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Intelecommunicationsandsignalprocessing,frequencymodulation(FM)
istheencodingofinformationinacarrierwavebyvaryingtheinstantaneous
frequencyofthewave.Thiscontrastswithamplitudemodulation,inwhich
theamplitudeofthecarrierwavevaries,whilethefrequencyremains
constant.
Inanalogfrequencymodulation,suchasFMradiobroadcastingofanaudio
signalrepresentingvoiceormusic,theinstantaneousfrequencydeviation,
thedifferencebetweenthefrequencyofthecarrieranditscenterfrequency,
isproportionaltothemodulatingsignal.
DigitaldatacanbeencodedandtransmittedviaFMbyshiftingthecarrier's AsignalmaybecarriedbyanAMorFM
frequencyamongapredefinedsetoffrequenciesrepresentingdigitsfor
radiowave.
exampleonefrequencycanrepresentabinary1andasecondcanrepresent
binary0.Thismodulationtechniqueisknownasfrequencyshift
keying(FSK).FSKiswidelyusedinmodemsandfaxmodems,
andcanalsobeusedtosendMorsecode.[1]Radioteletypealso
usesFSK.[2]
FrequencymodulationiswidelyusedforFMradiobroadcasting.
Itisalsousedintelemetry,radar,seismicprospecting,and
monitoringnewbornsforseizuresviaEEG,[3]twowayradio
systems,musicsynthesis,magnetictaperecordingsystemsand
somevideotransmissionsystems.Inradiotransmission,an
advantageoffrequencymodulationisthatithasalargersignal
tonoiseratioandthereforerejectsradiofrequencyinterference
betterthananequalpoweramplitudemodulation(AM)signal.
Forthisreason,mostmusicisbroadcastoverFMradio.
Frequencymodulationhasacloserelationshipwithphase
modulationphasemodulationisoftenusedasanintermediate
steptoachievefrequencymodulation.Mathematicallybothof
theseareconsideredaspecialcaseofquadratureamplitude
modulation(QAM).
Contents FMhasbetternoise(RFI)rejectionthanAM,asshown
inthisdramaticNewYorkpublicitydemonstrationby
GeneralElectricin1940.TheradiohasbothAMand
1 Theory FMreceivers.Withamillionvoltarcasasourceof
interferencebehindit,theAMreceiverproducedonlya
1.1 Sinusoidalbasebandsignal roarofstatic,whiletheFMreceiverclearlyreproduceda
musicprogramfromArmstrong'sexperimentalFM
1.2 Modulationindex transmitterW2XMNinNewJersey.
1.3 Besselfunctions
1.4 Carson'srule
2 Noisereduction
3 Implementation
3.1 Modulation
3.2 Demodulation
4 Applications
4.1 Magnetictapestorage
4.2 Sound
4.3 Radio
5 Seealso
6 References
7 Externallinks
8 Furtherreading
Theory
Iftheinformationtobetransmitted(i.e.,thebasebandsignal)is andthesinusoidalcarrieris
,wherefcisthecarrier'sbasefrequency,andAcisthecarrier'samplitude,themodulator
combinesthecarrierwiththebasebanddatasignaltogetthetransmittedsignal:
Whilemostoftheenergyofthesignaliscontainedwithinfcf,itcanbeshownbyFourieranalysisthatawiderrange
offrequenciesisrequiredtopreciselyrepresentanFMsignal.ThefrequencyspectrumofanactualFMsignalhas
componentsextendinginfinitely,althoughtheiramplitudedecreasesandhigherordercomponentsareoftenneglectedin
practicaldesignproblems.[4]
Sinusoidalbasebandsignal
Mathematically,abasebandmodulatedsignalmaybeapproximatedbyasinusoidalcontinuouswavesignalwitha
frequencyfm.ThismethodisalsonamedasSingletoneModulation.Theintegralofsuchasignalis:
Inthiscase,theexpressionfory(t)abovesimplifiesto:
TheharmonicdistributionofasinewavecarriermodulatedbysuchasinusoidalsignalcanberepresentedwithBessel
functionsthisprovidesthebasisforamathematicalunderstandingoffrequencymodulationinthefrequencydomain.
Modulationindex
Asinothermodulationsystems,themodulationindexindicatesbyhowmuchthemodulatedvariablevariesaroundits
unmodulatedlevel.Itrelatestovariationsinthecarrierfrequency:
If ,themodulationiscallednarrowbandFM,anditsbandwidthisapproximately .Sometimesmodulation
indexh<0.3radisconsideredasNarrowbandFMotherwiseWidebandFM.
Fordigitalmodulationsystems,forexampleBinaryFrequencyShiftKeying(BFSK),whereabinarysignalmodulates
thecarrier,themodulationindexisgivenby:
If ,themodulationiscalledwidebandFManditsbandwidthisapproximately .WhilewidebandFMuses
morebandwidth,itcanimprovethesignaltonoiseratiosignificantlyforexample,doublingthevalueof ,while
keeping constant,resultsinaneightfoldimprovementinthesignaltonoiseratio.[5](ComparethiswithChirpspread
spectrum,whichusesextremelywidefrequencydeviationstoachieveprocessinggainscomparabletotraditional,better
knownspreadspectrummodes).
WithatonemodulatedFMwave,ifthemodulationfrequencyisheldconstantandthemodulationindexisincreased,the
(nonnegligible)bandwidthoftheFMsignalincreasesbutthespacingbetweenspectraremainsthesamesomespectral
componentsdecreaseinstrengthasothersincrease.Ifthefrequencydeviationisheldconstantandthemodulation
frequencyincreased,thespacingbetweenspectraincreases.