The Dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilmd

Islamic Philosophy,
Theology and Science

Texts and Studies

Edited by
H. Daiber

VOLUME LXX
The Dispensatory of
Ibn at-Tilmd
Arabic Text, English Translation,
Study and Glossaries

By

Oliver Kahl

LEIDEN BOSTON
2007
Cover illustration: Three Doctors Conversing (Baghdad School of Painting, Iraq 1224 CE)
[Leaf from an Arabic Translation of Dioscorides De Materia Medica]

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication data

Ibn al-Tilmidh, Hibat Allah ibn Said, 1073 or 4-1164 or 5

[Aqrabadhin. English & Arabic]
The Dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilmd : Arabic text, English translation, study, and glossaries /
by Oliver Kahl.
p. cm. (Islamic philosophy, theology, and science ; v. 70)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-90-04-15620-3
ISBN-10: 90-04-15620-8 (hardback : alk. paper) 1.
PharmacopoeiasArab countriesEarly works to 1800. 2.
DispensatoriesArab countriesEarly works to 1800. 3. Medicine, ArabFormulae,
receipts, prescriptionsEarly works to 1800. I. Kahl, Oliver. II. Title. III. Series.

RS131.63.I2613 2007
615.11174927dc22

2006051862

ISSN: 0169-8729
ISBN-13: 978 90 04 15620 3
ISBN-10: 90 04 15620 8

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For Karine
 CONTENTS

Acknowledgements .......................................................................... ix

Introduction ...................................................................................... 1
1. Towards a History of Arabic Pharmacology ........................ 1
2. Ibn at-Tilm ............................................................................ 7
a. Life .......................................................................................... 7
b. Works ..................................................................................... 13
3. The Dispensatory ..................................................................... 19
a. Arabic Manuscripts ................................................................ 19
b. External Structure .................................................................. 26
c. Internal Structure .................................................................. 28
d. Metrological Units .................................................................. 33
e. Pharmacological Apparatus .................................................. 34
f. Applicative Categories ............................................................ 36
Plates 15 .................................................................................. 39

Arabic Text ......................................................................................... 45

English Translation ........................................................................... 175

Bibliography ...................................................................................... 307

Index of Technical Terms ................................................................ 313

1. Substances and Products ........................................................ 313
a. EnglishArabic ...................................................................... 313
b. ArabicEnglish ..................................................................... 323
2. Pathology and Anatomy ......................................................... 330
a. EnglishArabic ...................................................................... 330
b. ArabicEnglish ...................................................................... 335
3. Generic Drug Names .............................................................. 340
4. Botanical Index ........................................................................ 342
a. EnglishLatin ........................................................................ 342
b. LatinEnglish ........................................................................ 346
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The preparation of this book would not have been possible without a
generous grant from the Wellcome Trust in London, which put me in
the privileged position to pursue full-time research over a period of
three years. For supplying me with microlms of Arabic manuscripts
I am indebted to Fuat Sezgin, director of the Institut fr Geschichte
der arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaften (Frankfurt am Main); the
Staatsbibliothek Preuischer Kulturbesitz (Berlin); the Wellcome Library for
the History and Understanding of Medicine (London); and the US National
Library of Medicine (Bethesda/Maryland). I am grateful to Lawrence
Conrad (Hamburg), Emilie Savage-Smith (Oxford) and Nikolai Seriko
(London) for their support in getting the project o the ground, and
to Hans Daiber (Dsseldorf ) for landing it in this series. Thanks to all
my colleagues in the Middle Eastern Studies department of Manchester
University for making me feel at home, and especially to Philip
Sadgrove for not hesitating to sponsor my initial grant application.
My greatest debt is to my partner Karine Nohr in Sheeld for still
recognizing me after years of coming and going, and who I know will
read the dedication of this piece to her as my way of saying thank you.
The entire book is the result of a solitary eort, and whilst the disad-
vantages of such an approach are obvious I nonetheless hope that in
the end the advantages will prevail.

O. Kahl
 INTRODUCTION1

Pharmacy then is the knowledge of chosen simple drugs in regard to

their species, varieties and forms, as well as the mixture of compound
drugs on the basis of written prescriptions or in accordance with what a
trustworthy and skilful man may have contrived
The Muslim polymath Ab r-Rain al-Brn in the preface to his
Kitb a-aidana f -ibb (completed mid 11th century CE)2

1. Towards a History of Arabic Pharmacology3

If we were to compare Arabic pharmacology to a building, we would be

looking at a very elaborate and complex architectural structure, made
by using materials and styles from dierent parts of the world and
joining them together in an ingenious though somewhat idiosyncratic
fashion. Studying such a structure is necessarily both challenging and
rewardingthe challenge arising from its compositional diversity,
the reward resulting from its conceptual harmony. The conditions for
the rise of Arabic pharmacology are varied. First and foremost there
is the Arabic reception of foreign scientic traditions in the course
of a translation movement which took place between the middle of
the 2nd/8th and the end of the 4th/10th centuries in Baghdad,4 and
which acquainted the Arabs with the medico-philosophical theories
as well as the medico-pharmacological practices notably of the
Greeks and Indians, either through direct translations from Greek and
Sanskrit or through Syriac and Pahlavi intermediates; the translation
movement also played a major rle in the formation of a professional
language, that is in developing Arabic into a language of scientic and
philosophical discourse. Then there are the commercial and to some

1
The system of transliteration used in this book is that of the Deutsche
Morgenlndische Gesellschaft.
2
See Meyerhof Vorwort 10,9. (Arabic text).
3
Here and in the following the term Arab(ic) is used to denote the language only,
bearing no reference to race or religion.
4
Dates separated by a slash refer to the Islamic and Christian calendars
respectively.
2 INTRODUCTION

extent cultural relations with at least the southern regions of China,

which brought the Arabs in contact with certain aspects of Chinese
herbal medicine. And lastly there is the enormous geographical
extension of the Abbasid empire, stretching from the Atlantic to the
Indian Ocean and from the Caucasus down to the Horn of Africa, which
facilitated trade and made possible the acquisition and relatively safe
transport of medicinal drugs from all corners of the then known
world. The earliest pharmacological works in Arabic of which we
possess more or less complete textual witnesses appeared, seemingly
out of nowhere, around the middle of the 3rd/9th century, and in their
high degree of literary organization and deliberate use of technical
jargon they already bear the markings of a scientic genre. Due to a
lack of authentic Arabic source material for the formative period we
can only employ common sense and draw the general conclusion that
the old Arab scholars sliced and spliced preceding pharmacological
traditions with remarkable swiftness, great skill, and a fair measure of
intuition. The particular scientic form which Arabic pharmacology
had assumed in the course of the 3rd/9th century was to become the
basic pattern for almost all later literary activities in the eld, and it
is in precisely this form that we nd Arabic pharmacology also lying
at the crossroads of other, related scientic genresmedicine with its
semiphilosophical base of humoral pathology; botany both theoretical
and applied;5 mineralogy; zoology; alchemy insofar as its chemical
principles may be concerned; and occasionally even astrology as a
means to iatromathematical ends.
It follows from all this that an adequate understanding of the
structural features of Arabic pharmacology requires an extremely
broad approach, whilst its expressional features can only be studied
through a magnifying glass. For certain periods in the history of
Arabic pharmacology, that is with regard to specic pharmacological
texts in historical settings which are reasonably well known, this
task can today be tackled with a good chance of success, though still
a relatively large amount of eort. Yet a general history of Arabic
pharmacology above and beyond a merely chronological or descriptive

5
Applied botany in this context means pharmacognosy. The Arabs considered the
writings which deal with simple drugs (adwiya mufrada) as belonging to a dierent
branch of pharmaceutical literature than the writings which deal with compound
drugs (adwiya murakkaba), and we are going along with this classication; cf. also
Ullmann Medizin 257 and 295.
 INTRODUCTION 3

planean inner history of the subject that proceeds to interpret its

heterogeneous origins, diverging and converging lines of development,
classic manifestations, and eventual stagnation at the very point of
congruency with other scientic structures in late mediaeval Arab
societysuch a thing must remain in the realm of the future.6 There
are several reasons which call for restraint. Arabic pharmacological
texts inevitably cover vast, and partly still uncharted territories. We
already mentioned the dierent scientic disciplines which intersect
with mediaeval Arabic pharmacology, and which must be understood
well enough to inform its study on the level of natural principles; but
there is also a delicate range of source languages which need to be
considered in order to arrive at justiable historical interpretations of
the subject, and which include, apart from the obvious Arabic, at least
Greek, Syriac and Persian, and ideally also Sanskrit and Chinese. Rare
exceptions granted, the individual scholar of modern day more often
than not nds himself stretched beyond the limits of his expertise
when trying to adequately deal with the diverse material under
his hands, and wishes for institutional conditions and intellectual
attitudes more favourable to interdisciplinary collaborationas
matters stand, the historian of Arabic pharmacology better get used to
single-tracking. Another problem is the lack of calibrated theoretical
tools with which to work the material, and the absence of generally
acknowledged methodological approaches even among historians, let
alone representatives of exact sciencethis means that already the
most basic questions, like how the achievements of earlier scientic
traditions ought to be measured, remain subject to dissent. Then
there is in our contemporary world an ever widening gap between the
natural and the social sciences which renders next to impossible any
attempts at re-establishing a mutually comprehensible terminology,

6
Here we should contemplate Martin Leveys Early Arabic Pharmacology, which is
the only explicit (though hardly serious) attempt so far at presenting a general survey
of the subject. Let it be said at the outset that I am a great admirer of Leveys scholarly
achievements, just as I readily admit that his linguistic theories left their mark on
my own approach to Arabic pharmacology. But the book in question, even by the
modest standards of positivistic historiography, can only be described as a disaster.
It appeared in 1973, more than three years after Leveys death, and features a short
Preface apparently written by Levey himself. The rest of the book, however, looks as
if it were printed straight o a card-case, it is badly organized, incoherent, uncritical,
full of mistakes and misconceptions, and in all its prematurity certainly not the kind
of stu Levey would have approved for publication had he been alive.
4 INTRODUCTION

and which is also responsible for the fact that no pharmacodynamic

investigations are being carried out with regard to historical bodies
of medicinal drugswe have no idea whether these drugs actually
did what they were supposed to do, and therefore even the most
circumspect translations of relevant historical texts can be accused
of being hypothetical. Next we have to accept that many important
pharmacological works in the Arabic language simply did not make
it across time,7 and then acknowledge that many other, equally
important works have not yet been resurrected from the archives and
turned into publications8without a broad and solid basis, however,
no historical study, not even the most humble one, will rise much
above the level of speculation. Finally there is an obstacle of a purely
philological but no less crucial nature, namely the nonexistence of a
historico-critical Arabic reference dictionary except for the two letters
kf and lm, which in our case is aggravated by a dearth of reliable
medico-pharmacological glossaries derived from the sourcesmany
a linguistic commodity the classicist and even the sinologist take for
granted is a pie in the sky to the arabist, who constantly has to recur
to indigenous lexicology which, in turn, poses hermeneutic problems
similar to those he is trying to solve. Bearing all this in mind, it is also
clear that readers of my book who may hope for highying theoretical
expositions will be disappointed, as there is no meaning to theories
which are based on insu cient data.
In conclusion of this preliminary section and before embarking
on a more detailed investigation into Ibn at-Tilm
s dispensatory in
subsequent sections, I will now try to put down a rough template and
briey delineate the historical position and scientic signicance of

7
For example the key dispensatories of the 3rd/9th century physicians Yann
ibn Sarbiyn, unain ibn Isq, and Abds ibn Zaid, or that of the 4th/10th century
Andalusian mid ibn Sama n, see Ullmann Medizin 103, 299f., and 302 with GaS
3/242, 255, 264, and 317.
8
For example Muammad ibn Zakary ar-Rzs (d. 313/925 or 323/935) al-
Aqrbn al-kabr, see Ullmann Medizin 303 and GaS 3/283; Sahln ibn Umn ibn
Kaisns (d. 380/990) al-Aqrbn, see GaS 3/310; the revised and abridged edition
of the large version of Sbr ibn Sahls (d. 255/869) dispensatory as prepared during
the rst half of the 5th/11th century by the physicians of the Aud hospital in
Baghdad s.t. Mutaar min Aqrbn Sb r f ta
lf al-adwiya, see Kahl Sb r 18 and 22;
or Na baddn as-Samarqands (d. 619/1222) second and major dispensatory entitled
al-Qarbn al tartb al-ilal, see Ullmann Medizin 308. To this selection can be added
almost all of those manuscripts which belong to the muarrabt or empirical (drugs)
category of pharmacological literature, see Ullmann Medizin 311.
 INTRODUCTION 5

that text in the general framework of mediaeval Arabic pharmacology.

It is not known when exactly Ibn at-Tilm
wrote his dispensatory,
but biographical accounts point to the fourth decade of the 6th/12th
century as the presumable time of compilation. The dispensatory of
Ibn at-Tilm
thus already stands near the end of a relatively long
chain of inventive pharmacological development in the Arab world,
and insofar as clinical pharmacology is concerned undoubtedly marks
the apogee of this genre of scientic literature.9 According to the
Arabic historiographical tradition, it was Ibn at-Tilm
s dispensatory
which soon after its appearance became the pharmacological standard
work in the hospitals and apothecs of Baghdad if not the Arab
Eastreplacing, after almost 300 years, the hitherto indispensable
dispensatory of Sbr ibn Sahl (d. 255/869);10 it turned out to be the
most renowned and widely circulated of all his writings,11 and for at
least the following 200 years, possibly longer, it was considered in
medical circles to be the nal say on the matter.12 The dispensatory
of Ibn at-Tilm
, as is recorded in subtitles to some of its manuscripts,
was compiled from a number of (other) dispensatories (muntaza
min iddat aqrbnt).13 Here we have to think in the rst place of
those sources, strictly pharmacological or not, which Ibn at-Tilm

explicitly quotes along the way,14 bearing in mind that he is far from
being consistent in this department and quite capable of copying a
written source verbatim without even hinting at itin particular, he

9
The equally celebrated dispensatory which Badraddn al-Qalnis wrote a few
years later in 590/1194 represents a very dierent breed of pharmacological writing
it is much more comprehensive than the dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm
, and contains a
lot of practical explanations and theoretical excursions which Ibn at-Tilm
dismisses
completely; but it is also quite wordy and homiletic in style, and in that respect clearly
addressed to the generalist rather than the specialist: Ibn at-Tilm
gave an analytical
handbook to the pharmacist, al-Qalnis a synthetical textbook to the physician. For
an edition of al-Qalniss dispensatory see Qalnis Aqrbn, for a (mediocre) study
of it see Fellmann Qalnis.
10
See Kahl Sb r 21 note 69.
11
See Ibn Ab Uaibia Uy n 1/276.
12
See Ibn allikn Wafayt 6/75 and Ab l-Fid Mutaar 3/57. Apparently there also
once existed a version of Ibn at-Tilm
s dispensatory in 13 (instead of 20) chapters,
see Ullmann Medizin 306; it is this shorter version which Ibn Ab Uaibia Uy n 1/276
refers to as hospital epitome (m az bmristn), and which Yqt Ird 7/245 calls
the small (a r) as opposed to the large (kabr) dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm
.
13
Compare section 3.a. (manuscripts BD, then A).
14
For a discussion of Ibn at-Tilm
s sources and the problems entailed by source
criticism in Arabic pharmacy see section 3.c.
6 INTRODUCTION

owes much more to the dispensatory of the aforementioned Sbr

ibn Sahl than the few quotations would suggest, and completely
adopts the latters principles of formal arrangement.15 The value of
Ibn at-Tilm
s dispensatory can of course neither be judged by his
nonchalant manner of citation nor be diminished by his habit to
hang on to materials and structures he was familiar with and deemed
useful. The mind of a mediaeval scholar cannot be measured against
our own ideas of scientic progress, and not be grasped by modern
concepts of originality or innovationscience in the Middle Ages is
essentially conservative and speculative, and deeply embedded in a
received system of physical and spiritual truths which is considered
in itself stable and worthy of preservation. With this picture in the
background, Ibn at-Tilm
s decision to reject whole clusters of
obsolete traditional prescriptions is a most remarkable achievement,
and compared to earlier works on the subject his dispensatory can
therefore be said to have stretched the rational or else scientic
elements in mediaeval Arabic pharmacology to the very limits of a
system of preconceived universal truths.16 It is by a combination of
brevity and clarity, expertise and experience, and not least by an
undogmatic pragmatism rare in those days that the dispensatory
of Ibn at-Tilm
is distinguished from most other manifestations
of mediaeval Arabic pharmacologyin these respects, it had few
precursors indeed, and has never been succeeded.

15
In this context we also have to remember the updated synopsis of Sbrs large
dispensatory which for a good century had been the vade-mecum of the pharmacists
in the Aud hospital in Baghdad when Ibn at-Tilm
was put in charge of that same
institution, cf. note 8 above.
16
Among the prescriptions Ibn at-Tilm
eliminated we nd inter alia the Greek
mithridatium and s r panaceas, the Syrian l panacea, the Indo-Persian qafa/
ra n and zmihrn as well as the Indian /kalkalna group of remedies, and also
the bulk of the classic Greek hierata, see e.g. Kahl Sb r nos. 16, 34, 4849, 51, 5455,
57, 6771, and 73 (Arabic text) or Ibn Sn Qn n 3/315, 317, 318., 322f., 334f., 335f.,
and 341347; these time-honoured but often woolly and complicated drugs were
semictional accessories which owed their survival through the centuries and across
dierent cultures to magical or ritual rather than practical observations, and some of
them were probably in no circumstances ever actually prepared and/or used.
 INTRODUCTION 7

2. Ibn at-Tilm17

a. Life
Muwaaqalmulk Amnaddaula Ab l-asan Hibatallh ibn id ibn
Hibatallh ibn Ibrhm ibn Al Ibn at-Tilm
was, for all we know, born
in Baghdad around the year 466/1074, into a Christian Arab family of
the Nestorian persuasion. We do not know, of course, whether it was
sung to him at his cradle but we can safely say that he turned out to be
one of the most celebrated and inuential physicians of his century,
and a littrateur and poet of some repute, too. There is little doubt that
his general interest in medicine, and presumably an early inclination
towards this profession, were fostered by his maternal grandfather
Mutamadalmulk Ab l-Fara Yay ibn at-Tilm
, a distinguished
scholar and physician, and by his father Ab l-Al id who also had
made himself a name as a medical practitioner; but it was his teacher
Ab l-asan Sad ibn Hibatallh (d. 495/1102), physician to the Abbasid
palace, who had the greatest impact on the shape and direction of
Ibn at-Tilm
s career, and who at the time was already well-known
as the author of a number of important medical books.18 Apart from
receiving a thorough medical training, the young and unusually gifted
Ibn at-Tilm
was also instructed in other branches of learning, such
as Christian and Muslim theology, theosophy, logic, poetry, music, and
calligraphy. He thus not only deepened his knowledge of the Syriac
language but gradually acquired a most profound understanding of
Arabic, too, the language of his literary productions to come.
Then his years of travel began and he made long journeys in Persia,
about which we know virtually nothing. We only hear that he was once

17
This bio-bibliographical sketch is based on the following Arabic sources (in
chronological order): Baihaq (d. 565/1170) Tatimma 144., Ifahn (d. 597/1201)
arda (after Cheikho Man 4/303. [missing from the arda-edition as quoted in the
bibliography s.n. Ifahn]), Yqt (d. 626/1229) Ird 7/243247, Ibn al-Qif (d. 646/
1248) ukam
340., Ibn Ab Uaibia (d. 668/1270) Uy n 1/259276, Ibn allikn (d. 681/
1282) Wafayt 6/6977, Barhebraeus (d. 685/1286) Duwal 209f., Ab l-Fid (d. 732/1331)
Mutaar 3/56f., Y (d. 768/1367) Mir
t 3/344, Ibn al-Imd (d. 1089/1679) aart
4/190f.; cf. further Badd Hadya 2/505, Cheikho uar
315334, Al Ta
r 457
and passim, Zirikl Alm 8/72, Kala Muam 13/138f. Corresponding information is
provided by Wstenfeld Geschichte 97f., Leclerc Histoire 2/2427, Sarton History 2/234,
GaL 1/642 with Suppl. 1/891, Graf Geschichte 2/199f., Elgood History 165., Ullmann
Medizin 163f., Meyerhof Ibn al-Tilmdh 956f., Hamarneh Ibn al-Tilmdh 415f.
18
See Ullmann Medizin 160f.
8 INTRODUCTION

called out to treat the Supreme Sultan of the Great Seljuks, San ar
ibn Malikh,19 who resided in the city of Marw in Khurasan, and who
had assumed this title in 511/1118if this is anything to go by, Ibn at-
Tilm
would have still been in Persia in his mid-forties. However that
may be, he eventually returned to Iraq and settled in his home town
Baghdad, now being procient in Persian as well.20 Upon his return he
learned that his maternal grandfather and mentor of his youth had
long since died. He took his place (qma maqmah ), and with it he
took that part of his grandfathers name under which he then became
known: Ibn at-Tilm
.
What follows is a success story as good as it gets. In a large house
bordering on the Nimya college21 he set up a medical practice.
This is where he lived, and where the majority of consultations took
place. It was not unusual for him to provide severe or important cases
with free board and lodging, and his clientle in those days included
impoverished scholars just as well as foreign kings complete with
entourage. He had also started to give lectures on medicine, and we
hear that the number of his regular students reached 50 before long.
These lectures were always attended by two grammarians, whom Ibn
at-Tilm
paid to listen very carefully; when a student, asked to read
out a passage in a medical text, made a lot of grammatical mistakes or
mispronounced words, the master would get one of the grammarians
to read it out again correctly, and then charge the student a small
fee on behalf of the grammarian. It may be remarked here in passing
that Ibn at-Tilm
seems to have advocated, quite against the current
opinion, the theory of infectious and contagious diseases.22 His
reputation as a physician and teacher spread, and so it is no surprise
that a few years later he was appointed head physician (s r)23 of the

19
See Baihaq Tatimma 144f.
20
According to Yqt Ird 7/243, Ibn at-Tilm
also knew Greek; this is of course
not impossible, but it is an isolated claim.
21
Founded in 457/1065 on the bank of the Tigris in the eastern part of Baghdad
by the Seljuk vizier Nimalmulk and opened in 459/1067, the so-called Nimya
college was a celebrated institution of learning which ourished for at least three
centuries, possibly longer. On the Nimya college and its location see Le Strange
Baghdad 297300 with map 8 no. 32; further Pedersen/Makdisi Madrasa 1126.
22
His poem in which a y leaves a wound to rot exemplies this, see specimen
3 below; it also underlies his saying that certain diseases come out of the blue (min
arq as-samwa), see Ibn Ab Uaibia Uy n 1/267.
23
On this loan word from Syriac see Payne Smith Thesaurus 2/2688 with Margoliouth
Supplement 237, and then Lane Lexicon 4/1364.
 INTRODUCTION 9

famous Aud hospital,24 a post for life. Besides his medical career, Ibn
at-Tilm
also appears to have played an important rle in the social
life and administrative organization of the Christian community in
Baghdad, who elected him as their leader (ra
s) and gave him the o ce
of presbyter (qisss).
Less blessed, though, was the relationship he had with his son,
Raaddaula Ab Nar, who seems to have been a rather di cult,
maladjusted and somewhat deranged individual, causing his father
a lot of grief and despair which he occasionally expressed in the
form of bitter poetic complaints; there is also a letter of admonition,
considered a classic example of successful prose writing, which Ibn at-
Tilm
had composed in very polished and elaborate Arabic, engaging
even Plato,25 urging his son to turn away from his pranks, to learn
something, to stop talking nonsense and wasting his time, and to do
something useful with his life.26
Apart from suchlike domestic worries, which may now and then
have cast a shadow over his life, Ibn at-Tilm
did just ne. His practice
brought him wealth, his headship at the hospital brought him fame, and
his ecclesiastical o ces brought him honour and, more importantly,

24
Founded in 368/979 at the bend of the Tigris in the western part of Baghdad by
the Buyid prince Audaddaula and opened shortly before his death in 372/983, the
so-called Aud hospital was the best institution of its kind in the whole of Baghdad
for more than 250 years; a combination of natural and political catastrophes around
the middle of the 7th/13th century led to its decline, and when the Arab traveller
Ibn Baa visited Baghdad in 730/1330 he found of the hospitals former buildings
no more than traces of walls. On the Aud hospital and its location see Le Strange
Baghdad 103. with map 8 no. 39; further Dunlop Bmristn 1223f.
25
al-fa
il murrat al-wird ulwat a-adar war-ra
il ulwat al-wird murrat a-adar
Virtues are bitter to arrive at (but) sweet to return from, and vices are sweet to
arrive at (but) bitter to return from, see e.g. Yqt Ird 7/246. A slightly dierent,
somewhat less archaic version of this (pseudo-?)Platonic gnomologium can be found
here and there in Arabic wisdom literature, see Gutas Gnomologia 140f. no. 54; the
Greek original, if there ever was one, seems to be lost.
26
This unfortunate relationship between father and son naturally aroused the
curiosity of the Arab biographers, and it is indeed di cult to read the character of
Raaddaula Ab Nar. On the whole, he is portrayed as a downright foolone who
believed that there is a huge drill in the southern hemisphere wherefrom smoke
arises and spirits descend, one who intended to build a wooden cart with big wheels
to carry visitors home to Damascus fast and easy on the grounds that the journey
goes downhill, one who in the presence of guests lathered his whole face, save the
eyes, with soap, one who, in short, was not at all into anything his father would have
considered worthwhile; see e.g. Ibn Ab Uaibia Uy n 1/263f. On the other hand,
there are reports which describe him as a very diligent medical practitioner who
could see the diseases as though they were behind glass ( yar l-amr ka-annah min
war
zu); see e.g. Ibn allikn Wafayt 6/77.
10 INTRODUCTION

political inuence. Despite all this success, or possibly just because of

it, he remained a modest and down-to-earth person, kept treating the
poor free of charge, and apparently even went so far as to take an oath
not to accept any gifts except from a caliph or sultan.27 It was only a
matter of time until the palace, too, took notice. Ibn at-Tilm
was in
his early sixties when the Abbasid caliph al-Muqtaf (reg. 530/1136
555/1160) entrusted him with the supervision (ri
sa) of medicine in
Baghdad and the surrounding districts, which basically meant the
promotion of some kind of licensing authority. It would appear that
this took the form of an examination (imtin), however informal,
whereby groups of medical practitioners were summoned under the
chairmanship of Ibn at-Tilm
who talked to them one by one in the
presence of the others; standard questions included Who were your
teachers in medicine? and Which medical books have you read?,
implying that the emphasis was laid rather on theory than practice;
old and experienced practitioners without such references, however,
were allowed to continue to practise medicine under the conditions
not to put a patient knowingly at risk (!), not to perform venesections,
and not to prescribe strong purgative drugs.
It must have been round about this time that Ibn at-Tilm
s annual
salary (mars m) began to exceed 20,000 gold coins (dnr)the claim
that he used to spend all this money on itinerant scholars and other
lost souls28 is no doubt a well-intended exaggeration, but it does reect
his reputation of being a very generous and charitable man. He also
owned a large landed estate (aia or iq), and the caliph himself once
declared all of Ibn at-Tilm
s property inviolable. Ibn at-Tilm
had
by now, if not earlier, rmly established himself in Baghdadnot only
as a physician and church representative, but also as an associate of
the ruling classes and member of various literary and scientic circles.
We may consider this a reection of his political instincts as much as
his wide-ranging intellectual interests. He particularly loved music
and poetry, and liked to surround himself with musicians, poets, and
men of letters; but among those who frequently visited his house we
also nd philosophers, astrologers, architects, and engineers. Ibn

27
It is said that he once refused to accept 4,000 gold coins (dnr), four saddles
covered with ornate embroidery (tu t attb [on the latter term and its origin see
Dozy Supplment 2/93]), four white slaves, and four horses which had been sent to him
as a gift from a grateful wealthy patient, see Ibn Ab Uaibia Uy n 1/260f.
28
See Baihaq Tatimma 145.
 INTRODUCTION 11

at-Tilm
was a prolic poet himself, and also on occasion liked to
exchange stanzas with poetically disposed patients or politicians,
notably to accompany a gift. Besides, he conducted over many years
a lively artistic correspondence (tarassul), namely with high-ranking
government o cials (kuttb).
The culmination of his career, though, was being appointed court
physician, in which capacity he served the aforesaid caliph al-Muqtaf
for more than two decades, and then the latters son and successor
al-Mustan id (reg. 555/1160566/1170), up until his own death. To
honour this appointment, Ibn at-Tilm
moved to another house in
the eastern part of Baghdad, on the street which led from the perfume
market along the northern precinct wall of the caliphal palaces, past
the so-called willow-tree gate, down to the bank of the Tigris.29 His
early days as a court physician were spoiled to a certain measure by a
feud between him and the Jew Auadazzamn Ab l-Barakt, a former
fellow student who had pursued a double career as a philosopher and
physician, recently converted to Islam, and a long-standing ambition
to get his foot in the door to the palace. The two men had never liked
each other, but so far managed to stay out of each others waythis
was now impossible.30 Apparently in the end Ab l-Barakt fell victim
to his own cunning, a petty and silly intrigue backred on him, he
was lucky to get away with his life, and died in exile a few years later.
Ibn at-Tilm
must have served the Abbasid caliphs well, for they in
turn honoured, trusted, and protected the old man. So we hear that
Ibn at-Tilm
, who came to see the caliph once a week, was allowed
to sit down in the latters presencea most remarkable token of
reverence.31
Ibn at-Tilm
died in Baghdad on 28 Rab  I 560/12 February 1165,32
at the age of 94 lunar (91 solar) years, in full possession of his mental

29
For the approximate location of this house cf. Le Strange Baghdad map 8 nos. 8
and 26.
30
The feud between Ibn at-Tilm
and Ab l-Barakt was notorious, as the following
poem by their contemporary, the astronomer-poet al-Bad  al-Asurlb, shows:
Ab l-asan, the physician,
And Ab l-Barakt, his mime,
Stand in total opposition:
Ones humbly amidst the Pleiades found,
The others proudly on the ground!
For the poem see e.g. Ibn allikn Wafayt 6/75.
31
See Ibn al-Qif ukam
341.
32
See e.g. Yqt Ird 7/245 and Ibn Ab Uaibia Uy n 1/264; cf., however, Ibn al-
Qif ukam
342 and (after him) Barhebraeus Duwal 209: afar 560 [/mid December
12 INTRODUCTION

faculties. He was buried in a courtyard nearby the old Nestorian church

and great monastery in the Christian quarter of Baghdad,33 and we
hear that there was nobody from the two sides of Baghdad who did
not come to the church and attend the funeral procession.34
Ibn at-Tilm
left to his son and only heir a considerable fortune,
both liquid assets and real estate, and a large library of inestimable
worth. When the son, who had become a Muslim in his old age, choked
to death in a corridor of his house, all his property was seized, and
the books were taken on twelve camels to the house of al-Ma d Ibn
a-ib, a high-ranking eunuch of the palace. A few years later the
library resurfaces in the possession of the Abbasid caliph an-Nir
(reg. 575/1180622/1225) who, in a t of gratitude, passed it on to his
ageing court physician Sad ibn Ab l-air al-Mas,35 one of Ibn at-
Tilm
s pupils as it were.
Unfortunately, we possess only one unmediated eyewitness account
on Ibn at-Tilm
, that of his much younger contemporary Imdaddn
al-Ktib al-Ifahn, the famous stylist and historian, who was born
in Persia in 519/1125 and died in Syria in 597/1201. Imdaddn lived
in Baghdad at least until the year 551/1156, possibly longer, and met
Ibn at-Tilm
on several occasions, towards the end of the latters life.
Imdaddns account is short, and written in a scholarly and mannered
style, as is his wont. Here is an abridged translation focusing on those
passages that contain a personal judgement: Ibn at-Tilm
[. . .]
was the worlds destination for the science of medicine. He was the
Hippocrates of his epoch and the Galen of his time. He set his seal on
this science, for nobody in the past had taken it thus far [. . .] When I
saw him he was an old man with an elegant and pleasing appearance,
a friendly, witty, rened and charming character, quite cheerful, high-
minded, full of bright ideas, a man with an acute mind and a good
judgement [. . .] He understood many sciences [. . .] His company was
better than moulded gold and strung pearls. And looking at him made
one wonder why a man of his understanding, intellect and knowledge

1164mid January 1165], to which Ibn allikn Wafayt 6/76 (after Ibn al-Azraq al-
Friq [d. ca. 577/1181]) adds f d an-nar at Christmas (normally Easter). The
claim made Baihaq Tatimma 145: some time ( f uh r) in [5]49[/1154], is based on
hearsay alone.
33
See Cheikho uar
315; for a ne description of this site see Le Strange Baghdad
208 with map 5 no. 56.
34
See Ifahn arda (after Cheikho Man 4/305).
35
See Ibn Ab Uaibia Uy n 1/302.
 INTRODUCTION 13

refused Islam.36 And all we can add to this is the laconic statement
of an even younger contemporary of Ibn at-Tilm
, that of the lute
player Sadaddn Ibn Ab s-Sahl al-Badd, who was still alive in 620/
1223. As a young man, he had met Ibn at-Tilm
, and this is what he
remembered: He was a venerable old man of medium build, with a
full beard, an engaging person, and a great raconteur.37
Ibn at-Tilm
may have had only one rather awkward son but he
had no lack of gifted and able students, some of whom went on to
become famous physicians themselves. We already mentioned Sad
ibn Ab l-air al-Mas (d. after 589/1193) who for his part served the
Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad, or Ab l-Fara Ibn Tm (d. 620/1223)
whose rank in the palace equalled that of a vizier. Others left Baghdad
for Damascus after their teachers death, no doubt attracted by the
Nr hospital which had recently been established there, and by the
rising star of the Ayyubid dynasty: Muha

ibaddn (Ibn) an-Naqq

(d. 574/1178), Muwaaqaddn Ibn al-Murn (d. 587/1191), Raaddn
ar-Rab (d. 631/1233, aged 97!)they were among the founding
fathers of the new medical schools which began to ourish in Syria and
then Egypt in the 7th/13th century.38 Thus, to give but one example,
there is a straight line leading from the two last-named physicians,
through Muha

ibaddn ad-Dawr (d. 628/1230), to Ibn an-Nafs

(d. 687/1288), the man who discovered the pulmonary circuit some
300 years before Servetus and Colombo.

b. Works
As for Ibn at-Tilm
s works, which are almost exclusively dedicated
to medicine and pharmacy, we possess manuscripts and/or biblio-
graphical records of the following:
1. Independent writings: al-Aqrbn The Dispensatory;39 Quw
l-adwiya al-mufrada The Faculties of Simple Drugs (preserved), see
GaL 1/642 = Hamarneh Catalogue 139f.; al-Muarrabt The Empirical
(Drugs) (preserved), see GaL 1/642 = Ullmann Medizin 312; al-Maqla
al-Amnya f l-adwiya al-bmristnya Amn[addaula]s Treatise on

36
See Ifahn arda (after Cheikho Man 4/303f.).
37
See Ibn Ab Uaibia Uy n 1/262f.
38
Compare Savage-Smith Medicine 930933.
39
See section 3.a.
14 INTRODUCTION

Hospital Drugs (preserved), see Iskandar Catalogue 129f. = Ullmann

Medizin 306f.; Maqla f l-Fad A Treatise on Phlebotomy (preserved),
see GaL 1/642, Iskandar Catalogue 130f., Ullmann Medizin 163f.,
Hamarneh Catalogue 140;40 al-Kunn The (Medical) Handbook (lost?),
see e.g. Yqt Ird 7/245, Ibn Ab Uaibia Uy n 1/276, Ibn allikn
Wafayt 6/75.41
2. Nonindependent writings:42 a) Commentaries on: Galens (d. 199
CE) lat al-bur

  ; the medical aphorisms attributed
to the prophet Muammad (d. 11/632) (ad nabawya tatamil al
mas
il ibbya); unain ibn Isqs (d. 260/873 or 264/877) al-Mas
il f
-ibb; Ibn Sns (d. 428/1037) al-Qn n f -ibb;43 b) Summaries of or
selections from: Galens Abdl al-adwiya   ; Galens
commentary on Hippocrates (d. ca. 375 BCE) al-Fu l  ,
i.e. Tafsr ln s li-Fu l Buqr   !
"  
#$; Galens commentary on Hippocrates Taqdimat al-marifa
%
&, i.e. Tafsr ln s li-kitb Buqr f Taqdimat al-marifa
 ' !
" %
& #$; ar-Rzs (d. 313/925
or 323/935) al-w f -ibb; Miskawaihs (d. 421/1030) al-Ariba; Sad
ibn Hibatallhs (d. 495/1102) alq al-insn;44 c) Notes on or glosses
to: Ab Sahl al-Mass (d. 401/1010) al-Mi
a f -ina a-ibbya; Ibn
azlas (d. 493/1100) Minh al-bayn.
Apparently there once also existed a large volume of collected letters
(dwn ras
il),45 as well as a small volume of collected poetry (dwn
ir).

40
According to GaL Suppl. 1/891 this treatise is published: gedr[uckt] Lucknow
1308[/1890] (?).
41
Al Ta
r 492 attributes to Ibn at-Tilm
another (independent) writing s.t.
an-Nah al-wi The Obvious Method (medicine?), and so does Zirikl Alm 8/72 s.t.
Maqla f U l at-tar inda l-masyn A Treatise on the Sources of Legislation among
the Christianswhere this information comes from, though, is not clear in either
case; cf. further Cheikho uar
318: risla [. . .] f ibt aq
id ad-dn al-mas (was in
Diyarbekir in 1895).
42
Unless otherwise noted none of these writings seem to be preserved; for records
of their previous existence see e.g. Yqt Ird 7/244f. and Ibn Ab Uaibia Uy n
1/276.
43
For an edition and translation of the surviving parts of this marginal commentary,
preserved in the authors own hand, see Iskandar Autograph 192235 with Iskandar
Fragment 256261.
44
According to Ebied Bibliography 107 this selection is published: Beirut 1912
(?).
45
It is likely that the book called at-Tauqt wal-mursalt Sketches and
Correspondence, which is mentioned Badd Hadya 2/505, refers to this collection;
cf. Ibn Ab Uaibia Uy n 1/276: kitb yatamil al tauqt wa-mursalt.
 INTRODUCTION 15

Finally, to give the reader an idea of the nature of Ibn at-Tilm

s
poetry, I have translated below a few specimens of it, arranged
under the headings of ethics, metaphysics, love, satire, humour, and
enigmasthough the boundaries between these dierent genres
are, of course, not always clear cut. However, the selected specimens
are fairly representative of Ibn at-Tilm
s favourite topics of poetic
contemplation. There is, to be sure, no medical poetry as such,
but images and similes of medicine now and then reveal the poets
profession.46

Ethics

 

  * 
 
  
  
 !
"# $ * 
 % & '() +,# -.
Modesty is like a moon
Whose disk has risen to the sky,
Yet on the surface of the water
It still illuminates the eye.
Without it, aiming high and yonder,
To glory people would aspire
Like smoke that eetingly arises
From a lowly burning re.

/
0 123 456, * 7#
89: ;<=> ?@=> AB
/
C D EF9 , * G 
5H 9IJ 
KL ?M.
Knowledge benets a wise man,
But is no good for a prat
Daylight, which helps humans see,
Dims the eyesight of the bat.

46
It may be worth noting that the old Arab biographers considered Ibn at-Tilm
s
poetry inferior to his prose writing, see e.g. Yqt Ird 7/243; unfortunately, hardly
anything of the latter has come down to us. They also observed that he seemed to
have been more at ease with the composition of short poems, normally consisting of
two or three verses, rather than longer poems (qa
id), of which we possess a very
small number of examples (elegies and panegyrics), see e.g. Cheikho uar
319334.
All the translated specimens are taken from Ibn Ab Uaibia Uy n 1/268273; parallel
transmissions are found here and there in the Arabic sources referred to in note 17
above.
16 INTRODUCTION

NO P0 ?=Q !RJ  * +,

@ !S  !6T S
U 9 +V WQ
. X
 * 9 ' YO Z 4H[\=
Never scorn an enemy
For his friendliness,
Even if hes little strong
And almost powerless
So it is the tiny y
That leaves a wound to rot,
Thus completing what the lions
Mighty hand could not.

Metaphysics

X:U Z !
8] ^ 466_ -V *
`Ba b c
. d
e S
?=B X=B Z 466_ fg * +=0. IV h i jk#S
The soul exists behind a curtain,
Unable to make out for certain
Events in past innity
Or else it surely could have solved
Each problem, though it be involved,
In fact, causality.

lm . no
p
qr * +(, Z stq @ u
l09 ! ?vQ ;` w * xy  ! Gz j(
A vital spark in an old mans soul
Is a death in disguise
Cant you see a lamplight ashes
Just before it dies?

Love

b=F Z _ #{H j|, } * X(~. ?=> c3

6,

b[ 6B ;9u ! l6 *
`|~9 !
m +2 jv
When the darkness of the night fell
Long in my embrace she lay;
Then I woke and found her jewels
Cold before the break of day;
And I warmed them with my breath,
 INTRODUCTION 17

Lest to chase her sleep away,

Anxious not to melt the lace
So I held the day at bay.

b. -. ? fg # * Hu
 G G G` l8,
b'q 1 Z 
 D9 *
  fg G j(
Love has wasted me away,
I cant take it any more!
Your refusal eats me up
A victim of the day before!
All I care to see is you,
Not the gaily dancing motes
On the suns remotest shore.

Satire

: S j=6 * : Q !3 

Q
6 lVJ +=B * + jg  
So-and-so is now vizier?
Never! Not this nerd!
By God, if it were up to me,
Id make him cattleherd!
(on the appointment of ad-Darkazn47 to the post of vizier)

47
There are several viziers of the Great Seljuks in the 6th/12th century who
were known under the name of ad-Darkazn. The most distinguished of those
was Qiwmaddn Zainalmulk Imdaddaula Ab l-Qsim Nir ibn Al ad-Darkazn al-
Ansb
, whose rst appointment to the post of vizier fell in the year 518/1124 while
his fourth and nal appointment in 527/1133 also marked the year of his execution.
Ab l-Qsim ad-Darkazn, the son of a peasant from the village of Ansb
near the
town of Darkazn in the Hamadan province of western central Iran, was stigmatized
by many of his contemporaries for his plebeian background; more importantly,
though, he was infamous for his ruthlessness, intriguing, nancial exactions, and
general mismanagement of aairs, incurring along the way a great deal of both fear
and enmity. On him and some other members of his clan see Bosworth Dargazn
33; for the exact location of Darkazn see A
k Darjazn 55f. with Le Strange Lands
map 5 s.n. Darguzin.
18 INTRODUCTION

/V ?  ? * o
 DB .
PB,
H Z
`m *  +V j6. 
His eyes revolving in its socket!
He should sow seed or topple a throne,
Look long enough at the Pleiades
And spin them in the Great Bears pocket!
(on a person with a goggle)

J c
Q t() ^k  (g ]
H c69 3 H c69 S
.
You slurped away a lot of eggs
To make your penis stronger?
There are no eggs that can replace
Whats in your own no longer!

Humour

G# jV = * G jB0Q D

@I
' j=. 4@
@: * { j=. 4@
@I
G c ?9: GoH * fg j Gov
I broke my life in these two glasses,
And this is how my lifetime passes:
One glass is lled with writing-ink,
The other one with wine to drink
The former makes my wisdom stay,
The latter puts my grief away.

c
B0
 DB9 ! * cU ;` l09 
c
@ 9I. +9 ?6B * c  y=>
One glass of wine to cool the chest,
A second one to help digest,
A third one, then, just to unwind,
Another one will shift your mind!
 INTRODUCTION 19

Enigmas

GM. GM. Xv(. * G -. w b<



, ?  u * B. Z +R
It is forceful but not vile,
Forever changes domicile,
Cries and laughs the very while,
Weeps and makes all people smile.
(the cloud)

!R 7 g w * ( c
(U -. h
!RJ

 jQ Z * #
( +,k  9
D9 b<= j,[ u
. * 
 ![ ,U j,[ u
It springs from bodies but a body its not,
It moves at times or stays on the spot,
It comes into being and passes away,
Its hour of birth bears the seed of decay,
It doesnt go out when the lights are gone
But is otherwhile seen by everyone.
(the shadow)

3. The Dispensatory

a. Arabic Manuscripts
The edition of the Arabic text containing the dispensatory of Ibn at-
Tilm
is based on the following manuscripts:
(A) London British Library Or. 8293/1, fols. 2a128b. 11 lines per
page of large vocalized calligraphic Nas. Title (fol. 2a) Iqrbn [sic]
Madnat as-Salm Ba d48 and (fol. 2b) Kitb Qarbdn, subtitle (fol. 2a)

48
A dispensatory entitled Aqrbn Madnat as-Salm or Aqrbn Ba dd gures
among the writings attributed to Ibn at-Tilm
s teacher Sad ibn Hibatallh (d. 495/
1102) in GaL Suppl. 1/888 and then Ullmann Medizin 306; this information, however,
which seems to be based on a couple of manuscript witnesses, is not conrmed
by Ibn Ab Uaibia Uy n 1/254f. or, for that matter, by any other indigenous bio-
bibliographical source.
20 INTRODUCTION

intazaahu [scil. Ibn at-Tilm

] min iddat aqrbnt; authors name (fol.
2a) Hibatallh ibn id ibn Ibrhm al-mar f bi-Ibn at-Tilm;49 copyist (fol.
2a) Al ibn Ab lib ibn Al ibn Al ibn Al ibn asr [sic] al-alab; date
(fol. 2a) 625[/1228]. The manuscript was collated with an autographed
text, by the copyist himself and by another subsequent owner/user,
who in the form of ve marginal glosses introduced variant readings
by the phrase min/bi-a al-muannif (fols. 83b, 95b, 113b, 119a, and
120b).50 The textual quality of this manuscript is outstanding. Missing
recipes: 90, 91, most of 121 through to the end of 135 (was originally
there), 175, 360, 372, 391, 418, the second half of 421 with the rst half
of 422; due to a binding mistake, recipes 298300 and the beginning
of 301 occur in the manuscript as part of chapter 10.Cf. Hamarneh
Catalogue 139 no. 158; for a specimen see plate 1.
(B) London Wellcome Library Or. 9/4, fols. 79a128b. 17 lines per page
of medium-sized partly vocalized Nas; the chapters on the contents
page (fol. 79a) and in the headings of the main text are numbered by the
letters of the abad alphabet. Title (fols. 79a and 128b) (al-)Aqrbn,
subtitle (fol. 79a) muntaza min iddat aqrbnt; authors name (fol.
128b) Amnaddaula Muwaaqalmulk Ra
s al-ukam
[!] Ab l-asan
Hibatallh ibn id al-mar f bi-Ibn at-Tilm; copyist (after Iskandar [as
quoted below]) Ibrhm ibn Nar ibn Ibrhm ibn Muammad ibn al-
asan ibn Ibrhm ibn Munr al-Kind, a physician; date (after Iskandar
[as quoted below]) 597[/1200].51 The textual quality of this manuscript
is very good. Missing recipes: 39, the end of 50 through to the end of 62
(was originally there), 202, most of 213 through to the end of 221 (was
originally there), 360, 372, most of 407 through to 415 (was originally
there), the rst half of 417; recipes in reversed order: 416 and 417;
recipe 232 appears twice in full; the modern leaves cover the recipes
131139.Cf. Iskandar Catalogue 78; for a specimen see plate 2.
(C) Bethesda National Library A 3I/1, fols. 1b66b. 19 lines on average
per page of small to medium-sized normally unvocalized Nas; the
leaves are numbered in Coptic numerals. Title (fol. 1b) Afrdbn

49
Additionally referred to as al-akm al-failas f (fol. 2b).
50
Brockelmann misread the date of copying as 525, see GaL 1/642; based on this
error, Dietrich Medicinalia 231 and then Ullmann Medizin 306 note 4 suggested the
manuscript itself might be an autograph.
51
Two modern leaves (95ab and 96ab, 19th century); ve blank leaves (85ab, 86ab,
105ab, 106ab, and 127ab).
 INTRODUCTION 21

[sic] and (fol. 66b) al-Aqrbn; authors name (fol. 1b) Amnaddaula
and (fol. 66b) Amnaddaula Muwaaqalmulk Ra
s al-ukam
[!] Ab l-
asan Hibatallh id ibn at-Tilm; copyist unnamed; date (fol. 66b) 25
Rab I 902 [/1 December 1496]. The textual quality of this manuscript
is very good. Missing recipes: 250262, 264, the second half of 265 with
the rst half of 266, 267, 268, 270273, 275279, 302, 306308, 368, the
second half of 421 with the rst half of 422; recipes in reversed order:
29 and 30, 159 and 160, 204 and 205, 331 and 332, 364 and 365, 416 and
417; recipe 176 precedes 174; recipe 232 appears twice in full; a wrong
chapter heading at the wrong place (fol. 39a).Cf. Savage-Smith
Manuscripts s.v. Aqrabadhin; for a specimen see plate 3.
(D) Oxford Bodleian Library Marsh 537/10, fols. 182b226b. 23 lines
per page of small erratically vocalized Nas; the chapters on the
contents page (fol. 182b) are numbered by the letters of the abad
alphabet. Title (fol. 182b) Aqrbn, subtitle (fol. 182b) muntaza min
iddat aqrbnt tal [Ibn at-Tilm
] lil-bmristn al-aud; authors
name (fol. 182b) Amnaddaula Ab l-Al
id ibn [addidit in margine
Hibatallh ibn Ibrhm al-mar f bi-Ibn] at-Tilm;52 copyist (?); date
(1000[/1591]?). The manuscript represents a strand of transmission
dierent but not entirely disconnected from AB and Cquite a
few recipes are missing, and a lot of interpolations and additions
(approximating 135 in total), generally short and to the point, now
form an integral part of the main text;53 the quantity of alterations,
though, decreases as the text progresses, such that from chapter 12
onwards the manuscript is again completely in line with AB and C;
occasionally, the copyist refers to another copy (nusa ur, e.g. fol.
208b). This manuscript has proved to be of only limited value for the
establishment of the text. Missing recipes: 29, 34, 39, 43, 44, 56, 61, 69,
70, 80, 82, 84, 86, 91, 95, 100, 101, 104, 105, 159, 175, 176, 181183, 188,
193, 196, 207, 210, 211, 214217, 232, 239, 252, 254, 255, 262, 264268,

52
This is a confusion with Ibn at-Tilm
s father, who is not known to be the author
of any pharmacological work.
53
Most of these addenda are of little interest to us, but some do actually deserve
to be mentioned, i.e. a variation on the famous saizny recipe (fol. 197b); a recipe
against loss of memory after [Al ibn Sahl Rabban] a-abar (fol. 198a); a recipe
against the signs of old age ascribed to the Greek philosopher Pythagoras (F ras)
as allegedly found engraved on a golden plate in the treasury of lid ibn Barmak (fol.
198b); and three dierent versions of Sbr ibn Sahls diyq  (fol. 205b).
22 INTRODUCTION

270273, 275, 284286, 289, 290, 300302, 309, 312, 358, 360, 372, most
of 411 through to the end (was originally there); recipe 74 is placed at
the end of chapter 4.The item is, as far as I can see, not registered in
BBC; for a specimen see plate 4.
(E) Berlin Staatsbibliothek Petermann II 487, fol. 1ab then pp.
1160. 13 later 11 lines per page of large generously vocalized Nas.
Title (fol. 1a) Kitb [Aq]rbdn mal [sic] and (p. 160) al-Aqrbn;
authors name not given; copyist unnamed; date (after Ahlwardt [as
quoted below]) ca. 900[/1494]. The manuscript represents a strand of
transmission which seems to be related to D but clearly distinct from
AB and Cthus, many recipes are missing or rearranged within and
across the chapters, some only correspond in name, and the numerous,
now fully integrated interpolations and additions (amounting to 1/3
of the total material) are no doubt the result of later revisions and
often even written in a dierent style;54 the copyist sometimes refers
to a second copy (nusa niya, e.g. p. 63) when introducing variant
readings. This manuscript stands at the end of a possibly long chain
of modication if not corruption, and in this respect its value for the
establishment of the text is very limited indeed. Missing recipes: 12,
22, 24, 29, 30, 32, 36, 37, 3944, 46, 47, 51, 57, 61, 62, 64, 67, 73, 75, 80, 89,
94, 95, 100, 101, 103, 109, 114, 115, 119, 120, 122125, 127, 130133, 136
138, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 150, 152, 153, 155, 156, 159, 167, 171,
174176, 178, 179, 181, 192, 202205, 207, 209211, 213216, the rst
half of 217, 221, 241, 244, 246, 255, 273, 277, 288, 300302, 312, 314, 321,
325, 326, 330332, 335337, 339, 340, 342, 343, 346, 348351, 354357,
359363, 365, 372, 376, 377, 379381, 390, 391, 394396, 401, 402, 404,
405, 407, 413, 417, 418, the second half of 421 with the rst half of 422;
the second half of recipe 406 is placed at the end of 408.Cf. Ahlwardt
Verzeichniss 5/640 no. 6442 with Fonahn Handschrift passim; for a
specimen see plate 5.55

54
The general drift of suchlike addenda may be exemplied by two short passages
which in the manuscript follow upon recipes 4 and 35 respectively:
oF DR . b)[.U !
. ;g G
. YQ . F5=> X
6M. ?@=> D
6M. +. ?'Bt()... ()
? () oF X
 -. 4
 BH #
. Z 06 ?@( -. a j< "  x[J: x .

 Z  ;qm (.
 d9 ;_ . Z 7#'  |g x D5, @  4
 06 7#'
.B 1Q# Z !R 4` oB !
55
Two extant manuscripts of the dispensatory could not be collated: Cairo Dr al-
Kutub ibb 141/3 (see abb Fihris 23f. no. 24 = Muna id Madir 253 no. 42) and
 INTRODUCTION 23

Apart from the usual and notorious deviations from common Arabic
orthography, the individual manuscripts show the following more
unusual, and hence noteworthy cases:
(A) The verb 1= is always spelled 1=, similarly 05. is once
spelled 0(.; the word g is spelled g; the word  is once
spelled ; the words #FH and G#FH are spelled uFH and GuFH; the
letter occasionally receives two or three dots underneath to dis-
tinguish it from /; 5, occurs once as an abbreviation of # 5,; once,
a word is separated at the end of the line, i.e. !9 |:H (loan-word!).
(B) The verb 1= is sometimes spelled 1=; the word Q is spelled
Q; the word  is once spelled , likewise j<= is once spelled
<=; the word #, being the most frequent metrological unit, is
considered implicit and largely omitted; the specications of weight
and, occasionally, of time appear generally in numerical gures, with
zero being represented by and ve by ; on the modern leaves,  is
three times separated from the following word at the end of the line
and, quite remarkably, even a short and genuine Arabic word is once
split in this fashion, i.e.  |.
(C) The verb 1= is sometimes spelled 1=, likewise  is spelled
; the words Q# and ' are spelled Q# and ' respectively; the
weight -. pl. !
. is also spelled
. pl.
.; occasionally, 5, occurs as
an abbreviation of # 5,, further = for # 43 and, more often,
c# for # or #.
(D) The word Q# is spelled Q#; the word  is once spelled ,
likewise j<= is often spelled <=; the letter occasionally receives
three dots underneath to distinguish it from /; towards the end,
specications of weight begin to appear in numerical gures; once, 
is separated from the following word at the end of the line.
(E) The verb 1= is twice spelled 1=; the verb # is occasionally
spelled u; the word Q is spelled Q, similarly  is once spelled
; the word j9{] is once spelled 9{]; twice, a word is separated at
the end of the line, i.e. b)[ |. and o0(Q |
 (loan-words!).

Manisa Kitapsaray 1781/9 (see Dietrich Medicinalia 231f. no. 116). Whether or not the
manuscript Cairo alat ibb 511 (see Muna id Madir 253 no. 42), the unidenti-
ed copy Cairo Dr al-Kutub ibb 1212 (see Hamarneh Catalogue 139), and the Rabat
copies (see Hamarneh Origins 146 note 64) actually belong here is a moot point.
24 INTRODUCTION

Stemma

Autograph
(lost)

B
A (1200 CE)  
(1228 CE)

C E
(1496 CE) (ca. 1494 CE)

D
(1591 CE?)

The edition of the text is eclectic in principle. However, A and to a

lesser extent B served as guide manuscripts, for they represent the
oldest and best strand of transmission. The rigorous and indiscriminate
application of a purely eclectic method tends to create a formally
correct but ahistorical and therefore in the end ctitious text, which
cannot be the aim of textual criticism.
The collation of Arabic pharmacological manuscripts almost
always produces a huge number of variant readingssome important,
but many with no relevance for the philological reconstruction or
practical interpretation of the text. Therefore, and in order not to load
the apparatus unnecessarily with information of little or no value, the
 INTRODUCTION 25

following variants have not been included: the arbitrary addition or

omission of the conjunction wa- in the list of ingredients and procedure
of preparation as well as the unmotivated change from wa- to fa-
or umma, and vice versa, in the procedure of preparation; changes
in the use of Impf. Sg. 3. masc. or fem. respectively, when the verb
refers either to the preceding ingredients (fem.) or to the following
preparation of the pharmacological product (masc.); idiosyncrasies
or plain mistakes in the construction of numerals; haplographies and
dittographies, unless there is an etymological implication. Certain
other types of variants have been disregarded by adopting in most
cases the reading of one of the guide manuscripts AB: the denite
article al- when arbitrarily added to or omitted from the name of a
drug or drug category, also in the construct state (e.g. [al-]iyra, bizr
[al-]qi
); the prepositions bi-, f, att, il, li-, maa, and min when
arbitrarily added to or omitted from a pharmacological specication,
a specication of time or place, and when used synonymically or
repetitively (e.g. ral [min] sukkar, a-urba [minhu] dirham, yurab minhu
[min] miql il dirhamain, x wa-y [min] kull wid dirham, yuarrak [f] kull
yaum marrt, yak n mauiuhu [f] makn raiyi, mal l f/bi-arb, yud
f/il l-qidr, yamud f/maa t-tark, an-na f/min lika, att/il an
yai, yuall bi-sukkar au [bi-]asal, an-n li-x wa-[li-]y); the synonymic
use of singular or plural forms in pharmacological specications and,
with regard to drug categories, in the headings of the recipes (e.g. qir/
qu r, qur/aqr); the synonymic use of non-technical specications
as well as synonymic markers (e.g. mristn/bmristn, maq r/
muqaar, n/yanfa min, yudaqq naiman/niman, dafat/duf /marrt/
mirr/nuwab, az
saw
/mutaswiya, x amsa wa-y amsa / x wa-y amsa
amsa, min kull wid miql / miql miql, [n] li-x, [duhn] ra, [lubb]
bizr iyr, [lubb] al-qurum, amar[at] a-arf
, isf [ar-ra], sunbul
[a-b] ); the arbitrary use of the nominative or accusative cases in
singular nouns of specication (e.g. min at-tn aara adad[an], aab
al-k madq q[an], yuf ilaihi miluhu sukkar[an]); random repetitions
of pharmacological specications (e.g. al ar-rziyna wa-[al] al-
karafs, bizr qi
wa-[bizr] iyr, bi-duhn al-s wa-[duhn] al-ilf, waraq
al- t wa-[waraq] al-afsantn); syntactic metatheses and the like of
pharmacological or medical terms and specications (e.g. ihlla afar
wa-aswad wa-kbul / ihlla kbul wa-afar wa-aswad, al-m
al-rr / al-
rr min al-m
, alb miz / laban miz alban, al-kabid wa-il / a-il
wal-kabid, uf al-a wa-riqqatuh / uf wa-riqqat al-a, bad lattihi/
26 INTRODUCTION

bad an yulatt, yudaqq al-am /yuma wa-yudaqq); demonstratives and

words such as adwiya, am, kull, and wid when used merely for the
purpose of emphasis (e.g. tudaqq [hihi] al-adwiya, tuma [al-adwiya]
wa-tudaqq, yuamma [al-am ] wa-yudaqq, yuma [lika/kulluhu]
wa-yusaq, yu
a ral [wid]); the words yu
a and yustamal as
arbitrarily used at the beginning or end of a prescription; the word
wazn as arbitrarily used in metrological specications; the word uz

when used as a synonym of dirham. Plain variants of drug names

have only been recorded once at the rst occurrence in each collated
manuscript, unless they reappear in a dierent form and/or there is
an etymological implication. Finally, there is a group of variants which
clearly represent later additions on the part of the copyists of the
dierent manuscriptsthese variants, which occur sporadically and
irregularly and which are of no contextual relevance, have neither
been included into the text nor into the apparatus: eulogies (e.g. bi-
in Allh, in 
a llh, raimahu llh); the word ifa as arbitrarily added to
or omitted from the headings of the recipes; the word n when used
isolated at the end of a recipe.

b. External Structure
The dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm
is divided into 20 chapters, com-
prising a total of 424 recipes. The medico-pharmacological material is
arranged systematically according to certain drug categories and/or
forms of application,56 and the resulting compounds may involve any
number of simples up to 45. The chapters are the following:
One Pastilles (aqr)
Two Pills and Hierata (ub b wa-iyrat)
Three Powders (saf ft)
Four Electuaries (man)
Five Stomachics (awrint)

56
Under the inuence of Galens (d. 199 CE)  ( "
, the
remedies in mediaeval Arabic dispensatories are organized either according to
the location of the disease (
) &) or according to the category of the drug
(
) %(*); the categorical arrangement was adopted inter alios by Ibn at-Tilm
s
predecessor Sbr ibn Sahl (d. 255/869) and, though it seems less convenient than
the topological arrangement, henceforth favoured by the majority of Arab physicians
and pharmacologists, cf. Ullmann Medizin 48f. and 299311. For system overlaps see
English translation notes 69, 213, 239, and 253.
 INTRODUCTION 27

Six Lohochs and Robs (la qt wa-rub b)

Seven Beverages (ariba)
Eight Preserves (murabbayt)
Nine Decoctions (mab t)
Ten Collyria, Catapasms, and Ophthalmics (akl wa-ar rt
wa-iyft)
Eleven Oils (adhn)
Twelve Liniments (marhim)
Thirteen Cataplasms and Ointments (imdt wa-aliya)
Fourteen Enemas and Suppositories (uqan wa-fat
il)
Fifteen Dry Preparations and Dentifrices (adwiya ybisa
wa-san nt)
Sixteen Nutrition (simna)
Seventeen Snus and Gargles (sa t wa- ar art)
Eighteen Rhinorrhoeal Preparations (adwiyat ar-ruf )
Nineteen Emetical Preparations (adwiyat al-qai
)
Twenty What Promotes and Prohibits Perspiration (m yudirr
al-araq wa-yabisuhu)57
Within these chapters, the individual recipes are built more or less
consequently around the same formal skeleton, whose essential parts
can be described as follows:
name and/or category of the drug58
range of its application

57
For a list of all drug categories and/or forms of application occurring in the text
see section 3.f.
58
About 40% of all compound drugs in the present text have a proper name, that
is some sort of a label under which they were known, quoted, and dealt with among
specialists, and which in etymological terms may be derived from Arabic, Greek,
Syriac, Persian, or Sanskrit. As a rule of thumb, compounds which are naturally
durable or made durable by using acetic or saccharic acids more frequently carry a
label than others which are less durable and/or prepared ad hoc. From the material
on hand it follows that a drug may be named after one, two, or the total number of its
ingredients; after the individual(s) to whom its composition is attributed, with whom
it is associated, or for whom it is intended; after the medical condition it is expected
to improve, its therapeutic eect, or the organ(s) aected; after specic aspects of its
preparation or administration including colour, shape, taste, mode, and timing; after
certain parascientic properties it is supposed to hold or its desired function; after its
alleged provenance or metaphorical value; and after the category to which it belongs;
occasionally, a drug may have two names. For a complete list of drug names in the
text see technical terms 3; cf. also Kahl Sb r 15 note 57 for a preliminary evaluation
of relevant material from the 3rd/9th century.
28 INTRODUCTION

list of its ingredients with doses59

instructions for combining the ingredients60
directions for use61

c. Internal Structure
Apart from various natural or articial products, the dispensatory
of Ibn at-Tilm
implies in principle the availability of 433 simple
drugs, of which there are 328 vegetable, 49 animal, and 56 mineral
substances; thus, the vegetable substances roughly make up 76%, the
animal substances 11%, and the mineral substances 13% of the total
materia medica.62 The distribution of these substances and products
as ingredients over the total number of recipes varies considerably,
such that some occur only once in the whole text while others are
employed more often; among the ingredients which come up most
frequently are almond, aloe, anise, bole, celery, ceruse, cinnamom,
clove, coriander, emblic, fennel, frankincense, ginger, gum-arabic,
honey, liquorice, mastic, myrobalan, myrrh, myrtle, opium, oxymel,
pepper, pomegranate, quince, rose, saron, salt, spikenard, sugar,
tragacanth, vinegar, water, and wine.63 As regards their geographical
provenance, it can be said that the various substances are dispersed
over the whole of the Near and Middle East (i.e. Indo-Arabia), North
and East Africa, Southern and Eastern Europe, Central Asia, South East
Asia, and the Far East.64 The goods were brought to Iraq via a network
of trade routes either by caravans or by seafaring merchants, who all
participated in a semiglobal market that had become possible with the
consolidation of Abbasid power in Baghdad and continued to run in

59
For weights and measures see section 3.d.
60
For pharmacological utensils see section 3.e.
61
As far as timing is concerned, relevant directions are frequently given in hours,
days, weeks, or months, also occasionally by referring to particular times of day or
night, and further in relation to patterns of sleeping or eating.
62
This account, insofar as vegetable and animal substances are concerned, only
includes whole species; what was normally used were in the case of plants the dierent
rhizomatous and aerial parts or products (e.g. seed, root, stem, twig, bark, leaf, ower,
fruit, sap, resin, ashes) and in the case of animals certain organs or organic products
(e.g. gall, lungs, testicles, rennet, marrow, fat, excrement, horn, shell, milk, honey,
ashes).
63
For a complete list of substances and products in the text see technical terms 1.
64
This is also reected in the rather arbitrary use of taxonomic markers which
may precede the name of a substance and refer to its actual or alleged place of
cultivation, manufacture, or sale.
 INTRODUCTION 29

the same veins for over half a millennium up until the disintegration
of the Mongol empire.65
The question of the origin of the recipes themselves is much more
delicate and can, in truth, only be answered on a rather supercial
plane. Pharmacological knowledge grows out of long, oral, and by no
means consistent popular traditions, whose traces tend to disappear
in time and whose eventual emergence in the form of more or less
systematic writings is a relatively late, albeit for us often the only
visible stage of this development. The appropriation of ancient skills
by a class of specialized professionals quite naturally goes hand in hand
with various attempts at attributing and thereby authorizing the
individual components of that received body of knowledge, creating
many ctitious quantities along the way. In reality the very nature
of suchlike material undermines, then as now, the search for the
inventor of a given recipeany pharmacologist of an age of literacy
can only incidentally be identied as an author, and more often than
not his authorship will manifest itself in the realm of modication
rather than invention. General labels like Greek or Indian indeed
point to a recipes Hippocratic or Ayurvedic extraction, but this does
not mean that the supposed archetype can be recovered; and even in
the case of generic drug names whose non-Arabic etymologies seem
to suggest specic origins of the recipes so named, matters are never
straightforward and immensely impeded by a dearth of comparative
literature. Such are the limits of our task. Having established that, we
can now turn to have a look, not at the corpus of pharmacological
material which Ibn at-Tilm
implicitly uses but rather at those less
remote sources which he explicitly quotes. Here we have to distinguish
between specic and unspecic quotations, the former being more
or less precise. Specic quotations include (in chronological order):
Galen (d. 199 CE), see recipes 65, 201, 309; Zahrn al-arrn (. mid
3rd/9th century), see recipes 35 (then 36), 183, 374; Sbr ibn Sahl (d.
255/869), see recipes 29, 155, 204, 246; [Yaqb ibn Isq] al-Kind (d.
shortly after 256/870), see recipes 115, 136; unain [ibn Isq al-Ibd]
(d. 260/873 or 264/877), see recipes 15, 307, 347, 351; [bit ibn Qurra
al-arrn] (d. 288/901) a-ara, see recipe 68; Qus [ibn Lq al-
Balabakk] (d. ca. 300/912), see recipe 85; [Muammad ibn Zakary]

65
For a graphical representation of the Arab trade routes c. AD 1100, that is in
the days of Ibn at-Tilm
, see HAI 9.
30 INTRODUCTION

ar-Rz (d. 313/925 or 323/935), see recipes 65 (al-Murid), 269, 360;

Ab l-asan [bit] ibn Sinn (d. 365/976), see recipe 331; Al ibn al-
Abbs [al-Ma s] (d. late 4th/10th century), see recipe 69; ["s ibn
Yay] al-Mas (d. 401/1010), see recipe 96; [al-usain ibn Abdallh]
Ibn Sn (d. 428/1037), see recipe 140; Ra [addn] al-Ifahn (. rst
half of 5th/11th century), see recipe 138; and Ab l-Al id ibn
at-Tilm
(. second half of 5th/11th century), see recipes 50, 244.
Unspecic quotations, which may refer to written sources or oral
informants, include certain copies (nusa pl. nusa), physicians
(aibb
), and people (qaum), just as well as phrases like they say
(akar ) and it is said (zuima), see recipes 34 (twice), 54, 75, 134
(twice), 136, 183, 185, 193, 208, 280 (twice), 329.66 Finally, there is a
small number of self-quotations and short personal statements which
appear in either the rst or the third person as [lit.] I have tried it
( arrabtuhu), in my opinion (ind ), [lit.] he says (qla), and [lit.]
by him (lahu), see recipes 29, 65 (twice), 89, 96, 159, 257 (twice), 309,
329, 393;67 the phraseogram lahu is also used three times to claim the
invention of a drug by the author, see recipes 45, 217, 365.
Another question which needs to be dealt with is that of the health
standard. A statistical evaluation of the material relating to pathology
and anatomy, as it is normally found at the beginning of a recipe, will
give us some information about what kind of health problems the
people had who lived in Iraq in the 12th century CE. Putting aside
all those conditions which can be identied as parasitic or systemic
disorders (12.1%), complaints whose treatment falls rather under
cosmetics, dietetics, or hygienics (6.3%), and injuries that result from
accidents, warfare, or poisoning (3.7%), we can describe the specied
diseases68 as aecting or involving the

66
Sporadic mentions of hospital(s) ( [b]mristn[t] ), insofar as they involve
drugs which belonged to the regular pharmacological stock of these institutions, may
also be considered unspecic references, see recipes 21, 33, 34, 49, 67, 84, 137, 183,
230 (as a generic drug name), 277, 310, 329; likewise phrases such as generally used
(mam l alaihi) or remedy of traditional choice (daw
as-sunna), see recipes 29,
34, 148.
67
Once, Ibn at-Tilm
seems to quote himself by name but this could be a later
addition to the text, see recipe 30.
68
The fact that the old Arab physicians did not always distinguish as sharply as the
moderns do between a sign or a symptom on the one hand and the underlying disease
on the other hand, is not a mistake in reasoning but inherent in the holistic system of
humoralism; it also means, of course, that any data based on current medical criteria
will necessarily comprise a number of ambiguous cases. For full details on pathology
and anatomy in the text see technical terms 2.
 INTRODUCTION 31

gastro-intestinal tract 16.5%

eyes 11.9%
skin 10.1%
respiratory organs 7.3%
nervous system 6.4%
urinary tract 3.7%
blood vessels 3.3%
psyche 2.7%
liver 2.5%
teeth and gums 2.5%
reproductive organs 2.4%
brain 1.8%
spleen 1.8%
ear, nose and throat 1.8%
heart 1.1%
others 2.1%
As regards the clientle for whom the drugs were prepared, we hardly
get any direct information from the text itself. Considering its broad
range of therapeutic applications, the dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm

is based on an inclusive design, covering not only the most common

diseases of the time but also patients of all ages and walks of life,
whether male or female. This observation is conrmed by the frequent
occurrence of recipes which involve large quantities of ingredients and
further by a number of preparations which are clearly linked to clinical
settingsthese drugs were made by professional pharmacists to meet
the demands of public health institutions like hospitals, which were
generally classless and free of charge.69 However, as already indicated,
explicit information about patients is scarce and only expressed in
the shortest of termsin fact, even the word patient (all or mar)
occurs as such only three times in the whole text, see recipes 225, 269,
424; the unborn (ainna), children (ibyn), adolescents (abb),
a breast-feeding pregnant woman ( 
ila), old men (mayi), the
ordinary (umh r), and those who live a life of luxury (mutraf n)
are mentioned by name about a dozen times altogether, see recipes
34, 48, 102, 120, 122, 179, 204, 298, 330, 346 (twice).

69
For hospital drugs cf. note 66 above; for a classic example see recipe 230. An
isolated claim that the o cials who oversaw the public markets in Baghdad obliged
the drug retailers to abide by the dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm
is made by Al
Ta
r 109.
32 INTRODUCTION

It has already been said that about 40% of compound drugs in the
text carry a generic name, which may be Arabic in origin or derived
from another language70I have tried to establish etymologies
for non-Arabic names in the notes to my translation. Yet there is a
small number of foreign terms (eight drug names, two products, one
substance) which Ibn at-Tilm
himself, in a rather arbitrary fashion,
felt inclined to explain: Persian, see recipes 174, 217 (twice), 251, 389;
Greek, see recipes 56, 250, 296; and Syriac, see recipes 24 (twice), 258.
Turning to the pharmaceutical nomenclature proper, that is to say
the various substances and products which form the core material
of the dispensatory, an etymological investigation results in the
following gures:
Arabic 40.3%
Persian 30.1%
Greek 12.7%
Syriac 5.6%
Sanskrit 4.8%
Others 6.5%
The only data currently available for comparison are based on similar
evaluations of the pharmaceutical nomenclature in three Arabic
dispensatories from the middle of the 3rd/9th century.71 Here it
would appear that in the course of the 300 years which separate these
dispensatories from the dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm
, the process
of terminological levelling in the Arab East had worked towards an
average increase of Persian loan-words by 5% and a decrease of Greek
loan-words by 4%, whilst the amount of Arabic, Syriac, and Sanskrit
terms basically stayed the same. Whether this observation is generally
applicable or merely down to the fact that Ibn at-Tilm
spent so
much time of his life in Persia, remains to be seen as future research
into the lexicon of later Arabic dispensatories may be conducted. As
regards the medical nomenclature, that is the various pathological
and anatomical terms employed by Ibn at-Tilm
, the number of non-
Arabic contributions is, not surprisingly, just as low as it was three
centuries earlier, i.e. roughly 2%.

70
Compare note 58 above.
71
See Kahl Sb r 24.
 INTRODUCTION 33

Finally, it seems worth noting that only once, in the context of a

surgical procedure, Ibn at-Tilm
explicitly refers to the physician
(abb), see recipe 384; another time, he mentions in passing the
alchemists (ab al-kmiy
), see recipe 389; and on one occasion, in
the context of a minor operation, a patient is put to sleep (nwm II),
see recipe 269. The somewhat ambiguous term muarrab, here always
translated proven by experience, accompanies a small number of
drugs, see recipes 19, 126, 257, 331, 393.

d. Metrological Units
The weights and measures employed in the text can be divided into
three groups:
Specic72
dniq 0.520.74g [recipe 33 and passim]
dirham 3.125g [recipe 1 and passim]
istr ~20g [recipe 211]
kailaa ~680g [recipe 230 and passim]
makk k ~2040g [recipe 230 and passim]
mann ~816g [recipe 116 and passim]
miql 4.46g [recipe 1 and passim]
qr 0.223g [recipe 89 and passim]
ral ~406g [recipe 43 and passim]
qya ~33g [recipe 35 and passim]
Semispecic
cupful (uskurrua) [recipe 288]
stful (qaba) [recipe 367 and passim]
handful (ka or afna) [recipes 334, 400 and passim]
jugful (dauraq) [recipe 174 and passim]
mouthful (ura) [recipe 66]
spoonful (milaqa) [recipe 114 and passim]
or when referring to the weight and/or shape of an
acorn (ball a) [recipe 371]
broad bean (bqillh) [recipe 111]

72
For basic conversions and comparative data still see Hinz Masse passim; for
Arabic source literature on the subject see Ullmann Medizin 316320.
34 INTRODUCTION

chickpea (immaa) [recipe 49 and passim]

hazelnut (bunduqa) [recipe 52 and passim]
lentil (adasa) [recipe 409]
peppercorn (fulfula) [recipe 48 and passim]
service fruit (nawh al- ubair
) [recipe 373]
walnut (auza) [recipe 126 and passim]
Nonspecic
amount (miqdr or taqdr) [recipes 69, 235 and passim]
bunch (bqa or qa) [recipes 138, 178 and passim]
drop (qara) [recipe 51 and passim]
measure (wazn) [recipe 156]
measure, standard (iyr) [recipe 211]
number (adad) [recipe 171 and passim]
part (uz
) [recipe 5 and passim]
portion (uz
) [recipe 419]
quantity (miqdr or qadr) [recipes 126, 297 and passim]
quantity, relevant (asab) [recipe 280]
share (maal) [recipe 297]
weight (wazn) [recipe 19 and passim]

e. Pharmacological Apparatus
The following utensils, including also a few therapeutic auxiliaries,
are mentioned in the text:
aludel (ul) [recipe 389]
bag of cotton, new (ks kirbs add) [recipe 290]
basket of palm-leaves, densely woven (zanbl   afq an-nas)
[recipe 226]
bowl, earthen (bust qa) [recipe 121]
branch of palm-leaf, skinned (al saafa maq ra) [recipe 309]
cauldron (inr) [recipe 297 and passim]
cauldron of stone (inr aar) [recipe 226]
cloth (irqa) [recipe 138 and passim]
cloth, dark-blue (irqa kulya) [recipe 378]
cloth, double (irqa muafa) [recipe 138]
cloth, soft (irqa nima) [recipe 384]
cloth of cotton (irqa kirbs) [recipe 290]
cloth of linen (irqa kattn) [recipe 207 and passim]
 INTRODUCTION 35

cloth of linen, double (irqa kattn muafa) [recipe 138]

cloth of linen, thick (irqa kattn afqa) [recipe 183 and passim]
cloth of linen, thin (irqa kattn raqqa) [recipe 208]
cloth of silk (arr[a] ) [recipes 22, 276 and passim]
cooking-pot (qidr) [recipe 183 and passim]
cooking-pot of baked clay and hair (qidr mam la min n wa-ar
mufaara) [recipe 55]
cooking-pot of clay, new (qidr azaf add) [recipe 211]
cooking-pot of stone (qidr aar) [recipe 223]
cup (uskurrua) [recipe 288]
fans (marwi) [recipe 424]
le, small-toothed (mibrad daqq an-naq) [recipe 121]
annel (labad) [recipe 342]
ask (qr ra) [recipe 285 and passim]
frying-pan, new (miqlan add) [recipe 281]
jug (barnya or dauraq) [recipes 122, 174 and passim]
jug of alabaster (barnya qawrr) [recipe 207]
jug of china, broad (barnya n wsia) [recipe 121]
jug of glass (barnya zu) [recipe 221]
knife (sikkn) [recipe 229]
knife, wooden (sikkn aab) [recipe 186]
mortar (hwun) [recipe 159 and passim]
napkin (qim) [recipe 376]
oven (tann r) [recipe 55 and passim]
pestle (dasta al-hwun) [recipe 302]
piece of barked g-wood, fresh (aaba min aab at-tn raba ma
 
anh li
uh) [recipe 226]
piece of hares fur (wabar al-arnab) [recipe 388 and passim]
piece of paper (k i) [recipe 339]
piece of willow-wood, fresh (aabat ilf raba) [recipe 226]
piece of wood (aaba) [recipe 280 and passim]
pipette (zarrqa) [recipe 377]
plate of marble ([abaq] ruma) [recipes 133, 134 and passim]
plate of silver (abaq a) [recipe 133]
pot (qidr) [recipe 216 and passim]
pot, double (qidr muafa) [recipe 282]
pot, earthen (qidr far) [recipe 380]
pot of stone (qidr birm) [recipe 376]
pouch (urra) [recipe 206]
receptacle (arf ) [recipe 138]
36 INTRODUCTION

shred of linen (irqa kattn) [recipe 410 and passim]

sieve (munal) [recipe 32 and passim]
sieve, ne-meshed (munal afq) [recipe 141]
slab of stone (alya) [recipe 310]
spoon (milaqa) [recipe 114 and passim]
stick, surgical (ml) [recipe 257 and passim]
stick of willow-wood, broad ( d ilf ar) [recipe 136]
tampon (am l) [recipe 378]
tampons of gauze ( tal) [recipe 307]
thread (ai) [recipe 372 and passim]
threads of soft linen (uy  kattn nima) [recipe 395]
trough (ina) [recipe 383]
trough, green (ina ar
) [recipe 174 and passim]
trough of porcelain (ina mu aara) [recipe 247]
tube of reed (unb b min qaab) [recipe 412]
tube of silver (unb b min a) [recipe 412]
veil of cotton (izr kirbs) [recipe 290]
vessel (in
) [recipe 74 and passim]
vessel, tarred (in
muqaiyar) [recipe 210]
vessel of alabaster (qawrr) [recipe 212 and passim]
vessel of brass (in
ufr) [recipe 254]
vessel of clay (in
azaf ) [recipe 338]
vessel of clay, new (in
azaf add) [recipe 152]
vessel of glass ([in
] zu) [recipes 105, 133 and passim]
vessel of glass, broad-brimmed (in
zu wsi ar-ra
s) [recipe 244]
vessel of porcelain (in
mu aar or ur[a] ) [recipes 116, 138 and
287]
whetstone (misann) [recipe 263]
whetstone, new (misann add) [recipe 121]
wick ( fatla) [recipe 382 and passim]

f. Applicative Categories
The following drug categories and/or forms of application occur in
the text:
analgesic (musakkin lil-waa ) [recipe 309]
beverage (arb) [recipe 7 and passim]
catapasm (ar r or arra) [recipes 259, 374 and passim]
cataplasm (imd) [recipe 310 and passim]
 INTRODUCTION 37

cautery (kaiy) [recipe 389]

collyrium (kul) [recipe 256 and passim]
condensation (aqd) [recipe 237]
coolant (bar d) [recipe 247 and passim]
corrosive (ak l) [recipe 383]
decoction (mab  or ab) [recipes 99, 158 and passim]
dentifrice (san n) [recipe 396 and passim]
desiccative (muaf ) [recipe 309]
detergent ( as l) [recipe 329 and passim]
diuretic (mudirr lil-baul) [recipe 52]
dye (ib) [recipe 334 and passim]
electuary (ma n) [recipe 75 and passim]
elixir (iksrn) [recipes 272 and 308]
enema (uqna) [recipe 22 and passim]
errhine (musi) [recipe 406]
foot-wrap (kaf fa) [recipe 349]
gargle ( ar ara) [recipe 408]
hazelnuts (bandiq) [recipes 20 and 53]
hiera (iyra) [recipe 56 and passim]
infusion (naq  or naq  ) [recipes 98, 244 and passim]
injection (tazrq) [recipe 379]
laxative (mudirr) [recipe 339]
linctus (mia) [recipe 154]
liniment (marham) [recipe 291 and passim]
lohoch (la q) [recipe 61 and passim]
narcotic (muaddir) [recipe 309]
nutritive (musammin or simna) [recipes 399, 400 and passim]
oil (duhn) [recipe 280 and passim]
ointment (il
) [recipe 323 and passim]
ophthalmic (iyf ) [recipe 263 and passim]
paste (aly) [recipe 328 and passim]
pastille (qur) [recipe 1 and passim]
pill (abb) [recipe 48 and passim]
plaster, adhesive (lz q) [recipe 388]
polish (il
) [recipe 393]
potion (urba) [recipe 1 and passim]
powder (sa or saf f or iyf ) [recipes 35, 76, 274 and passim]
preserve (murabban) [recipe 218 and passim]
purgative (mushil) [recipe 65 and passim]
38 INTRODUCTION

rob (rubb) [recipe 2 and passim]

snu (sa ) [recipe 405 and passim]
stomachic (awrin) [recipe 50 and passim]
suppository (iyf[a] ) [recipes 371, 373 and passim]
treacle (tiryq) [recipe 129 and passim]
unguent (il
or mas ) [recipes 21 and 406]
vomitive (muqaiyi
) [recipe 339]
wax-liniment (qr  [a-am] ) [recipes 304 and 314]
 INTRODUCTION 39

Plate 1
MS. London British Library fol. 70a
40 INTRODUCTION

Plate 2
MS. London Wellcome Library fol. 112b
 INTRODUCTION 41

Plate 3
MS. Bethesda National Library fol. 23a
42 INTRODUCTION

Plate 4
MS. Oxford Bodleian Library fol. 221a
 INTRODUCTION 43

Plate 5
MS. Berlin Staatsbibliothek p. 42
ARABIC TEXT

  

   



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ENGLISH TRANSLATION
 The Dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm

Chapter One on Pastilles

Chapter Two on Pills and Hierata
Chapter Three on Powders
Chapter Four on Electuaries
Chapter Five on Stomachics
Chapter Six on Lohochs and Robs
Chapter Seven on Beverages
Chapter Eight on Preserves
Chapter Nine on Decoctions
Chapter Ten on Collyria, Catapasms, and Ophthalmics
Chapter Eleven on Oils
Chapter Twelve on Liniments
Chapter Thirteen on Cataplasms and Ointments
Chapter Fourteen on Enemas and Suppositories
Chapter Fifteen on Dry Preparations and Dentifrices
Chapter Sixteen on Nutrition
Chapter Seventeen on Snuffs and Gargles
Chapter Eighteen on Rhinorrhoeal Preparations
Chapter Nineteen on Emetical Preparations
Chapter Twenty on What Promotes and Prohibits Perspiration
 Chapter One
on
Pastilles

(1)
The tabasheer pastille with alhagi
for (the treatment of ) acute fever, thirst, and cramp
Tabasheer four dirham; alhagi ve dirham; serpent melon seeds,
cucumber seeds, and gourd (seeds) three dirham of each; starch, light-
coloured poppy, tragacanth, and gum-arabic one dirham of each.
The ingredients are brought together, and each one is pounded and
strained separately. (This) is kneaded with the maceration of eawort
seeds, formed into pastilles of one miql, (and) a potion (may be made
by using) one pastille in barley-water.

(2)
The tabasheer pastille with sorrel seeds
for (the treatment of ) abdominal disorder,
bloody expectoration, cough, and a
predominance of biliousness
Take ne sorrel seeds, sealing bole, gum-arabic, and myrtle seeds ten
dirham of each; barberry seeds and tabasheer eight dirham of each; rose
petals seven dirham; roasted starch ve dirham; acorn four dirham; saf-
fron, amber, and red coral three dirham each; Fanr camphor1 half a
dirham. (This) is pounded, strained, kneaded with rose-water, formed
into pastilles of one dirham, dried, and used with the myrtle only rob.2

1
Fanr is the Arabic name for the modern district of Barus on the northwest coast
of Sumatra which was famous for the best varieties of camphor, see Tibbetts Study
140f. with map 7[a]; the variant qair (instead of fanr), as it often occurs in the lit-
erature (e.g. ass n Mutamad 404 and Dozy Supplment 2/440), is in fact a ghostword
and should accordingly be amended.
2
Compare recipe 166.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 179

(3)
The small barberry pastille
which is useful against fever, thirst, and anxiety
The esh of the barberry, liquorice rob, and tabasheer three dirham
of each; Indian spikenard two dirham; cucumber seeds three and a
half dirham; rose petals six dirham; purslane seeds, sa
ron, starch, and
tragacanth two dirham of each; Fanr camphor3 half a dirham. (This)
is ground, kneaded with alhagi-water, formed into pastilles of one
miql, and dried.

(4)
The large barberry pastille
which is useful against tumours of the liver
and stomach, the early stages of dropsy,
inveterate fevers, and yellow jaundice
The esh of the fresh barberry, liquorice rob, red roses, serpent melon
seeds, and the peeled seeds of musk melon three dirham of each; mas-
tic, Indian spikenard, agrimony sap, dyers madder, the resin of unripe
dates, absinthe sap, asarabacca, citronella blades, fumitory seeds,
endive seeds, ax dodder, Chinese rhubarb, sa
ron, and tabasheer two
dirham of each; alhagi six dirham. The alhagi is dissolved in hot water,
and the (other) ingredients are kneaded with it. (This) is formed into
pastilles of one miql, dried, and used.

(5)
The sumach pastille
for (the treatment of ) dysentery and haemorrhage
The fruit of the tarfa, Syrian sumach, myrtle seeds, gum-arabic, pome-
granate owers, grains of paradise, and Egyptian opium one part of
each. (This) is kneaded with apple-water, formed into pastilles of one
dirham, (and) a potion (may be made by using) just one pastille.

3
On Fanr see note 1 above.
180 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(6)
Pastilles which tighten the belly
if its laxity is due to weakness
and softness of the bowels
Roses and pomegranate owers four dirham of each; gum-senegal three
dirham; gum-arabic and tragacanth two dirham of each; the bark of the
frankincense(-tree) and raw Indian lignaloes one dirham of each; sukk 4
and sa
ron half a dirham of each. (This) is pounded, brought together,
strained, kneaded with the water from the spadix of the palm tree or
date(-water) or lettuce(-water), formed into pastilles of two dirham,
put in the shade to dry, and used.

(7)
A cooling pastille with camphor
which is useful against aming sensations,
remnants of fevers, thirst, and gastric debility
Purslane seeds and the peeled seeds of serpent melon, cucumber, and
gourd ve dirham of each; fresh barberry sap or the esh of the bar-
berry, and light-coloured and dark-coloured poppy seven dirham of
each; lettuce seeds, white Maq r sandalwood,5 tabasheer, quince seed
pulp, starch, and gum-arabic four dirham of each; yercum sugar eight
dirham; Fanr camphor6 half a miql. Each (ingredient) is ground
on its own, (then) mixed together, kneaded with the maceration of
eawort seeds, formed into pastilles of one miql, and used with the
water of purslane seeds and the pomegranate beverage.7

4
sukk is the name of a perfume, that is to say a medicinal preparation of which
there are many di
erent compositions; the basic ingredients seem to include musk,
dates, gallnuts, oil, and certain other aromatics originally of Indian provenance,
see e.g. Levey Kind 294 and the very detailed descriptions in Wiedemann Schriften
2/821826.
5
Maq r, a variant spelling of Maq ar, is the Arabic name for presumably the
whole of the island of Celebes, see Tibbetts Study 255 with map 7[b] and the discussion
in Dozy Supplment 2/366f.
6
On Fanr see note 1 above.
7
See recipe 194.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 181

(8)
The agrimony pastilles
for (the treatment of ) prolonged fever
accompanied by shivering; they are
used with plain oxymel8 and rose-water
Roses, the resin of unripe dates, and agrimony sap one dirham of each;
purslane seeds two dirham; tabasheer half a dirham; liquorice rob one
fourth of a dirham. (This) is kneaded with rose-water, and formed into
pastilles of one dirham.

(9)
The caper pastilles
for (the treatment of ) sclerosis
and enlargement of the spleen
The peels of the caper root four dirham; the seeds of agnus castus, black
pepper, asarabacca, long birthwort, the root of the sky-coloured iris,
and Indian spikenard two dirham of each; sa
ron half a dirham. (This)
is kneaded with wine boiled down to one quarter, formed into pas-
tilles of one dirham, and used with seeded oxymel.9

(10)
The poppy pastilles
for (the treatment of ) hepatic fever
Light-coloured and dark-coloured poppy four dirham of each; the
peeled seeds of serpent melon, cucumber, gourd, and purslane, and
starch and gum-arabic one part of each. (This) is pounded, kneaded
with water, formed into pastilles of one miql, and drunk with seed-
water, and with the pomegranate beverage10 and its oxymel.

(11)
The pomegranate ower pastilles
for (the treatment of ) abrasion, haemorrhage,
bloody expectoration, and dysentery
Cassia, Armenian bole, and gum-arabic four dirham of each; gum-
senegal, rose petals, and pomegranate owers eight dirham of each;

8
See recipe 185.
9
See recipe 189.
10
See recipe 194.
182 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

tragacanth one and a half dirham. (This) is kneaded with the cooked
water of fresh pomegranate owers or rose-water, dried, (and) a
potion (may be made by using) two dirham (of it).

(12)
The red coral pastilles
which are useful against haemorrhage,
consumption, and purulent matter
Red coral fteen dirham; Oriental frankincense, pomegranate owers,
and gum-senegal four dirham of each; gum-arabic and cinnamom half
a dirham of each. (This) is ground, strained, kneaded with egg white,
formed into pastilles of one dirham, and drunk with water.

(13)
The gum-senegal pastilles
which are useful against bleeding,
urinating blood, and bloody expectoration
Gum-senegal twenty dirham; sumach three dirham; the seed vessels and
owers of the pomegranate, and plantain sap two and a half dirham
of each; washed Armenian bole and washed haematite one dirham of
each; burnt staghorn, the nest amber, red coral, mussel shells, and
opium one dirham of each. (This) is formed into pastilles of one miql
by (using) water, and drunk after six months with the myrtle rob.11
And so it is with all pastilles and other drinkable compounds which
contain opiumthey are only drunk after six months and not used
before that.

(14)
The rhubarb pastilles
for (the treatment of ) sclerosis of the spleen
and liver, and inveterate fevers
Rhubarb, lac, madder, celery seeds, agrimony sap, and anise in equal
parts. (This) is kneaded with water, formed into pastilles of one dirham,
and drunk with oxymel.

11
See recipe 166.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 183

(15)
The amber pastilles
(according to) unains copy12
for (the treatment of ) hyperaemia in general
Amber, red coral, and purslane seeds four dirham of each; burnt stag-
horn and gum-arabic three dirham of each; roasted coriander and
light-coloured poppy six dirham of each; burnt mussel shells, hen-
bane seeds, haematite, and sealing bole three dirham of each. (This) is
pounded, strained, kneaded with rose-water, formed into pastilles of
one dirham, dried, (and) a potion (may be made by using) one dirham
(of it).

(16)
The mountain alkekengi pastille
which is useful against urinating blood
and purulent matter
Light-coloured poppy ten dirham; celery seeds, wormwood, and mari-
juana six dirham of each; sa
ron, opium, wild sorrel seeds, pine nuts,
and peeled almonds three dirham of each; fennel seeds two dirham;
fty alkekengi berries; olibanum and tragacanth two dirham of each.
(This) is pounded, strained, kneaded with wine boiled down to one
third, formed into pastilles, put in the shade to dry, (and) after six
months a potion (may be made) from it.

(17)
Pastilles for (the treatment of ) urinating blood
Armenian bole ten dirham; amber, gum-senegal, pomegranate owers,
and gum-arabic ten dirham of each; salsify sap three dirham; henbane
seeds two dirham; absinthe one dirham. (This) is pounded, strained,
kneaded with water, and formed into pastilles of two dirham.

12
unain ibn Is q al- Ib d (d. 260/873 or 264/877) was one of the leading minds
of the receptive period in Arabic scientic history, an ingenious translator of mainly
Greek texts, and a prolic author of genuine medical and pharmacological works
as well; the copy Ibn at-Tilm refers to in the present context is most probably
unains own dispensatory (aqrb n) of which we possess unfortunately nothing
but a dozen or so scattered quotations, see Ullmann Medizin 299 note 1 and GaS 3/255
no. 2.
184 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(18)
The absinthe pastilles
which are useful against obstruction of the liver
Anise, celery seeds, asarabacca, peeled bitter almonds, and absinthe in
equal parts. (This) is pounded, strained, kneaded with water, formed
into pastilles of one miql, and drunk pulverized with oxymel.

(19)
The iris pastille
for (the treatment of ) sclerosis of the spleen
The root of the sky-coloured iris four dirham; white pepper, Indian
spikenard, and ammoniacum two dirham of each. (This) is pounded
and strained, the ammoniacum is soaked in wine vinegar, the (other)
ingredients are kneaded with it, (and) a potion (may be made by
using) from it a weight of one dirham together with seed-oxymel.13
This pastille is strong in loosening sclerosis of the spleen (and) proven
by experience.

(20)
The seed hazelnuts
for (the treatment of ) burning urinary sensations,
urinating purulent matter, and ischuria
Gum-arabic, light-coloured poppy, the peeled seeds of serpent melon,
starch, and linseed in equal parts; celery seeds one third of a part. (This)
is kneaded with water, formed into pills, (and) a potion (may be made
by using) one dirham (of it) with poppy beverage14 and seed-water.

(21)
The triangular pastilles
for (the treatment of ) headache and insomnia;
they are rubbed onto the forehead
Myrrh, opium, henbane seeds, the peels of the mandrake root, and dry
mandrake in equal parts; sa
ron one third of a part. (This) is kneaded
with lettuce-water and nightshade-water, and formed into triangular
pastilles. These take on a triangular (shape) for no other reason than

13
Compare recipe 189.
14
See recipe 191.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 185

to avoid that someone confuses them and they be drunk, (since) the
only way to use them is externally as an unguentand yet in some
hospitals they are occasionally confused, so beware of changing their
shape hereafter!

(22)
The hypocistis pastilles
as used in the enemas (against) abrasions15
Burnt Egyptian papyrus, washed haematite which is bloodstone,
burnt staghorn, amber, gum-senegal, washed Armenian bole, ceruse,
dragons blood which is q
ir,16 plantain sap, and the sap of salsify
which is hypocistis17 ten dirham of each; burnt biscuit eight dirham;
burnt mussel shells three dirham; pomegranate owers ve dirham;
sa
ron three dirham; opium four dirham; frankincense three dirham.
All (this) is pounded, strained through a cloth of silk, kneaded with
pomegranate ower-water or rose-water, and formed into pastilles of
three and a half dirham each, one of which is used pulverized in an
enemathe management of such an enema is mentioned in the chap-
ter on enemas.18

(23)
A pastille for him who brings up his food
Roses, tabasheer, and dried cumin soaked in wine vinegar one dirham
of each; sumach three dirham; dried roasted coriander soaked in wine
vinegar two dirham; the mash of pomegranate seeds two dirham; pis-
tachio shells one dirham; mastic half a dirham. (This) is kneaded with
rose-water, and one miql to two dirham from it is drunk with the
minty pomegranate beverage.19

15
See recipe 370 in particular.
16
q
ir lit. the dripping is used here synonymously to denote the resinous
exudation or inspissated juice of the dragon-tree Dracaena draco which is otherwise
and more commonly known in Arabic as dam al-aawain dragons blood, cf. Levey
Kind 268.
17
The equation of salsify Tragopogon porrifolius and hypocistis Cytinus hypocistis
may be explained by the assumption that Ibn at-Tilm considered both plants to
represent what in modern taxonomic terms is classied as Tragopogon pratensis, i.e.
goats beard, cf. the discussion in Schmucker abar 527f.
18
See e.g. recipe 370.
19
See recipe 200.
186 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(24)
The kaukab pastille
which is (also) called l mazdayn, that is
invincible20owing, as they say, to the
strength of its e
ect; it is called kaukab pastille
simply because it contains talc, and in the Syriac
language it (appears as) kauka ar, that is
star of the earth;21 it is useful for (the treatment of )
the weak stomach which su
ers from residues,
acid belching, and headache when drunk or
rubbed onto the forehead with vinegar; for
(the treatment of ) bloody expectoration, catarrh,
chronic cough, fevers which (come) with paroxysms,
and pain in the ears when some of it is shed into
them with sweet marjoram-water; and for
(the treatment of ) bleeding, painful gums,
and toothache if you knead it with galbanum
and put it on the decayed (area)
Myrrh, castoreum, Indian spikenard, cassia, sealing bole, and the
peels of the mandrake root ve dirham of each; poppy six dirham; car-
rot, anise, moon carrot, the seeds of white henbane, storax, and celery
seeds one dirham of each; talc four dirham. (This) is pounded, brought
together, formed into pastilles of half a dirham, and dried.

(25)
The rose pastilles
which are useful against phlegmatic fevers
and against pain in the stomach
Roses two parts; Indian spikenard and liquorice rob one part of each.
(This) is kneaded with wine boiled down to one third, formed into
pastilles of one miql, and used.

20
Syriac l mazdayn (i.q.  ) invincibilis, see Payne Smith Thesaurus
1/1121.
21
Syriac kauka ar (i.q.
  ) stella terrae, lapis amiantus, talcum, see
Payne Smith Thesaurus 1/1694 and WkaS 1/446f.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 187

(26)
The rose pastilles with tabasheer
which are useful against the alternation of tertian
The petals of red roses ve dirham; Indian spikenard two dirham;
tabasheer one dirham; agrimony sap eight dirham. (This) is brought
together, ground, strained, kneaded with water, formed into pastilles,
put in the shade to dry, and one miql from it is drunk with oxymel.

(27)
The mezereon pastilles
for those who su
er from dropsy
and a lack of strength
Endive seeds ten dirham; mezereon and agaric one dirham and two
thirds of a dirham each; peeled cucumber seeds two and a half dirham;
the petals of Persian roses just as much. All (this) is pounded, ten
pastilles are made, and every day one pastille is taken with quince
oxymel.22

(28)
The lignaloes pastille
for (the treatment of ) coldness of the stomach
The petals of red roses and scraped iris root ve dirham of each; mastic,
grains of paradise, Indian spikenard, and Indian laurel two dirham of
each; wild marjoram and Indian lignaloes one dirham of each; sa
ron
half a dirham. (This) is pounded, kneaded with rose-water, formed into
pastilles of one miql, (and) a potion (may be made by using) one pas-
tille with quince wine.

(29)
The lac pastille
for (the treatment of ) hepatic debility
Clear lac, madder, anise, celery seeds, the sap or herbs of absinthe,
peeled bitter almonds, bitter alecost, dry elecampane, cinnamom, long
birthwort, and the sap or stems of agrimony one dirham of each. All that
is brought together, ground, strained, kneaded with fresh water, formed

22
See recipe 195.
188 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

into pastilles, put in the shade to dry, (and) a potion (may be made
by using) a weight of one miql (of it) with tepid water and oxymel.
S br ibn Sahl says: In another copy there is found Chinese rhubarb
instead of cinnamom, and the addition of barberry sap and liquorice
rob in similar parts to the remaining ingredients; he (also) says: And
there is no mention of elecampane. Ibn at-Tilm (however conrms
that) the rst (prescription) is the one which is generally used.23

(30)
The resin pastilles
which are useful against hepatic debility
and membranous dropsy; they rank among
(the prescriptions) preferred by the great
Hibatall h ibn  id ibn Ibr hm Ibn at-Tilm
The resin of unripe dates, Chinese rhubarb, and mastic three dirham
of each; Indian spikenard, celery seeds, visnaga, citronella, savin, bit-
ter almonds, alecost, madder, agrimony sap, asarabacca, rolled birth-
wort, and gentian one and a half dirham of each. (This) is made into
pastilles, and one miql of these is drunk with roots-water obtained
from endive, celery, fennel, and citronella roots.24

(31)
A remedy known as Barmak 25
which rids the stomach and the intestines
from phlegmy residues, and delays the
advance of old age
Yellow, black, and chebulic myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, emblic, and
embelia one part of each; lupine two parts; and from candy the total
weight. The candy is dissolved, measured like strong julep, and the

23
This is a nice example of how meticulously Ibn at-Tilm dealt with his sources,
and at the same time it reveals his ultimately pragmatic approach; he quite lengthily
quotes his famous predecessor S br ibn Sahl (d. 255/869) for a modication of the
recipes ingredients only to conclude with the dry remark that these expositions are
obsolete. Which copy, however, S br himself refers to in this quotation is a crux
the general drift as much as the specic wording of the quotation seem to rule out
any of his own medico-pharmacological works which, insofar as they are preserved,
do not testify to this option anyhow; he therefore would have used, at least according
to Ibn at-Tilm, a very early, and in all likelihood lost pharmacological text, probably
designed for clinical settings and clearly considered commonplace; but stu
like that
hardly existed in those days.
24
Compare recipe 225.
25
Barmak denotes a person or a thing belonging to or associated with the
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 189

(other) ingredients are kneaded with it. (This) is made into pastilles of
ten dirham each, dried, and used.

(32)
A remedy which is useful against epilepsy
Take the ingredients mentioned in the aforesaid Barmak remedy and
admix the followingFrench lavender, polypody, mastic, cassia, and
asarabacca half a part of each; and candy set at about the total (weight).
Pick up the candy, pound it rst, besprinkle it with hot water, and once
it dissolves pour forth enough of that water to cover it; then, when the
candy has (properly) melted, strain it through a sieve, and knead the
(other) ingredients with it. (This) is made into pastilles of ten dirham
each, (and) a potion (may be prepared) by dissolving a single pastille
in hot water at the break of day.

(33)
The hospital pastille (called) violet
Askar violet26 two dirham; white turpeth one dirham; liquorice rob
four dniq; grilled Antioch scammony one dniq; anise and tragacanth
one third of a dirham each. (These ingredients) are brought together,
and they (make) one potion.

(34)
The purgative pastilles (called) violet
Violet two dirham; hollow turpeth one dirham; liquorice rob four
dniq; scammony one dniq(another) copy has one and a half dniq,
but what is generally used in the hospitals is ( just) one dniq; ( yet
another) copy has anise in a weight of two dniq, but they do not actu-
ally add it to this pastille which is made for the ordinary.

Barmakids, an illustrious Iranian family of secretaries and viziers during the time
of the early Abbasid caliphs; the term is also linked to this familys semi-legendary
eponym Barmak who gures in the Arabic tradition as the high priest of a Zoroastrian
re temple or, more likely, a Buddhist monastery, and who is further said to have been
a gifted healer if not a trained physician, see Barthold/Sourdel Bar mika 1033 and
Abbas Barmakids 806. The connotations of Barmak, as it is used in the present con-
text, are therefore time-honoured, sacred, mighty, e
ective and the like.
26
banafsa askar lit. soldiers violet is a somewhat obscure designation; con-
sidering that askar camp, when followed by a marker, was a fairly common place
name, it may in the present context be short for Askar Mukram, a formerly our-
ishing but now ruined town in the province of zist n in southwestern Iran, see
Streck/Lockhart Askar Mukram 711 with Le Strange Lands map 2.
190 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(35)
A violet pastille according to Zahrn27
Sugar ten qya; Askar violet28 six qya; turpeth one qya; agaric and
liquorice rob half an qya of each; scammony one third of an qya.
(This) is pounded, (and) a potion (may be made by using) fourteen
dirham of all the powder.

(36)
Another violet pastille by him
Violet one hundred dirham; liquorice rob twenty-ve dirham; anise and
Indian salt twelve and a half dirham of each; scammony ten dirham. A
potion (may be made by using) four dirham from it.

(37)
The brimfull hiccup pastilles
Bitter alecost, aloe, citronella, dry wild thyme, mountain mint, dry
mint, dry rue, celery seeds, Oriental frankincense, and asarabacca
two dirham of each; Egyptian opium and the petals of red roses half a
dirham of each. (This) is pounded, kneaded with wine or wine boiled
down to one half or wine boiled down to one third, formed into pas-
tilles of one miql, dried, and used.

(38)
The ailwus29 pastilles
and they are useful (against) vomiting
due to coldness of the stomach and belly
Celery seeds and anise eighteen dirham of each; absinthe twelve
dirham; cassia twenty-four dirham; myrrh, black pepper, opium, and
castoreum ve dirham of each. (This) is pounded, kneaded with water,
put in the shade to dry, and after six months a potion (may be made)
by using one dirham (of it).

27
There is an isolated mention in Ibn Ab Uaibi a Uyn 1/240,6 of a certain physi-
cian named Zahrn who is said to have been a contemporary of Ab l-Fara Abdall h
ibn a-aiyib (d. 435/1043); but since Ibn at-Tilm refers to Zahrn again in recipe
374 by adding the genealogical indicator al-arrn, it is more likely that Zahrn was
the grandfather of the physician Ab l-asan  bit ibn Ibr hm ibn Zahrn al-arr n
(d. 369/980, see e.g. Ibn al-Qif ukam 111115), which would place him in the mid-
dle of the 3rd/9th century. This is all we can say.
28
On Askar see note 26 above.
29
ailwus <  intestinal obstruction, see Liddell/Scott Lexicon 486.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 191

(39)
(Some) mezereon pastilles
for (the treatment of ) dropsy
when strength is lacking
Endive seeds ten dirham; mezereon leaves soaked in vinegar (and)
then dried one dirham; two thirds of a dirham (from) agaric; cucumber
seeds two and a half dirham; rose petals two and a half dirham. This is
made into ten pastilles, (and) a potion (may be prepared by using) one
pastille with the quince oxymel.30

(40)
Another mezereon pastille
Mezereon, dodder, and turpeth one dirham of each; Kerman cumin,
Indian salt, and chebulic and yellow myrobalan half a dirham of each.
(These ingredients) are brought together by grinding, (and) a potion
(may be made by using) one dirham (of it) with hot water.

(41)
The spikenard pastilles
for (the treatment of ) an inveterate tumour
in the stomach
Citronella blades, cassia, roses, rhubarb, lemon grass, and Indian
spikenard three dirham of each; sa
ron, anise, alecost, and black pep-
per one dirham of each; bdellium africanum three dirham; mastic two
dirham; ammoniacum one dirham. (This) is formed into pastilles, (and)
a potion (may be made by using) one miql (of it) every day with wine
boiled down to one quarter.

(42)
A pastille for (the treatment of ) chronic scabies
Burnt vitriol and burnt salt, sulphur, mercury dust, oak galls, turmeric,
and litharge one part of each. (This) is pounded, strained, kneaded
with water, formed into pastilles of three dirham each, dried, and used
after scratching the scabious area and rubbing onto it wine vinegar,
honey, salt, and green lye.

30
See recipe 195.
192 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(43)
A pastille for (the treatment of ) moist scabies
Ceruse, kamala, babul, tabasheer, and pomegranate owers half a ra
l
of each; potsherds one ra
l. (This) is pounded, strained, kneaded with
rose oil and wine vinegar, and used.

(44)
A pastille for (the treatment of ) dry scabies
Pomegranate owers, turmeric, and litharge one part of each; pine
resin, bitter lentils, greater celandine, and long birthwort half a part
of each. (This) is pounded, kneaded with wine vinegar, and used.

(45)
A pastille for those who su
er from spleen
disease(invented) by Ibn at-Tilm
Agrimony sap two miql; water ag two miql; the peels of the caper
root four (miql); the pulp of serpent melon seeds and musk melon
seeds ve (miql) of each; endive seeds and ax dodder three (miql)
of each; anise, celery seeds, and fennel seeds two dirham of each; bitter
almonds three (dirham); rusty back fern ve dirham. (This) is pounded,
kneaded with bitter endive-water or with vinegar in which had been
soaked ammoniacum, and formed into pastilles of one miql.

(46)
And for (the treatment of ) the
indurated spleen
Rusty back fern is cooked in wine, strained o
, and drunk on an empty
stomach for a few days; the application of a cataplasm (made) from
ammoniacum and vinegaras if it were clay(also) relaxes the spleen.

(47)
And (again) for that
Agnus castus seeds and the peels of the caper root ve dirham of each.
(This) is soaked in vinegar, dried, pounded, and three dirham from
the lot are taken every day with oxymel beverage31 to cure the spleen
within a week.
31
Compare recipe 185.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 193

Chapter Two
on
Pills and Hierata

(48)
A pill for (the treatment of ) the cough
in children who, besides heavy coughing,
are (also) troubled by vomiting
Opium one dirham; starch, gum-arabic, liquorice rob, and light-
coloured poppy one dirham of each. (This) is pounded, kneaded with
eawort maceration, formed into pills similar to peppercorns, and
one (of these) is put in the mouth at bedtime, not to be swallowed.

(49)
A hospital pill for (the treatment of ) coughing
Liquorice rob, starch, tragacanth, sweet almonds, and gum-arabic
three dirham of each; white sugar candy ve dirham. (This) is pounded,
strained, kneaded with quince seed maceration, formed into pills sim-
ilar to chickpeas, and used.

(50)
A pill for (the treatment of ) the cough
in a frail disposition
Starch, tragacanth, gum-arabic, almonds, peeled broad beans, and
Armenian bole in equal parts are kneaded with eawort maceration.
The sheikh Ab l- Al   id ibn at-Tilm says about the treatment of
the soft and slippery stomach: The carob stomachic32 with fresh box-
thorn-water is among the strongest (remedies) to toughen the stom-
ach, followed by the pomegranate ower pastille33 with the myrtle rob,34
and the astringent quince stomachic35 with the sour apple rob;36 one may
(also) apply to the stomach a cataplasm (made) from roses, lignaloes, saf-
fron, lemon grass, cyperus, and ramie kneaded together with myrtle-
water and mint-water; and the diet (should consist) of baked or grilled

32
See e.g. recipe 247 in Kahl Sbr 151 and Sbr 127 respectively.
33
See recipe 11.
34
See recipe 166.
35
See recipe 134.
36
Compare recipe 162.
194 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

francolin or partridgeif (the patient) is too weak to digest these, (he

is given) spoon-meat,37 and if he dislikes them (that way), they are
boiled in vinegar (and) then roasted.38

(51)
For (the treatment of ) moist cough,
and choking with a superuity of moisture
released from the stomach and oesophagus
Inspissated turpeth two dirham; peeled sweet almonds four dirham;
sugar eight dirham. (This) is pounded, kneaded with (a few) drops of
wine boiled down to one quarter, and made into pills which are swal-
lowed before going to sleep.

(52)
A diuretic
Celery seeds, dyers madder, carrot seeds, parsley, savin, asarabacca,
visnaga, fennel, Indian spikenard, alecost, and bitter almonds ten
dirham of each; musk melon seeds ve dirham; ammoniacum three
dirham. (This) is dissolved in wine, made into hazelnuts, (and) a
potion (may be prepared by using) a weight of three dirham (of it).

(53)
Hazelnuts for (the treatment of )
burning urinary sensations and vesical ulcers
Musk melon seeds ten dirham; cucumber seeds ve dirham; gourd seeds
ve dirham; purslane seeds two dirham; henbane seeds, marshmal-
low seeds, almonds, tragacanth, liquorice rob, light-coloured poppy,
starch, Armenian bole, and celery seeds two dirham of each. (This) is
kneaded with water, formed into pills, and used.

37
zrba spoon-meat < Persian zrah-b puls cum carne avis pinguis, cumino et
aceto cocta, see Vullers Lexicon 2/170; cf. also Dozy Supplment 1/618.
38
Ab l- Al   id ibn at-Tilm (. second half of 5th/11th century), on whose
authority the preceding information is given, was Ibn at-Tilms own father and
apparently himself a physician of some repute, see Ibn Ab Uaibi a Uyn 1/259,4f.;
since this is practically all we know about  id, it is impossible to say whether the
quotation originates from a (hypothetical) text or rather a personal instruction.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 195

(54)
(A remedy) which crumbles kidney stones
Balm seeds, radish seeds, carrot, parsley, the peels of the caper root,
the peels of the opopanax root, bitter almonds, bay laurel seeds, cit-
ronella, cyperus, Indian spikenard, rusty back fern, harmala, gentian,
birthwort, asarabacca, Jews stone, wild caraway, myrrh, ammonia-
cum, sagapenum, bdellium mukul, black pepper, and sweet ag in
equal parts. Pound what can be pounded, and mix it with balm oil;
(then) soak the remaining (ingredients), namely the resins, in a little
water, and knead the (other) ingredients with it. (This) is made into
pills, and every day one dirham (of it) is drunk together with one dniq
(of ) scorpions ashes39for that crumbles the kidney stones within
fourteen days, or so they say.

(55)
Scorpions ashes
Take the scorpions, put them in a cooking-pot made of baked clay and
hair, close its top, place it on a brick in a moderately preheated oven
for six hours, (then) remove and use (that).

(56)
The hiera picra
hiera meaning divine and picra bitter40
Mastic, sa
ron, Indian spikenard, balm seeds, balm twigs, asarabacca,
cassia, and cinnamom one dirham of each; aloe sixteen dirham. A potion
(may be made by using) two dirham (of it).

(57)
The hiera pill
Hiera picra41 and white turpeth ten dirham of each; yellow and chebu-
lic myrobalan, and anise ve dirham of each; Indian salt two dirham;
scammony grilled in quinces two and a half dirham. (This) is pounded,
kneaded with Nabataean celery-water, (and) a potion (may be made
by using) two and a half dirham (of it).

