Amplitudeshiftkeying

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Amplitudeshiftkeying(ASK)isaformofamplitudemodulationthatrepresentsdigitaldataasvariationsintheamplitude
ofacarrierwave.InanASKsystem,thebinarysymbol1isrepresentedbytransmittingafixedamplitudecarrierwaveand
fixedfrequencyforabitdurationofTseconds.Ifthesignalvalueis1thenthecarriersignalwillbetransmittedotherwise,
asignalvalueof0willbetransmitted.

Anydigitalmodulationschemeusesafinitenumberofdistinctsignalstorepresentdigitaldata.ASKusesafinitenumberof
amplitudes,eachassignedauniquepatternofbinarydigits.Usually,eachamplitudeencodesanequalnumberofbits.Each
patternofbitsformsthesymbolthatisrepresentedbytheparticularamplitude.Thedemodulator,whichisdesigned
specificallyforthesymbolsetusedbythemodulator,determinestheamplitudeofthereceivedsignalandmapsitbackto
thesymbolitrepresents,thusrecoveringtheoriginaldata.Frequencyandphaseofthecarrierarekeptconstant.

LikeAM,anASKisalsolinearandsensitivetoatmosphericnoise,distortions,propagationconditionsondifferentroutesin
PSTN,etc.BothASKmodulationanddemodulationprocessesarerelativelyinexpensive.TheASKtechniqueisalso
commonlyusedtotransmitdigitaldataoveropticalfiber.ForLEDtransmitters,binary1isrepresentedbyashortpulseof
lightandbinary0bytheabsenceoflight.Lasertransmittersnormallyhaveafixed"bias"currentthatcausesthedeviceto
emitalowlightlevel.Thislowlevelrepresentsbinary0,whileahigheramplitudelightwaverepresentsbinary1.

ThesimplestandmostcommonformofASKoperatesasaswitch,usingthepresenceofacarrierwavetoindicateabinary
oneanditsabsencetoindicateabinaryzero.Thistypeofmodulationiscalledonoffkeying(OOK),andisusedatradio
frequenciestotransmitMorsecode(referredtoascontinuouswaveoperation),

Moresophisticatedencodingschemeshavebeendevelopedwhichrepresentdataingroupsusingadditionalamplitude
levels.Forinstance,afourlevelencodingschemecanrepresenttwobitswitheachshiftinamplitudeaneightlevelscheme
canrepresentthreebitsandsoon.Theseformsofamplitudeshiftkeyingrequireahighsignaltonoiseratiofortheir
recovery,asbytheirnaturemuchofthesignalistransmittedatreducedpower.

ASKdiagram

ASKsystemcanbedividedintothreeblocks.Thefirstonerepresentsthetransmitter,thesecondoneisalinearmodelofthe
effectsofthechannel,thethirdoneshowsthestructureofthereceiver.Thefollowingnotationisused:

ht(f)isthecarriersignalforthetransmission
hc(f)istheimpulseresponseofthechannel
n(t)isthenoiseintroducedbythechannel
hr(f)isthefilteratthereceiver
Listhenumberoflevelsthatareusedfortransmission
Tsisthetimebetweenthegenerationoftwosymbols

Differentsymbolsarerepresentedwithdifferentvoltages.IfthemaximumallowedvalueforthevoltageisA,thenallthe
possiblevaluesareintherange[A,A]andtheyaregivenby:

thedifferencebetweenonevoltageandtheotheris:
Consideringthepicture,thesymbolsv[n]aregeneratedrandomlybythesourceS,thentheimpulsegeneratorcreates
impulseswithanareaofv[n].Theseimpulsesaresenttothefilterhttobesentthroughthechannel.Inotherwords,foreach
symboladifferentcarrierwaveissentwiththerelativeamplitude.

Outofthetransmitter,thesignals(t)canbeexpressedintheform:

Inthereceiver,afterthefilteringthroughhr(t)thesignalis:

whereweusethenotation:

where*indicatestheconvolutionbetweentwosignals.AftertheA/Dconversionthesignalz[k]canbeexpressedinthe
form:

Inthisrelationship,thesecondtermrepresentsthesymboltobeextracted.Theothersareunwanted:thefirstoneisthe
effectofnoise,thethirdoneisduetotheintersymbolinterference.

Ifthefiltersarechosensothatg(t)willsatisfytheNyquistISIcriterion,thentherewillbenointersymbolinterferenceand
thevalueofthesumwillbezero,so:

thetransmissionwillbeaffectedonlybynoise.

Probabilityoferror
TheprobabilitydensityfunctionofhavinganerrorofagivensizecanbemodelledbyaGaussianfunctionthemeanvalue
willbetherelativesentvalue,anditsvariancewillbegivenby:

where isthespectraldensityofthenoisewithinthebandandHr(f)isthecontinuousFouriertransformofthe
impulseresponseofthefilterhr(f).

Theprobabilityofmakinganerrorisgivenby:
where,forexample, istheconditionalprobabilityofmakinganerrorgiventhatasymbolv0hasbeensentand is
theprobabilityofsendingasymbolv0.

Iftheprobabilityofsendinganysymbolisthesame,then:

Ifwerepresentalltheprobabilitydensityfunctionsonthesameplotagainstthepossiblevalueofthevoltagetobe
transmitted,wegetapicturelikethis(theparticularcaseof isshown):

TheprobabilityofmakinganerrorafterasinglesymbolhasbeensentistheareaoftheGaussianfunctionfallingunderthe
functionsfortheothersymbols.Itisshownincyanforjustoneofthem.Ifwecall theareaunderonesideofthe
Gaussian,thesumofalltheareaswillbe: .Thetotalprobabilityofmakinganerrorcanbeexpressedinthe
form:

Wehavenowtocalculatethevalueof .Inordertodothat,wecanmovetheoriginofthereferencewhereverwewant:
theareabelowthefunctionwillnotchange.Weareinasituationliketheoneshowninthefollowingpicture:

itdoesnotmatterwhichGaussianfunctionweareconsidering,theareawewanttocalculatewillbethesame.Thevaluewe
arelookingforwillbegivenbythefollowingintegral:

where isthecomplementaryerrorfunction.Puttingalltheseresultstogether,theprobabilitytomakeanerroris: