility of a structure is usually referred to as the displacement ductility factor defined as shown in
the previous Figure.

Inelastic Response Spectrum (3)

Ductility factors as per AP-T200-12

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Muti-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) (1)

The structure is discretized with several members of lumped masses

As the number of lumped masses increases, the number of displacements

required to define the displaced positions of all masses increases.

The response of a multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) system is discussed in the

next slide

Muti-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) (2)

Bridge structure with MDOF

example
Chen & Duan (2003)
FIGURE 3.16 Three-span continuous-frame

(a) Schematic diagram;

(b) Longitudinal degree of freedom;
(c) transverse degree of freedom;
(d) rotational degree of freedom;
(e) mode shape 1;
(f) mode shape 2;
(g) mode shape 3.

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Muti-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) (3)

Equilibrium of Forces (similar to SDOF but in matrix format)

For each mode i there is one eigenvector

Movement equation
Free, un-damped

System solution

We will have the n equations

Muti-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) (4)

In similarity with SDOF

[M] : Matrix of masses
Let:
[] : Mode shape matrix

{} : Displacement factors. Single column matrix to

express the displacement at each node as a function of
the mode shapes displacements

And the solutions are n independent

equations

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Muti-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) (5)

Combination of modes

- the Square Root of the Sum of the Squares (SRSS) method. The SRSS method is best suited for combining responses
of well-separated modes.

- The Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) method. The CQC method is adequate for most bridge systems

Space gass application

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Requirements of AP-T200-12 and AS1170.4

Static analysis
Single mode analysis
Static analysis is suitable for:
- BEDC-2 bridges,
- BEDC-3 bridges where there is a clear dominant mode of response in a particular direction (horizontal or vertical)

Dynamic analysis
The multi-mode spectral response analysis
The time history analysis

Dynamic analysis is more appropriate for BEDC-3 and BEDC-4 bridges

***************************** End of Presentation ******************************

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