39
See recipe 55.
40
hiera picra <   lit. divine bitter is the name of an antidote (thence
higry-pigry), see Liddell/Scott Lexicon 1403 with Ullmann Medizin 296.
41
On hiera picra see note 40 above.
196 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(58)
The aloe pill
Aloe ten dirham; roses, chebulic myrobalan, and mastic ve dirham of
each; sa
ron one dirham. (This) is formed into pills (by kneading it)
with celery-water in which had been soaked bdellium mukul, (and) a
potion (may be made by using) two and a half dirham (of it).

(59)
The meadow saron pill
Aloe, meadow sa
ron, and yellow myrobalan one part of each; Antioch
scammony one sixth of a part. A potion (may be made by using) two
and a half dirham (of it).

(60)
The joints pill
Meadow sa
ron, green-winged orchid, cocculus, paeony, small cen-
taury, turpeth, aloe, and black myrobalan one part of each. (This) is
pounded, kneaded with hot water, formed into pills, (and) a potion
(may be made by using) two and a half dirham (of it) and one dniq (of )
scammony each time.

(61)
The plum lohoch
Half an qya of plums together with one dniq (of ) scammony (make)
a potion.42

(62)
The stomachic43 pill
Balm seeds, balm twigs, cassia, Indian spikenard, asarabacca, cinnamom,
citronella root, sa
ron, mastic, the rootstock of sweet ag, absinthe
sap, rolled birthwort, and Indian salt one dirham of each; Socotra
aloe fteen dirham; scammony, agaric, and the pulp of colocynth

42
This recipe should rather be expected to gure in chapter six on lohochs and robs.
43
In the present text, stomachic occurs either as the name of a pharmacological
product (specic), or as the name of a pharmacological category (general). The former
is represented by the term u
umaqn <  good for the stomach, see
Liddell/Scott Lexicon 1649; the latter is represented by the term awrin < Persian
guwrin medicamentum compositum, quod cibi digerendi caussa edunt, see Vullers
Lexicon 2/1040.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 197

four dirham of each. (These ingredients) are brought together by

pounding and straining, and (then) by kneading them with celery-
water. (This) is formed into pills similar to peppercorns, (and) a potion
(may be made by using) two dirham (of it) with hot water.

(63)
A pill which is useful against melancholia
Dodder twenty dirham; polypody ten dirham; agaric ten dirham; black
hellebore two and a half dirham; Indian salt two and a half dirham;
French lavender seven dirham; hiera picra44 fteen dirham. (This) is
brought together, pounded, strained, formed into pills, (and) a potion
(may be made by using) three to four dirham (of it).

(64)
The abyr 45 pill
Aloe three dirham; mastic and roses one dirham of each. (This) is
pounded, formed into pills, dried, (and) a potion (may be made by
using) one miql to two dirham (of it) at bedtime.

(65)
The qqy46 pill
which is attributed to Galen the famous,47
and which is (also) mentioned by ar-R z
in (his book entitled) al-Murid as an example
for the composition of purgative drugs48
Aloe, mastic, the sap or leaves of absinthe, scammony, and the pulp
of colocynth in equal parts. (This) is brought together with celery-
44
On hiera picra see note 40 above.
45
abyr < Persian ab-yr lit. friend of the night, i.e. a remedy (here: a pill) to
be taken at bedtime; cf. Vullers Lexicon 2/409 (noctis amicus) nom. electuarii vel
potionis somniferae and Ullmann Medizin 298.
46
qqy < Syriac <  (dim.[?] of  ) pill, cf. Liddell/Scott Lexicon 971,
Dozy Supplment 2/428, and Schmucker abar 367; an isolated reference to the actual
use of the term  [little] pill in Greek is a prescription against coughing given
by Alexander of Tralleis (d. 605 CE) under the heading   Hustenpillen,
see Puschmann Alexander 2/182f. In any case the expression qqy pill (abb qqy)
is a curious tautology.
47
Galen (lns <  ) of Pergamon (d. 199 CE), the famous Greek physician
on whom see Kudlien/Wilson Galen passim; on Galen in Islam cf. Walzer Dj lns
402f. with Ullmann Medizin 3568 and GaS 3/68140. I have not been able to substanti-
ate the attribution of the qqy pill to Galen.
48
For the essentials of this recipe, adopted from Muammad ibn Zakary  ar-R zs
198 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

water, (and) a potion (may be made by using) one and a half up to

two dirham (of it). Ibn at-Tilm (however says): (A nal dose of ) two
dirham would contain (a relative share of ) four dniq scammony and
just as much colocynth pulp, making this (prescription) very strong
indeed. In my opinion the potion should be (made by using only) half
a dirham up to one dirhamsuch that (a nal dose of ) half a dirham
would contain (a relative share of ) one dniq of (each of ) these two
(ingredients), which makes a weak potion; and that (a nal dose of )
one dirham would contain (a relative share of ) two dniq (of each),
which makes a perfect potion. Perhaps when using this (prescription)
to (counter) colicky powers, one may actually end up with (a nal
dose of ) two dirham, as mentioned.

(66)
A pill which expels worms and ukes
Male fern, kamala, indigo seeds, Kabul embelia, lupine, white turpeth,
yellow myrobalan, and Turkish wormwood half a ra
l of each; add to it
the same (amount of ) sugar. (This) is pounded, formed into pills, (and)
a potion (may be made by using) six dirham from it(but) drink half
a ra
l (of ) fresh goatmilk before taking this (remedy), and afterwards
gulp down (a few) mouthfuls (of ) wine vinegar.

(67)
A hospital pill which clears the chest
White agaric three dirham; liquorice rob in a weight of one dirham;
white horehound one dirham; turpeth three dirham; hiera picra49 eleven
dirham; the pulp of colocynth and sarcocolla two dirham of each. (This)
is pounded, formed into pills, (and) a potion (may be made by using)
two dirham (of it).

(d. 313/925 or 323/935) aphoristic medical treatise al-Murid, see Iskandar Murshid
62,4
.
49
On hiera picra see note 40 above.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 199

(68)
A pill for (the treatment of ) halitosis
from (the book entitled) a -ara50
Lignaloes, clove, and mastic in equal (parts). (These ingredients) are
kneaded in pounded form with gum-arabic dissolved in aromatic
wine. (This) is formed into pills, and put in the mouth.

(69)
An hiera
mentioned by Al ibn al- Abb s51
which rids the stomach, the intestines,
the brain, and the nerves from residues,
loosens trapped wind, opens obstruction,
stimulates the appetite, strengthens the
digestion, straightens the mind, delays
ageing, and is useful in the preservation
of health, especially for those whose nature
is dominated by phlegm
Celery seeds and anise four dirham of each; fennel seeds, absinthe, and
visnaga three dirham of each; mastic, Indian spikenard, and cinnamom
in a weight of two dirham each; scraped (and) then pounded liquorice
root three dirham; Socotra aloe thirty dirham. (This) is nely pounded,
strained, and kneaded with the water of citron leaves for those who
are a
ected by phlegm, and with oxymel for those who are a
ected by
yellow bile; for those (however) who are a
ected by black bile admix
to all that ve dirham (of ) dodder, and knead it with the waters of
lemon balm and pennyroyal; and for him who is in need of this rem-
edy whilst su
ering from rectal pain or haemorrhoids knead it with
the water of bdellium africanum, whereby the amount of bdellium
going into each potion should be about half a dirham. (Such) a potion
(may be made by using) two to three dirham (of any of these prepara-
tions)and what a marvellous (remedy) it is!

50
For this recipe from  bit ibn Qurra al-arr ns (d. 288/901) pseudepigraphic
(?) medical handbook a -ara see  bit ara 53,5.
51
In its essential parts this recipe is a pretty neat adoption from Al ibn al- Abb s
al-Mass (d. late 4th/10th century) celebrated medical encyclopaedia, see Mas
Kmil 2/20,4
.
200 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(70)
The musk remedy
that is the musk remedy with absinthe
which is useful against palpitations, delusions,
and laryngeal tumours, and which desiccates
gastric moisture
Absinthe and aloe eight dirham of each; Chinese rhubarb six dirham;
visnaga, sa
ron, and celery seeds four dirham of each; musk, nard, lau-
rel, and myrrh two dirham of each; castoreum one and a half dirham.
(This) is pounded, kneaded with honey, (and) a perfect potion (may be
made by using) one miql (of it).

(71)
A pill which is suitable for jaundice in most cases
Agaric seven dirham; hiera picra52 six dirham; ax dodder seeds six
dirham; yellow myrobalan and garden orache seeds ve dirham of
each; fresh dodder and black myrobalan four dirham of each; Indian
salt, radish seeds, and scammony three dirham of each; anise, celery
seeds, and fennel two dirham of each. (This) is kneaded with the water
of young radish leaves, (and) a potion (may be made by using) two
dirham to two miql (of it).

(72)
The seed hazelnuts53
which strongly promote urination
Celery seeds, spignel, valerian, carrot, parsley, savin, asarabacca,
visnaga, fennel seeds, Indian spikenard, and bitter almonds twenty
dirham of each; peeled musk melon seeds ten dirham; ammoniacum
three dirham. The ammoniacum is dissolved in wine, and (the other
ingredients) are kneaded with it. This is formed into hazelnuts, (and)
a potion (may be made by using) three or ve of these.

52
On hiera picra see note 40 above.
53
For a di
erent prescription bearing the same name and also relating to urology
see recipe 20.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 201

(73)
For (the treatment of ) ukes and large worms
Male fern, embelia, kamala, turpeth, lupine, and myrrh (in) equal
(parts). A potion (may be made by using) four dirham (of it) with hot
water.

(74)
The sweet musk remedy
for (the treatment of ) palpitations,
black-bilious diseases, diculty in
breathing, epilepsy, hemiplegia,
facial paralysis, and quartan
Take zerumbet and great leopards bane one dirham of each; small
pearls, amber, red coral, and burnt raw silk one and a half dirham of
each; red sea lavender, white sea lavender, Indian laurel, Indian spike-
nard, grains of paradise, clove, castoreum, and usnea half a dirham of
each; ginger and long pepper four dniq of each; musk one and a half
dniq. The ingredients are pounded, strained through a cloth of silk,
and kneaded with raw honeycombs undisturbed by re (in a ratio of )
three parts of honey to one (part of ingredients). (This) is stored in a
vessel, and after two months a potion (may be made) with aromatic
wine by using from it (an amount) similar to a chickpea.

(75)
A pill which is useful against most kinds of colic
The pulp of colocynth and scammony two dirham of each; aloe three
dirham; borax and bdellium mukul one dirham of each. (This) is formed
into pills, (and) a potion (may be made by using) one dirham to one
miql (of it).
Among the electuaries which prove useful in resolving colic are
the (ones called) datish54 and ahriyrn,55 and with regard to easing
colical pain the (one called) Greek Filniy56 and, it is said, (also) the

54
See recipe 145 (stomachic).
55
See e.g. recipe 252 in Kahl Sbr 152f. and Sbr 129 respectively (stomachic).
ahriyrn < Persian ahr-yrn lit. friends of the city, i.e. princes, kings, emperors
and the like, cf. Vullers Lexicon 2/486; at the same time, ahryr is an Iranian proper
name of ancient fame, see Justi Namenbuch 174
.
56
See recipe 119.
202 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

Persian Filniy57but compared to the other, the Greek is particularly

renowned for this (e
ect); and hiera picra58 is of great benet when
checking nausea in those who su
er from colic.

Chapter Three
on
Powders

(76)
The bole powder
for (the treatment of ) abrasion
and yellow-bilious diarrhoea
Sweet basil seeds, plantain seeds, sorrel seeds, starch, gum-arabic, and
purslane seeds one part of each; Armenian bole, rose seeds, and pome-
granate owers one and a half parts of each. (This) is roasted except
the bole, and three dirham from it are swallowed dry with the quince
only rob.59

(77)
The pomegranate seed powder
which strengthens the stomach and the intestines
Pomegranate seeds, the seeds of unripe grapes, the seeds of (ripe)
grapes, myrtle seeds, Syrian carob, Nabataean carob, acorn, dried
coriander soaked in sumach-water, and sumach one part of each;
babul and Bengal quince one and a half parts of each. All (this) is then
roasted, pounded, and a potion (may be made) by using three dirham
(of it).

(78)
The stalks powder
Roast the stalks of the service-tree, the lote-tree, the date-palm, the
quince-tree, the Syrian carob-tree, and the mulberry-tree (bearing)

57
See recipe 120.
58
On hiera picra see note 40 above.
59
Compare recipe 161.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 203

immature (fruit), bring them together (in) equal (parts), and use
them.

(79)
A powder for those who su
er from the cough
in conjunction with diarrhoea
Sweet chestnut, the peels of dainty reddish almonds, Syrian carob,
Nabataean carob, washed Armenian bole, gum-arabic, starch, purs-
lane seeds, and poppy. (This) is roasted except the bole, and used.

(80)
A powder which retains urine
Cyperus, Indian spikenard, French lavender, frankincense and the bark
of its tree, and the grilled inner skins of acorn-cups in equal parts.
(This) is pounded, brought together, and one miql from it is taken in
the mornings and (again) at the end of the day.

(81)
A powder which retains trickling urine
Acorn, the bark of the frankincense(-tree), myrrh, and elecampane in
equal (parts). (This) is pounded, and one miql from it is swallowed
dry, if necessary with wine boiled down to one quarter(so) it is used,
and sumach is eaten upon the powder.

(82)
The craysh powder
for (the treatment of ) coughing up
purulent matter
The ashes of freshwater craysh ten dirham; gum-arabic, Cyprian
bole, and light-coloured and dark-coloured poppy ve dirham of each;
tragacanth three dirham. (This) is nely pounded, (and) a potion (may
be made by using) a weight of two dirham (of it) with forty dirham
asss milk; sometimes it is drunk with two qya jujube beverage, and
one may also take a miql from it at the end of the day together with
poppy beverage.60

60
See recipe 191.
204 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(83)
The maqliy61 powder
for (the treatment of ) long-standing
diarrhoea, dysentery, gastric debility,
coldness, and haemorrhoids
Fried garden peppercress one and a half ra
l; leek seeds and cumin half
a ra
l of each; linseed one third of a ra
l; mastic one qya; chebulic and
black Indian myrobalan fried in cows ghee one fourth of a ra
l each.
All (this) is roasted, brought together, and used.

(84)
The hospital powder (called) maqliy
Chebulic myrobalan, acorn, pomegranate owers, and babul one part
of each; pomegranate seeds two parts; oak gall half a part. The myro-
balans, acorns, and oak galls are crushed and fried in rose oil, the
pomegranate seeds are roasted. (This) is pounded, and used.

(85)
A powder which is useful against epilepsy
according to Qus 62
Chebulic myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, mastic, French lavender, and
polypody in equal parts. Three dirham from it are drunk every day.

(86)
The purgative powder with cheese-water63
Yellow myrobalan, Socotra aloe, roses, tragacanth, scammony grilled
in quinces, anise, washed Armenian stone, dodder, absinthe, French
lavender, fumitory seeds, polypody, borage, turpeth, and agaric. Take
from these (ingredients) whichever seem appropriate to be washed
down in the (given) situation, and have three dirham of this (compound
powder); or else conne yourself to three dirham of yellow myrobalan,

61
maqliy < Syriac maqly (root ql) roasted (scil. ingredients), cf. Payne Smith
Thesaurus 2/3620
. and Schmucker abar 484f.
62
Qus ibn Lq al-Ba labakk (d. ca. 300/912) was a philosopher-physician, math-
ematician, and translator of notably Greek scientic texts; as matters stand, I have
not been able to trace the above reference in any of Qus s hitherto published medi-
cal writings for which see Kahl Qus 312 note 4 (adding L. Ambjrn, Qus
 ibn Lq
on Numbness, Stockholm 2000).
63
For the preparation of cheese-water see recipe 226.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 205

pulverized like kohl and mixed with sweet almond oil and a similar
(amount of ) sugar(either way) swallow it dry and wash it down with
cheese-water. You may also take black Indian myrobalan together
with two dniq (of ) Indian salt and grilled scammony or, for a cooling
(e
ect), sugar and tabasheer. And as for substitute drugs (to go) with
cheese-water it is possible to take tabasheer, the esh of the barberry,
roses,64 the peeled seeds of serpent melon, cucumber, and sweet gourd,
purslane seeds, light-coloured poppy, white sandalwood, and things
like that. This (remedy) is useful for (the treatment of ) hot tempers.

(87)
A remedy which purges from (any)
viscid mucous residue
Ginger, turpeth, and sugar in equal parts. (These ingredients) are
brought together by grinding and straining, and two dirham are swal-
lowed dry (with) a potion of hot water.

(88)
A purgative remedy with cold water
Turpeth one dirham; Indian salt one and a half dirham. (These) two
(ingredients) are brought together by grinding and straining. (This)
is swallowed dry, and cold water is drunk upon it; drinking hot water
stops regurgitation.

(89)
A remedy which is drunk with hot water,
and which expels viscid phlegm and black bile
Scammony seven qr
; Socotra aloe ten qr
; Cretan dodder twelve
qr
; polypody ve qr
. (These ingredients) are brought together by
straining and are swallowed dry, whereafter hot water is taken. Ibn
at-Tilm (says): For those who cannot tolerate that, (prepare) an
altogether perfect potion (by using) one dniq scammony and one
dirham polypody (instead).

64
Roses are in fact already mentioned at the beginning of the recipe as constitu-
ents of the standard composition.
206 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(90)
A remedy which prevents geophagism
Kerman cumin and visnaga one part of each. (This) is chewed, and
swallowed before food.

(91)
Another for that
Grains of paradise, Malabar cardamom, and cubeb one part of each;
sugar as much as the total (amount). (This) is ground, and swallowed
dry on an empty stomach.

(92)
A remedy which prevents geophagism
and other such wicked things, and
which chases atuses away
Kerman cumin and anise two dirham of each; cyperus, dry mint, and
pennyroyal one miql of each; chebulic myrobalan, beleric myroba-
lan, and emblic three dirham of each. The ingredients are pounded,
white sugar candy is added to them in a weight matching their (total),
(and) a potion (may be made by using) just one dirham (of it) with cold
water.

(93)
Another powder which purges from black bile,
and which is drunk with cheese-water65
Polypody and dodder two dirham of each; chebulic and black myro-
balan ve dirham of each; borage and lemon balm leaves three dirham
of each; washed Armenian stone one dirham. A potion (may be made
by using) one to two dirham (of it) at rst, and twice as much towards
the end.

65
For the preparation of cheese-water see recipe 226.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 207

(94)
A powder which balances the (humoral)
mixture in the liver of someone who su
ers
from jaundice following evacuation
Roses and tabasheer two dirham of each; lac half a dirham; sa
ron and
rhubarb one fourth of a dirham each; camphor one dniq. If the natural
disposition (of the patient) is retaining, (this remedy) is taken with
the waters of plum, tamarind, and alhagi; if (the natural disposition)
is balancing, (it is taken) with oxymel.

(95)
A pastille for that as well
Barberry, tabasheer, and roses three dirham of each; endive seeds,
gourd (seeds), cucumber (seeds), purslane seeds, lettuce, and white
sandalwood one dirham of each; camphor one fourth of a dirham. (This)
is formed into pastilles of two dirham.66

(96)
A remedy for him who had contaminated food
that will not pass through (the digestive tract);
it softens the belly without (causing) stings or
(any other) damagefrom al-Mas 67
Dry gs and saower pulp one part of each. (These) two (ingredients)
are pounded, and a bit of pulverized fresh dodder is added. (This) is
used as necessary. Ibn at-Tilm (says): If (the amount of ) gs and
saower is one hundred dirham altogether, then (the amount of ) dod-
der should be ten dirham to ten miql; and between ten and fteen
dirham of this (remedy) are taken.

66
This recipe should rather be expected to gure in chapter one on pastilles.
67
s ibn Yay al-Mas (d. 401/1010) was a famous physician, one of the teach-
ers of Avicenna, and best known as the author of a medical encyclopaedia entitled
al-Mia which Ibn at-Tilm himself furnished with notes and glosses, cf. introduction
2.b.2.c; however, I have not been able to trace the above reference in this most likely
source of information for which see Sanagustin Livre passim.
208 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(97)
A powder for (the treatment of )
palpitations of the heart due to heat
The pulp of serpent melon seeds, cucumber seeds, and gourd (seeds),
barberry, Armenian bole, roses, and tabasheer two dirham of each;
amber and pure lignaloes one dirham of each; Fanr camphor68 one
fourth of a dirham; mastic one third of a dirham. All (this) is pounded,
and as required swallowed dry with apple-water or pomegranate-
water.

(98)
A powder which suppresses haemorrhage
Haematite, amber, dragons blood, red coral, Yemenite alum, pome-
granate owers, and Armenian bole ve dirham of each. (This) is
pounded, swallowed dry together with sumach infusion, and admin-
istered for seven days.

(99)
A powder which crumbles kidney stones
The seeds of cucumber, gourd, serpent melon, musk melon, marsh-
mallow, and fennel one dirham of each; saxifrage seeds and plum muci-
lage two dirham of each; Jews stone half a dirham. (This) is pounded,
strained, and drunk with a decoction which is prepared as follows
boil two dirham caltrop seeds in twelve dirham water until half (of it) is
left, (then) throw into it one qya eawort maceration and ve dirham
sugar, and make that last for seven days.

(100)
A powder which crumbles kidney stones69
for the cold-tempered
Balm seeds, radish seeds, the peels of the caper root, the peels of the
opopanax root, bitter almonds, bay laurel seeds, citronella, cyperus,
Indian spikenard, rusty back fern, harmala, Greek gentian, birthwort,

68
On Fanr see note 1 above.
69
For a parallel transmission (with minor variants) see recipe 54 which more
appropriately gures in chapter two on pills and hierata.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 209

asarabacca, Jews stone, wild caraway, ammoniacum, myrrh, saga-

penum, bdellium mukul, black pepper, and sweet ag in equal parts.
(These ingredients) are pounded, thoroughly mixed with balm oil,
kneaded with all the aforesaid (and) thence dissolved resins, made into
pills, (and) a potion (may be prepared by using) from them a weight of
one dirham together with one dniq from scorpions ashes.70

(101)
Another powder for (the treatment of )
kidney stones in the hot-tempered
The pulp of serpent melon seeds, cucumber (seeds), gourd (seeds),
musk melon (seeds), dark-coloured chickpeas, marshmallow seeds,
fennel seeds, and scorpions ashes three dirham of each; plum muci-
lage ve dirham; Jews stone ve dirham; maidenhair three dirham;
the calcied shells of hatched eggs in a weight of two dirham. (This)
is pounded, brought together, and a potion (may be made) by using
from it a weight of two dirham with water in which had been cooked
caltrop seeds.

(102)
A powder which crumbles
the kidney stones of children
Musk melon seeds ten (dirham); plum mucilage and saxifrage seeds
ve dirham of each. (This) is brought together, pounded, and used.

(103)
A powder for (the treatment of ) diabetes
Dry coriander and red roses ve dirham of each; the seeds of the sour
pomegranate ten dirham; myrtle seeds four dirham. (This) is roasted
except the roses, pounded, strained, (and) a potion (may be made by
using) three dirham (of it).

70
See recipe 55.
210 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

Chapter Four
on
Electuaries

(104)
An electuary which increases sexual potency
Carrot seeds, onion seeds, radish seeds, rocket seeds, lucerne seeds,
the pulp of cotton seeds, green-winged orchid, sweet alecost, ginger,
wallower, common ash, parsnip, the two sea lavenders,71 long pep-
per, and asafoetida resin one part of each. All (this) is pounded, and
three dirham from it are taken in the morning as well as before going
to sleep; and the diet (should consist of ) a thick bouillon72 with fat
meat, broad beans, chickpeas, egg white, cinnamom, and galingale, or
with chopped and grilled sh.

(105)
Sulaims yellow73
for (the treatment of ) black-bilious palpitations
White pepper, ginger, and Indian salt six dirham of each; opium,
castoreum, clove, mastic, pellitory, and alecost ve dirham of each;
red bryony which is fr,74 white bryony which is abandn,75 cype-
rus, zerumbet, great leopards bane, and long birthwort two dir-
ham of each; balm oil and camphor-water four dirham of each. (These

71
That is red sea lavender Limonium vulgare and white sea lavender Centaurea behen,
cf. Schmucker abar 122f.
72
isbdba thick bouillon < Persian ispd-b cibi genus ex carne, cepis, butyro, oleo,
apio et coriandro paratum, see Vullers Lexicon 1/92; cf. also Dozy Supplment 1/20.
73
The identity of Sulaim, clearly a proper name, is uncertain. abar Firdaus 453,
when introducing a variant transmission of this recipe, mentions that one Slym an-
Nkrw (sic) used it (istamalahu)a passage which Schmucker abar 75 leaves in
limbo; Qal nis Aqrb n 43 and 49, when mentioning a recipe of the same name,
says that its inventor Slym was a mandatary (wakl) of Abdall h ibn Ab Bakr (d. ca.
12/633), a son of the rst calipha statement which according to Fellmann Qalnis
116 is based on the physician Ab l-Fara Ibn Hind (d. 410/1019 or 420/1029). Why
this compound should also be called yellow is even more obscure; the only reason I can
possibly think of is a designation contraria contrariis, i.e. a yellow remedy to counter a
black-bilious condition, implying of course that the drug did actually have a yellow
colour once made and administered.
74
fr is the (somewhat mistakenly) arabicized form of Syriac alpar red bry-
ony Bryonia dioica, see Schmucker abar 520f.
75
abandn is Persian for white bryony Bryonia alba, see Schmucker abar 265f.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 211

ingredients) are brought together by pounding and straining, and

(then) by kneading them with claried honey. (This) is lled into a
glass vessel well below the brim, and left.

(106)
The smaller i
rfal76
which is useful against laxity and moistness
of the stomach, haemorrhoidal cramps, it straightens
the mind, and embellishes the complexion
Stoneless chebulic, yellow, and black myrobalan, beleric myrobalan,
and emblic in equal parts. (This) is pounded, strained, mixed with
sweet almond oil, kneaded with claried honey, stored in a vessel, and
a potion (may be made) by using three dirham (of it).

(107)
The larger i
rfal77
which increases the sexual potency of
those who have a moist-cold temper
Stoneless chebulic and black myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, the milk
of emblic, black pepper, and long pepper three dirham of each; gin-
ger, green-winged orchid, mace, Indian garden cress, parsnip, red and
white wallower, common ash, wild pomegranate seeds which are
the seeds of qilqil,78 peeled sesame, white sugar candy, light-coloured
poppy, and the two sea lavenders79 one dirham of each. (These ingre-
dients) are brought together by pounding and straining, and (then)
by kneading them with claried honey which had been mixed before
with cows ghee. (This) is stored in a vessel, and used.

76
i
rfal < Sanskrit triphal (not to be confused with ), a name sometimes
given to such compounds which are based on the following group of myrobalans:
Terminalia chebula var. citrina (Sanskrit hartak / Arabic halla or ihlla), Terminalia
bellerica (Sanskrit vibhtak / Arabic balla), and Phyllanthus emblica (Sanskrit malak /
Arabic amla), see Schmucker abar 75f.
77
On i
rfal see note 76 above.
78
qilqil is, strictly speaking, a name for the East Indian cassia variety Cassia tora, but
its identication with the pomegranate Punica granatum sspp. goes back a long way,
see e.g. Schmucker abar 357.
79
See note 71 above.
212 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(108)
The raisin electuary
for those who su
er from epilepsy
Chebulic and yellow myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, emblic, and French
lavender ten dirham of each; paeony which is fwniy 80 ve dirham;
pellitory seven dirham. Pound (this), bring it together, take one ra
l
(of ) seedless raisins, pound (that), and knead the (other) ingredients
with it. A potion (may be made by using) ve dirham (of it).

(109)
The minty electuary
for (the treatment of ) cold pains in the bowels
Watermint, mountain mint, parsley, and moon carrot twelve dirham
of each; celery seeds, chamomile, and calamint four dirham of each;
lovage fteen dirham; black pepper forty-four dirham. (These ingredi-
ents) are brought together by pounding and straining, (and then by
kneading them) with thrice as much claried honey. A potion (may be
made by using) just one miql (of it) with hot water.

(110)
The happy end electuary
which is useful against melancholia
Black myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, and emblic ten dirham of each;
polypody, dodder, French lavender, and turpeth ve dirham of each.
(This) is pounded, kneaded, (and) a potion (may be made by using)
ve dirham (of it). Sometimes, on a day when it seems necessary to
stimulate nature, (this remedy) is enforced by an appropriate amount
of Armenian stone and agaric(such that) ve dirham of these two
and twice as much or a little bit more of the (other) ingredients are
added to and kneaded with one dirham or one miql (of ) honey; the
latter may be replaced by sugar, dissolved (and) thickened like honey.

80
fwniy is the arabicized form of  paeony Paeonia ocinalis, see
Schmucker abar 308.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 213

(111)
The Greek sealing bole electuary
which is useful against lethal poisons
that were drunk or emptied into human
bodies by reptiles and (other) vermin
Greek bole and bay laurel seeds two dirham of each; gazelles rennet
eight dirham; hares rennet four dirham; Greek gentian, rolled birth-
wort, rue seeds, myrrh, and bay laurel leaves one dirham of each. (These
ingredients) are brought together by straining, and (then) by knead-
ing them with claried honey. (This) is stored, and as required a potion
(may be made) by using (from it an amount) similar to a broad bean.

(112)
A delightful hot electuary
for (the treatment of ) palpitations occurring
from coldness; it heats and strengthens the
heart, and it does the same to the stomach
Canella, clove, cinnamom, and Indian spikenard one part of each;
usnea, opercula of snail shells, pomegranate, and sweet basil two parts
of each; sa
ron and mastic half a part of each. (This) is ground, and
kneaded with claried honey.

(113)
A delightful cold (remedy)
which, among other things, is good for
the hot liver, and whose benets are
opposite to those of the former
Light-coloured poppy, dry coriander, and sweet musk melon seeds three
parts of each; white tabasheer, red roses, and borage one and a half
parts of each; barberry sap and sealing bole one part of each. (This) is
ground, and kneaded with honey in which are preserved myrobalans.

(114)
A delightful balancing (remedy)
The two sea lavenders81 ve parts of each; stoneless chebulic myro-
balan twenty dirham; fumitory, borage, and lemon balm ten dirham

81
See note 71 above.
214 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

of each; coriander, tabasheer, and sealing bole three dirham of each;

raw silk cocoons which had been scorchednot burnt to ashesso
that they char and can be ground, Maq r sandalwood,82 and pista-
chio skins two dirham of each; red coral, pearls, and the nest amber
one dirham of each; raw Indian lignaloes half a miql. Pound these
ingredients, and mix them together. (Then) take from apple-water,
fragrant quince(-water), sour citron-water, barberry-water, sourish
pomegranate-water, rose-water, and (from) the nest aromatic wine
or wine boiled down to one half (an amount of ) one fourth of a ra
l
each. Bring the waters together, melt into them three ra
l (of ) pure
sugar, skim o
the scum, and let them gain the consistency of honey.
(Finally) knead the (previous) ingredients with it. (This) is stored, and
every day a spoonful or ve dirham from it are taken; and the diet to
go along with it (should consist) in most cases of barberry relish or
sweetened spoon-meat.83

(115)
An electuary which helps particularly
those who have a moist temper to improve
(their) memoryfrom al-Kind 84
Lucerne seeds two dirham; sweet ag one dirham. (This) is pounded,
mixed with cows ghee, and kneaded with honey.

(116)
A delightful wholesome (remedy containing)
a precious stone
Mountain borage, lemon balm, sweet basil seeds, and red and white sea
lavender seven dirham of each; cinnamom, dry coriander, tabasheer,
amber, red coral, raw Indian lignaloes, and burnt raw silk cocoonsas
described before85in a weight of two dirham each; sealing bole and
unpierced pearls one miql of each; sa
ron one dirham; clove two
dirham; zerumbet and great leopards bane three dirham of each; gold,

82
On Maq r see note 5 above.
83
On zrb (a sidekick of zrba) spoon-meat see note 37 above.
84
For a full-blown version of this recipe, adopted from Ya qb ibn Is q al-Kinds
(d. shortly after 256/870) dispensatory originally entitled al-Itiyrt, see Levey Kind
32f. no. 2.
85
See the instruction given in recipe 114 regarding the burning of silk.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 215

silver, and ruby lings two dniq of each; orache two dirham; cubeb
and grains of paradise three dirham of each; emblic soaked in aromatic
wine and then roasted twenty dirham; the petals of Persian roses ve
dirham; the bark of Maq r sandalwood86 three dirham. Pound the
ingredients nely, and bring them together. (Then) take from chebulic
myrobalans preserved in honey half a ra
l, from julep having gained
the consistency of honey one and a half mann at most, and from seed-
less R ziq raisins87 just one ra
l. Pound the raisins by sprinkling on
them rose-water and a bit of aromatic wine so as to mix them prop-
erly. (Finally) blend all the (other) ingredients with it, and with the
myrobalan honey and the consolidated julep, and whip that well until
its parts are even. (This) is stored in a vessel of glass or porcelain, and
every day two to three miql (of it) are used.

(117)
Again a delightful balancing (remedy)
The two sea lavenders,88 chebulic myrobalan, senna, fumitory, roses,
and borage in equal parts. (These ingredients) are kneaded with thrice
as much honey.

(118)
The asafoetida resin electuary
Asafoetida resin, black pepper, myrrh, and rue leaves in equal parts.
(This) is kneaded with honey, (and) a potion (may be made by using)
one dirham (of it).

(119)
The Greek Filniy89
which eases colical pains and the like
White pepper and henbane seeds twenty miql of each; opium ten
miql; sa
ron ve miql; spurge, Indian spikenard, and pellitory one

86
On Maq r see note 5 above.
87
R ziqles raisins qui portent ce nom sont petits, blancs et trs-petits ppins,
see Dozy Supplment 1/524.
88
See note 71 above.
89
Filniy < !" or, correctly, !" (remedy) invented by Philo, see
Liddell/Scott Lexicon 1942 with Dozy Supplment 2/282; this recipe is also known
as Philonium romanum, see e.g. Schmucker abar 324. On Philo of Tarsos, a poet-
physician and pharmacologist of the late Hellenistic period, see DkP 4/776 no. 13.
216 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

miql of each. (This) is kneaded with claried honey, (and) a potion

(may be made by using from it an amount similar to) a chickpea with
tepid water.

(120)
The Persian Filniy90
for (the treatment of ) bleeding and a lax
constitution; it (also) protects the unborn
White pepper and henbane seeds twenty dirham of each; opium and
sealing bole ten dirham of each; sa
ron ve dirham; spurge, Indian
spikenard, and pellitory two dirham of each; castoreum one dirham;
zerumbet, great leopards bane, unpierced pearls, and musk half a
dirham of each; camphor one and a half dniq; and (enough) claried
honey to knead (the ingredients) with. A potion (may be made by
using) one dirham (of it) with any suitable beverage.

(121)
A delightful cold (remedy)
Tabasheer ten dirham; rose petals ve dirham; borage ten dirham; bar-
berry sap ve dirham; Greek bole seven dirham; the milk of emblic
fteen dirham; Maq r sandalwood91 two dirham; dry coriander two
dirham; the outer shells of the pistachio two dirham; great leopards
bane from Greece two dirham; the two sea lavenders,92 amber, red
coral, and unpierced pearls two dirham of each; sa
ron two dniq; pure
gold and unalloyed silver one miql of each; ruby half a miql; raw silk
cocoons which had been burnt in an earthen bowl with its top closed
one dirham. Pound the ingredients, and turn the gold and silver into
lingseither by scraping it over a new whetstone and (then) wash it
or by rasping it with a small-toothed le. Bring everything together in
ground form. Then take from sour apple-water and from sour citron-
water fteen dirham each, and from zist n sugar93 two mann; melt

90
On Filniy see note 89 above; this recipe is also known as Philonium persicum, see
e.g. Schmucker abar 324.
91
On Maq r see note 5 above.
92
See note 71 above.
93
zist n is a province in southwestern Iran which in the Middle Ages was famous
for its sugar plantations and in the 4th/10th century even had a monopoly on the sale
of cane-sugar throughout Iran, Iraq, and Arabia, see Wiedemann Aufstze 2/306 and
Savory Khzist n 80.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 217

the sugar with the waters, skim o

the scum, and let them gain the
consistency of honey. (This) is put into a broad jug (made of ) china
(clay) so that it can breathe, and as required ve dirham to ve miql
(of it) are used.

(122)
An i
rfal94
which rids the stomach and the adjacent
(organs) as well as the head from phlegm
and black bile; it is safe (to be used even)
by a pregnant woman who is breast-feeding
Stoneless chebulic, yellow, and black Indian myrobalan, beleric myro-
balan, and emblic twelve dirham of each; scraped (and) inspissated
white turpeth ten dirham; anise two dirham; fresh dodder ve dirham.
Pound (that), mix it with forty dirham sweet almond oil, and knead
it with three ra
l of zist n sugar95(the latter you prepare by)
evaporating one mann of rose-water and borage-water to half (of that
amount), (then) by cooking (the sugar) in it, skimming o
the scum,
and letting it gain the consistency of honey. (This) is stored in a jug,
(and) a potion (may be made by using) ve miql (of it).

(123)
The happy end electuary96
for those who su
er from melancholia
Black myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, and emblic ten dirham of each;
polypody, dodder, French lavender, and turpeth ve dirham of each.
(This) is pounded, kneaded with honey, (and) a potion (may be made
by using) ve dirham (of it). If it appears necessary to enforce the pur-
gative (e
ect) of this (remedy), one miql of agaric and Armenian
stone is put into a single potion.

(124)
An electuary which is useful against epilepsy
Bay laurel seeds four dirham; moon carrot three dirham; rolled birth-
wort two dirham; paeony root three dirham; castoreum two dirham; the
94
On i
rfal see note 76 above.
95
On zist n see note 93 above.
96
For a parallel transmission (with minor variants) see recipe 110.
218 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

squill pastilles97 one dirham. (This) is kneaded, and one spoonful from it
is drunk with honey-water or squillitic oxymel.98 Pellitory on its own,
kneaded with honey, is (also) useful against epilepsy.

(125)
An electuary which protects from poisons
Take sealing bole and bay laurel seeds ten dirham of each. (This) is
pounded, strained, kneaded with cows ghee and claried honey, and
used before and after food.

(126)
An electuary which is useful against
vitiligoit is proven by experience
Reddish Cretan dodder thirteen dirham; yellow myrobalan thirty-two
dirham; black and chebulic myrobalan seven dirham of each; very sweet
seedless raisins twelve dirham. All (this) is pounded until it resembles
marrow, ground with violet oil or almond oil, and every morning a
quantity of one walnut is taken from it, and likewise in the evening.

(127)
An electuary which is useful against
fear and black bile
Black myrobalan twelve (dirham); dodder fteen (dirham); harmala,
sweet basil seeds, white wild marjoram, agaric, black hellebore, and
borage fteen (dirham) of each; French lavender ten (dirham); clove
two dirham; lemon balm, citron rinds, and sweet basil three dirham of
each; nutmeg and sukk99 one dirham of each. (This) is nely pounded,
kneaded with currants and honey, and used.

(128)
An electuary which is useful against
facial paralysis
Kerman cumin ve dirham; frankincense one miql; globe thistle
which is az100 two dirham; white pepper one dirham; clove, nutmeg,

97
See e.g. Ibn Sn Qnn 3/314,1217.
98
Compare recipe 186.
99
On sukk see note 4 above.
100
az is, strictly speaking, a name for the wild variety of dill Anethum silvestre,
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 219

and sa
ron half a miql of each. All (this) is nely pounded, kneaded
with claried honey, (and) a potion (may be made by using) one to two
dirham (of it).

(129)
The large marking-nutty (remedy)
which is a treacle against hemiplegia,
tremor, and apoplexy in particular, and
all (kinds of ) cold disorders
Ginger, pellitory, black cumin, alecost, black pepper, long pepper, and
sweet ag ten dirham of each; rue leaves, asafoetida resin, gentian,
birthwort, bay laurel seeds, castoreum, garden cress, and mustard ve
dirham of each; the honey of marking nuts ve dirham and one third
(of a dirham). (This) is nely pounded, mixed with walnut oil, kneaded
with claried honey, (and) a potion (may be made by using) from it (an
amount) similar to one hazelnut.

(130)
The small marking-nutty (remedy)
for (the treatment of ) lichen, weakness of sight,
(the symptoms of ) ageing, and forgetfulness
Black myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, and emblic ten dirham of each;
frankincense, globe thistle, black pepper, ginger, and the honey of
marking nuts ve dirham of each; and (enough) bee honey to bring
(the ingredients) together. A potion (may be made) as (with) the pre-
vious (remedy), but sometimes sweet ag, cyperus, and Indian spike-
nard are added to it (in a weight of ) ve dirham each.

(131)
An electuary which is very useful
against epilepsy
Pellitory, moon carrot, and French lavender ten dirham of each; agaric,
wild caraway, good asafoetida resin, rolled birthwort, asphodel which
is the root of ars,101 balm seeds, and paeony two and a half dirham of

but not uncommonly identied with the globe thistle Echinops ruthenicus var. sphaero-
cephalus, see e.g. Schmucker abar 176f. and 223f.
101
ars is another name for asphodel Asphodelus spp., see Lw Panzennamen
290
.
220 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

each; chebulic, yellow, and black Indian myrobalan fteen dirham of

each. Express the juice of the squill, pour on it the same (amount of )
honey, cook (that), and (then) knead the (previous) ingredients with
itthis is an excellent (and) e
ective (preparation) from which you
may draw the utmost benet by regularly employing it with (the rem-
edies called) hiera Hermes102 and small marking-nutty.103

(132)
An electuary which is useful against
chill, and which intensies (the desire for)
sexual intercourse
Galingale twelve dirham; carrot seeds and rocket seeds fteen dirham
of each. All (this) is nely pounded, kneaded with claried honey,
(and) at bedtime a potion (may be made by using from it an amount)
similar to one walnut.

Chapter Five
on
Stomachics

(133)
The hammer-scale stomachic
which is useful against gastric debility
The petals of Persian roses, Maq r sandalwood,104 Indian spike-
nard, the esh of the barberry, chebulic, yellow, and black myroba-
lan, beleric myrobalan, emblic, washed Armenian bole, coriander,
tabasheer, borage, cinnamom, cubeb, grains of paradise, mastic, areca,
cyperus, pistachio shells, anf lignaloes,105 dry mint, myrtle, and the

102
See e.g. recipe 38 in Kahl Sbr 61 and Sbr 51 respectively (electuary). On
Hermes (Hirmis < # ) Trismegistos and Hermetism in Islam see Ullmann NGw 368
378 and passim; hiera <  (remedy lled with or manifesting) divine (power), see
Liddell/Scott Lexicon 820 and 822.
103
See recipe 130.
104
On Maq r see note 5 above.
105
anf is the Arabic name for the historical state of Champa which covered
roughly the middle part of modern Vietnam and was famous for its excellent aloes,
see Tibbetts Study 159f. with map 5 and Lamant anf 17.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 221

dried eshless rinds of the yellow citron one part of each; Basra iron
oxide prepared with sour vinegar and potash three parts. Pound these
ingredients nely, and mix them together. (Then) take from zist n
sugar106 as much as their total, melt it in rose-water, skim o
the scum,
and wait until it sticks to the hand a little. (Now) strew the ingredients
on it, and whip (that) until (all) parts are absorbed. (Finally) besmear
a plate of silver or marble with superb rose oil, spread the stomachic
over it, cut it in span-long pieces, leave these to dry, store them in a
glass (vessel), and use from them (a quantity of ) one or two miql.

(134)
The astringent quince stomachic
Take coreless peeled quinces and claried honey two ra
l of each; black
pepper, long pepper, and ginger ve dirham of each; cardamom one
dirham; grains of paradise, clove, Indian spikenard, cinnamom, and saf-
fron two dirham of each. These ingredients are brought together by
pounding and straining. The quinces (however) are cooked in wine,
which is the original, or wine boiled down to (either) one half or one
third or raisin wine and honeysome physicians cook them in fra-
grant vinegar but aromatic wine is more appropriate, then taken o

the re, drained so as to loose all moisture, and nely pounded; the
puried honey (in turn), which should be (avoured with) savory and
(in quality) superb, is cooked on a low ame. (Now) sprinkle the ingre-
dients on it, and mix (that) until it is even. (Finally) spread it over a
marble (plate) covered with superb rose oil, cut it in span-long pieces
(weighing) about four miql each, wrap them into citron leaves, and
store these in a glass (vessel). Some physicians add to this (remedy) a
bit of Tibetan musk.

(135)
The purgative quince stomachic
Take peeled quinces two ra
l; claried honey two ra
l; ginger and long
pepper four dirham of each; cinnamom two dirham; cardamom, grains
of paradise, and sa
ron three dirham of each; mastic ve dirham; scam-
mony ten dirham; white turpeth thirteen dirham. (These ingredients)

106
On zist n see note 93 above.
222 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

are brought together by pounding and straining. The quinces (how-

ever) are cooked in wine or wine boiled down to one half or raisin
wine and honey, and (the remedy) is prepared in exactly the same
(way) as the previous. (Then) it is stored, (and) a potion (may be made
by using) four dirham from it with hot water.

(136)
A delightful stomachic from al-Kind107
Roses six dirham; cyperus ve (dirham); clove, mastic, Indian spike-
nard, and asarabacca three dirham of each; canella, orache, and sa
ron
two dirham of each; cardamom, mace, grains of paradise, and nutmeg
one dirham of each. Grind (this), and strain it through a cloth of silk.
Then take one ra
l (of ) emblic, cook it in nine ra
l water until one third
of it is left, throw half a ra
l (of ) bee honey on it, and cook (this) until
it thickens. (Now) strew the ingredients on it, stir (that) with a broad
willow-wood stick, store it, (and make) a potion (by using) two and
a half miql (of it). Sometimes sweet basil, lemon balm, pearls, and
laurel (in a quantity of ) two dirham each are cast into the ingredients,
and one dniq (of ) musk may be added (as well); and (then there are)
some people who set the mace, the grains of paradise, and the nutmeg
at two dirham each.

(137)
A hospital stomachic which is useful against
incontinence of urine by retaining it
Cyperus, Indian spikenard, French lavender, frankincense and the
bark of its tree, acorns and the inner skins of their cups, and cumin in
equal parts. A potion (may be made by using) one miql (of it) in the
morning, and just as much in the evening.

107
For the archetype of this recipe, adopted from Ya qb ibn Is q al-Kinds
(d. shortly after 256/870) dispensatory originally entitled al-Itiyrt, see Levey Kind
3235 no. 3.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 223

(138)
The hammer-scale remedy
(also) called fann 108
according to Ra  al-Ifah n109
which is useful against gastric and hepatic
debility, and which embellishes the complexion
Yellow, black Indian, and chebulic myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, and
the clear milk of emblic seven dirham of each; barberry, sumach,
roses, and fumitory ve dirham of each; fennel seeds, endive (seeds),
dried Baghdad ax dodder, dry coriander, and Kerman cumin three
qr
of each; Bengal quince and Maq r sandalwood110 two dirham of
each. Pound all (this) coarsely, and put it in a double cloth of linen;
take half a ra
l from light brittle fragmented Basra iron oxide which
had been soaked in vinegar for fourteen days then dried (and) roasted,
grind it, and put it in another double cloth. Hang the two cloths into
(one of the) porcelain vessels, pour over them one and a half ra
l of
recent curd, and throw onto it a small bunch of each of these herbs
rue, celery, mint, sweet basil, and fresh fennel; leave (that) for a day
and a night; then strain from it half a ra
l (of liquid) every day after
having repeatedly squeezed the two cloths, and sprinkle on it every
day half a miql of the following ingredients, ground and combined
white tabasheer, fresh barberry sap, and Chinese rhubarb one dirham
of each, and clear lac and Persian pomegranate owers half a miql
of each. (This is the medicine) you take. Renew the herbs every third
day and the curd every day (in order) to replace what has been drunk;
rinse the receptacle containing the curd every second or third day so
as to prevent (the growth of ) mould; clean the brim of this vessel sev-
eral times a day from the stu
that has gathered upon it; and keep the
vessel in a draughty place during the day, and at night cover it with a
cloth and expose it to the air.

108
fann < Persian pan-n, a name originally given to an electuarium e quinque
rebus compositum, see Vullers Lexicon 1/376; later the term apparently became inde-
pendent and was used, for reasons I cannot explain, as the name of an electuarium
e scoria ferri [!], vino et oleo amygdalarum paratum, see Vullers Lexicon 2/693 with
Schmucker abar 326f.
109
I have not been able to identify this man. There is a mention en passant in Ibn Ab
Uaibi a Uyn 1/240,6 of a physician (
abb) from ur s n bearing the (not exactly
widespread) name of Ra  (probably short for Ra addn) and who gures among
the contemporaries of Ab l-Fara Abdall h ibn a-aiyib (d. 435/1043)but this is
little to go by.
110
On Maq r see note 5 above.
224 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(139)
A lignaloes stomachic
which strengthens the cold stomach
but not in those who are heated (by a fever),
it digests the food, and absorbs phlegm
Indian spikenard which is sunbul a
-
b,111 Greek spikenard which is
nrdn iql
 and (also) called maibaa,112 celery seeds, anise, and mas-
tic one dirham of each; lignaloes three dirham; clove two dirham; mace
two and a half dirham; canella and sukk113 two dirham of each; chebulic
myrobalan soaked in wine two and a half dirham; nutmeg one and a
half dirham; wild marjoram three dirham; roses and lemon grass two
dirham of each. (This) is kneaded with quince wine, (and) a potion
(may be made by using) two miql (of it).

(140)
A lignaloes stomachic from Ibn Sn 114
Cardamom, ginger, cinnamom, cassia, sa
ron, black pepper, sweet
basil, and zerumbet ve dirham of each; cyperus, orache, Indian laurel,
and clove three dirham of each; raw lignaloes seven dirham; amber-
gris one miql; lapis lazuli the same; camphor two dniq; turpeth four
dirham; Indian salt one dirham. All (this) is ground, and made into a
stomachic with honey or sugar.

(141)
The bishops stomachic
which loosens the belly and chases
atuses away; it is useful against
foul smells, haemorrhoidal cramps,
pain in the hip and pelvic bones, and
colic; and it increases sexual potency
Take from white turpeth and scammony ve miql each; white pepper
and grains of paradise three miql of each; ginger, cinnamom, emblic,

111
sunbul a
-
b is another name for Indian spikenard Valeriana jatamansi, see
Schmucker abar 248f.
112
nrdn iql
 lit. Celtic nard is another name for Greek spikenard Valeriana cel-
tica, see Schmucker abar 248f. and 497f.; maibaa (originally corresponding to $ %
% & ) is its Persian equivalent, see Dozy Supplment 2/634f.
113
On sukk see note 4 above.
114
For this recipe from al-usain ibn Abdall h Ibn Sn s (d. 428/1037) famous
medical encyclopaedia see Ibn Sn Qnn 3/359,37.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 225

mace, clove, and nutmeg one miql of each; white sugar half a ra
l. All
(this) is pounded, strained through a ne-meshed sieve, kneaded with
claried honey, and as required a potion (may be made) by using four
miql (of it).

(142)
A lignaloes stomachic
Indian lignaloes three dirham; the rinds of the yellow citron with its
esh two dirham; cinnamom and anise one dirham of each; sa
ron half
a dirham; sugar one mann.

(143)
Another lignaloes stomachic
Ginger two dirham; cinnamom three dirham; clove three dirham; wild
marjoram three dirham; anise three dirham; mastic two dirham; sa
ron
one dirham; lignaloes ve dirham; mace two dirham; zerumbet two
dirham; sugar one mann; aromatic wine one ra
l. (The wine) is cooked,
the (other) ingredients are brought together in ground form, and (all
this) is made (into a stomachic which) is wrapped into citron leaves.

(144)
The cuminy stomachic
for (the treatment of ) chill and acid belching
Kerman cumin soaked in wine vinegar for a day and a night (then)
dried (and) roasted, rue leaves dried in the shade, black pepper, and
ginger thirty dirham of each; Armenian borax ten (dirham). (This) is
strained, kneaded with thrice as much claried honey, (and) a potion
(may be made by using) one to two dirham (of it).

(145)
The datish stomachic
for (the treatment of ) retention and detention
when caused by coldness
Armenian borax, Kerman cumin, parsley, ginger, and white pepper
twelve dirham of each; scammony ve dirham; seedless Hairn dates115

115
Hairn is a cruxFreytag Lexicon 4/423 simply has al-hairn dactylorum
226 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

or heavy red dates, almond nuts, and rue leaves ten dirham of each.
The dates are soaked in wine vinegar for a day and a night, (then)
pounded, and kneaded with the remaining ingredients (and) twice the
total of honey.

(146)
A stomachic for (the treatment of ) gastric
debility in conjunction with coldness
Visnaga, frankincense, cinnamom, mastic, raw lignaloes, and pista-
chio shells. (This) is kneaded with honey and cooked emblic-water.

(147)
The seed stomachic
which is useful against gastric atulence
Caraway, anise, Kerman cumin, grains of paradise, canella, visnaga,
and celery seeds two dirham of each; clove and Malabar cardamom
half a dirham of each; ginger and long pepper two dniq of each; sugar
twenty miql. (This) is brought together, and as required two dirham
(of it) are swallowed dry.

(148)
The kings stomachic
which is a remedy of traditional choice
(and) great reliability for those who have
a cold-moist temper
(Stone)less black myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, and emblic thirty-six
miql of each; black cumin twenty-four miql; black pepper, ammo-
niacum, long pepper, ginger, and long pepper root two miql of each;

species, Dozy Supplment 2/774 gives hairn espce de dattes inconnue au Maghrib,
and Schmucker abar 132 s.v. tamr Hairn proceeds to a brief discussion of this well-
attested yet obscure epithet. Phonetically it seems obvious that Hairn should refer
to Heron (') of Alexandria (. ca. 100 CE), a Greek mathematician and mechanic
who as such was also known to the Arabs, see DkP 2/11061109 and GaS 5/151154;
logically though it is of course much more tempting to associate Hairn with Heras
(() ) of Cappadocia (. early 1st century CE), a Greek physician and author of a
pharmacological work entitled *+,, but we cannot say for sure whether he was
known to the Arabs at all and, if so, whether it is his name that is hidden behind
the mysterious Hwds, Hrws, and Hrds as quoted three times in Muammad ibn
Zakary  ar-R zs (d. 313/925 or 323/935) huge medical encyclopaedia al-w, see
DkP 2/1053 and GaS 3/58.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 227

cubeb and marking nut six miql of each. (This) is ground, dissolved
in six hundred dirham of Siist n candy116 or pomegranate-candy con-
serve, kneaded, and usedwhen shaping this (remedy) into hazel-
nuts, turn your hand in cows ghee; and take from it one hazelnut.

(149)
The musk stomachic
for (the treatment of ) coldness of the bowels
and palpitations of the heart
Musk half a miql; cinnamom, nutmeg, canella, Malabar cardamom,
clove, galingale, long pepper, and Indian lignaloes half an qya of each;
sa
ron two dirham; white sugar candy half a ra
l. Bring all (this) toge-
ther, and pound and strain it. Take an appropriate quantity (of ) honey,
boil it, and remove the scum. Sprinkle the ingredients on it, throw
(that) on a marble (plate), spread it, and cut it in span-long pieces.

(150)
A good purgative stomachic
Turpeth two dirham; clove, nutmeg, sa
ron, and lignaloes two dniq
of each; scammony one qr
. (This) is pounded, strained, and formed
into a stomachic with candied honey which (gives) a single potion.

(151)
The visnaga stomachic
which is useful against gripes,
gastric debility, and atulence
Visnaga, celery seeds, and black cumin ten dirham of each; ginger two
and a half dirham. Grind (this), boil honey, remove the scum, sprinkle
the ingredients on it, and do what you do with stomachics.

116
Siist n or Sst n is a region of eastern Iran which must have been quite famous
for its candy, judging from the fact that Siist n candy is mentioned in Arabic phar-
maceutical literature with great nonchalance and just like a trade name.
228 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(152)
The cardamom stomachic
which is useful against colical pain
and cold disorders
White turpeth two dirham; Chinese ginger ten dirham; cardamom and
Antioch scammony ve dirham of each; sa
ron one dirham. Bring (this)
together, and pound and strain it. Boil honey so as to condense it.
Sprinkle the ingredients on it, stir (that), throw it on a marble (plate),
spread it, cut it in span-long pieces, store these in a new clay vessel,
(and make) a potion (by using) three to ve miql (of them).

(153)
A stomachic which purges from phlegm
Cardamom and anise one dirham of each; cinnamom, Indian salt, and
scammony half a dirham of each; long pepper ve qr
; sugar four
dirham. (This) is pounded, formed into a stomachic, (and) a potion
(may be made by using) four dirham (of it) with tepid water.

Chapter Six
on
Lohochs and Robs

(154)
The almond linctus117
for (the treatment of ) cough and sore throat
Gum-arabic, starch, tragacanth, liquorice rob, and Siist n candy118
one part of each; quince seed pulp, the pulp of sweet gourd seeds, and
peeled sweet almonds half a part of each. (This) is nely pounded,
kneaded with julep, and used as required together with sweet al-
mond oil.

117
The rather unusual term used here for linctus is a straight borrowing from
Syriac me
a (i.q. -
) res quae lingitur, see Payne Smith Thesaurus 2/2076.
118
On Siist n see note 116 above.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 229

(155)
A diyq from S br ibn Sahl119
Light-coloured poppy ten dirham; dark-coloured poppy ten dirham;
marshmallow seeds, tragacanth, gum-arabic, hollyhock seeds, ea-
wort, and quince seeds ve dirham of each; scraped (and) crushed liq-
uorice root two dirham. All (this) is soaked in ve ra
l rainwater for a
day and a night, (then) cooked until half of the water is gone, strained
over two ra
l (of ) the nest wine and one ra
l (of ) pomegranate-candy
conserve, condensed on a low ame until it gains the consistency of a
lohoch, stored, and used.

(156)
The grape lohoch
Light-coloured poppy, gently pounded, fty dirham; maidenhair twenty
dirham; fennel one fourth (of that); hollyhock seeds and marshmal-
low seeds of each one eighth; sebesten one fourth; liquorice root ten
dirham; quince seeds ten dirham. All (this) is soaked in ten ra
l rainwa-
ter for a day and a night, then cooked until half (of it) is gone, strained
over an equal measure of the nest matured grape wine and about
half as much pomegranate-candy conserve, and condensed until it
gains the consistency of a lohoch; once cooking is completed, ve
dirham each of strained tragacanth and Persian gum which is almond
mucilage are thrown into it, and (so it is) stored.

(157)
The dark-coloured poppy lohoch
for those who su
er from consumption
Light-coloured poppy, crushed, ten dirham; eawort three dirham;
hollyhock seeds and marshmallow (seeds) seven dirham of each. All
(this) is cooked in one ra
l water until half (of it) is left, (then) strained,
cooked (again) with one ra
l (of ) candy, mixed together with the pow-
ders of one and a half qya (of ) gum-arabic and ten dirham (of ) dark-
coloured Egyptian poppy, condensed, and stored.

119
diyq < (.) % % lit. (remedy made) with poppy capsules, cf. Liddell/
Scott Lexicon 1016 and then Dozy Supplment 1/480. This prescription appears to be a
considerably modied version of a rob against irritations of the respiratory tract in
S br ibn Sahls (d. 255/869) small dispensatory, cf. recipe 338 in Kahl Sbr 186f. and
Sbr 156f. respectively.
230 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(158)
A lohoch which is useful against asthma
Peeled almonds ve dirham; maidenhair two dirham; liquorice rob
one dirham; large pine nuts and pistachios three dirham of each; fen-
nel seeds and hyssop one miql of each; vetch beans and fenugreek
(seeds) two dirham of each. (The ingredients) are brought together by
pulping them with honey or (with) the g decoction,120 and this paste
is used (in a quantity of ) one to two miql with raisin-water or honey-
water, both of which should be (made) hot.

(159)
The hyssop lohoch
for those who su
er from asthma
Hyssop, white horehound, and fennel seeds three dirham of each;
maidenhair and liquorice rob seven dirham of each; turpentine and
fenugreek two dirham of each; seedless raisins twenty dirham. The
ingredients are ground, the raisins and the resin121 (however) are
soaked in wine boiled down to one quarter before they (too) are ground
in a mortar. (This) is kneaded with one ra
l (of ) claried honey, (and)
as required a potion (may be made) by using (from it) a weight of one
miql together with the g decoction122 and bitter almond oil. Ibn at-
Tilm (says): For those whose humours are tenacious, the (dose to
go with this) potion is by far higher than what we just mentioned.

(160)
A lohoch which dispels
tough phlegm from the chest
Pure myrrh, liquid storax, and the root of the sky-coloured iris three
dirham of each. Liquefy altogether half a ra
l of clear raisin honey, g
(honey), and sugar, mix (everything) up, and take from it one spoonful
at night.

120
Compare recipes 173 and 203.
121
That is the turpentine.
122
Compare recipes 173 and 203.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 231

(161)
The quince rob
Cook the juice of quinces until it is reduced by one fourth, strain it,
and leave it to clear completely; (then) cook it again until one half is
leftthat is from the original (amount of ) juice.

(162)
The apple rob
Boil the juice (of apples) until one fourth (of it) is left, then store it. If
it is (too) thin, you may have to expose it to the sun.

(163)
The pomegranate only rob
Press ripe sourish pomegranates, boil their juice until one fourth (of
it) is left, and expose it to the sun. In the same way (you prepare) the
unripe grape rob. And if you want to take these robs sweetened, cook
the juice until one half (of it) is left, throw into what remains a similar
(amount) of sugar, and let that gain consistency.

(164)
The mulberry rob
Express the juice of ripe Syrian mulberries and, if desired plain, boil it
until one fourth (of it) is left; or else you may add to one ra
l of rob one
dirham each of myrrh, alum, and sa
ron.

(165)
The walnut rob
(Prepare walnuts) in the same way (after having) removed their green
husks, and consolidate (them), just as before, with myrrh, alum, and
sa
ron.

(166)
The myrtle rob
Press ripe (myrtle) berries, and boil their juice until one fourth (of it)
is left.
232 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(167)
The aisuwn date123 rob
Extract the juice (of these dates), and boil it until one third (of it) is
left.

(168)
The sour citron rob
Boil the juice (of citrons) gently until one fourth (of it) is left.

(169)
The light-coloured poppy rob
Crush the capsules of light-coloured poppies, press them, strain
them, melt into this juice about half as much sugar, and let (that) gain
consistency.

(170)
The liquorice rob lohoch
for (the treatment of ) viscid residues in the chest
Liquorice rob and tragacanth one qya; peeled almonds and fennel
in equal parts. Pound what can be pounded, soak what can be soaked,
knead (all that) with claried honey, and use (from it an amount) simi-
lar to an hazelnut with the hyssop decoction.124

(171)
A grape lohoch
for (the treatment of ) asthma
Fennel seeds ve dirham; moon carrot two dirham; king gs125 fteen
fruits in number. Cook this in one mann (of ) the nest matured grape

123
aisuw n ne signie pas, comme on lit chez Freytag, une excellente espce de
palmier, mais cest le nom que porte dans lIrc une espce de datte trs-mre et trs-
molle, see Dozy Supplment 1/238.
124
See recipe 224; cf. also recipe 233.
125
hanr < Persian h-anr lit. the king of gs denotes la meilleure espce de
gues and perhaps also petite gue qui nest pas mre, see Dozy Supplment 1/717;
according to Vullers, h-anr is a kind of g also called anr wazr species ci albae
et suavis, see Lexicon 1/127; and Ibn at-Tilm himself describes these gs once as
eshy and yellowish (recipe 224) and another time as black (recipe 375). In any
case the expression hanr gs (tn hanr) is in part a tautology.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 233

wine together with half a ra

l of zist n sugar126 until one half (of it)
is left, strain it, add to it ten dirham (of coagulated and then) ground
liquorice rob, and let (that) gain consistency.

(172)
For (the treatment of ) cold
tough-mattered chronic coughing
Eat gs with walnut kernels, and prepare a lohoch from savory(-a-
voured) honey, liquid storax, pennyroyal, and turpentine.

(173)
The g lohoch
for those who su
er from asthma
Figs, maidenhair, and pennyroyal. Cook the gs, take their syrup, let
it gain consistency, and add from those (other two ingredients) as
(much as is) necessary; or cook them (at once) with the gs, and strain
(that).

(174)
The mrdna or myrtle seed127 rob
for (the treatment of ) abdominal disorder
and torrential vomiting
Take from thick black aged
il wine128 four jugfuls and from ripe black
myrtle seeds six and a half ra
l, pour this wine over the seeds into a
green trough,129 and leave (that) for six days; (then) press it and extract
the juice (of the seeds) by straining the wine. (This) is put into one of
the wine vessels, and used after six months.

126
On zist n see note 93 above.
127
mrdna < Persian mrd-dnah semen myrti, see Vullers Lexicon 2/822 s.v. krm
with 2/1226.
128
According to Ibn at-Tilms own expositions concluding recipe 217,
il is pure
wine of good quality or superior wine and also a synonym of maifuta wine
boiled (down to one quarter).
129
According to Ibn at-Tilms own explanatory remark in recipe 247, a green
trough (ina ar) is one that is made of porcelain (muaara); it was probably a
vessel glazed in a green or blue-green colour by using copper silicates, cf. Levey Kind
32 note *.
234 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(175)
The mrdna only (rob)
for (the treatment of ) an (increased) aux
of blood, ulcerations, and the cough
Express the juice of myrtle seeds, cook it until more than one half (of
it) is gone, (and make) a potion (by using) just one spoonful (of it).

(176)
The pomegranate rob130
(This) is made by boiling the juice (of pomegranates) until it gains
consistency.

(177)
The fenugreek lohoch
which is useful against the cough
Linseed fteen dirham; Syrian fenugreek and peeled sweet almonds
four dirham of each; tragacanth, scraped liquorice root, peeled pine
nuts, peeled bitter almonds, wheat starch, and gum-arabic two dirham
of each. Bring the ingredients together, grind what needs grinding and
soak what needs soaking, then take wine boiled down to one third,
boil it (again) to the point of coagulation, scatter the ingredients on it,
mix (that) well, and store it in a glass vessel.

(178)
The winner lohoch
Roses, service-berry mush, the outer shells of the pistachio, pome-
granate seeds, and barberry seeds fteen dirham of each; sumach
seven dirham; mint and myrtle two bunches. Cook (this) in three ra
l
water until one ra
l is left, strain it, add to it tamarind-water, lemon-
water, the water from unripe grapes, quince-water, and wine vinegar
(in a quantity of ) fteen dirham each, bring (all that) together (by stir-
ring it), add to it two mann (of ) white sugar candy, boil (that) towards
a (certain) consistency, then lift it into the sun until it gains the con-
sistency (required) of lohochs, and (nally) store it.

130
Compare recipe 163.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 235

(179)
A lohoch for children
drunk together with mothers milk
for (the treatment of ) heat and raucity in the chest
Liquorice rob, tragacanth, gum-arabic, and candy eight dirham of
each; quince seed mucus two dirham; white sugar candy fty dirham.
Dissolve the candy and the sugar in fresh water, and cook (that) until
it coagulates; (then) pound what must be pounded from the (other)
ingredients, give also a bit of sweet almond oil to it, beat (all that) into
an (even) mixture, and store it.

(180)
The soft-rinded pomegranate131 lohoch
Take the juice of pomegranates, boil it, and remove the scum; once it
is clear, throw into it white sugar candy at half of its weight, light a
gentle re below it, (and cook that) until it gains the consistency of a
lohoch. Sometimes gum-arabic, starch, and tragacanth are added to it,
each (in a weight equalling) one twentieth of the pomegranate juice.

(181)
A lohoch for (the treatment of )
long-standing cough and hoarseness
Cassia and olibanum ten dirham of each; liquorice root two dirham;
myrrh, Indian spikenard, and tragacanth four dirham of each; honey
as necessary. (This) is nely pounded, and processed like the (other)
lohochs.

(182)
A lohoch for (the treatment of ) dry cough
Peeled sweet and bitter almonds, liquid storax, linseed, anise, tra-
gacanth, and gum-arabic four dirham of each; sugar and candy ve
dirham of each. (This) is pounded, kneaded with fresh fennel-water,
and stored.

131
imls soft-rinded denotes une varit de certains fruits, de grenades [. . .] et
semble signier qui a la peau lisse, see Dozy Supplment 2/620.
236 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

Chapter Seven
on
Beverages

(183)
The pandanus132 beverage
for (the treatment of ) smallpox and measles
(according to) the copy of the hospital133
(and rst) made by Zahrn134
Coarsely pounded pandanus wood, the stalks, seeds, and root peels of
fennel, and seedless Meccan tamarind one ra
l of each; red roses half
a ra
l; Indian spikenard and clear lac four dirham of each; unscraped
red and white Maq r sandalwood135 four dirham of each. Bring (this)
together, crush what can be crushed, soak it in four times as much
fresh water for a day and a night, then cook it on a low ame until
one fourth (of it) is left, squash (that), strain it through a thick cloth of
linen, return it to the cooking-pot, cast upon it a quantity of two ra
l
wine vinegar and one ra
l each of sour and sweet pomegranate-water,
cook (that) on a calm re until it gains a certain consistency, throw
into it one mann (of ) white sugar candy, leave it on the smouldering
embers until the scum rises (only) to be removed, take it o
the re,
mix into it three dirham (of ) Fanr camphor136 and three dirham (of )
hairy sa
ron, both nely ground, store (this) in a glass vessel, (and
make) a potion (by using) one to three dirham (of it).

132
The term used here for pandanus Pandanus odoratissimus is kadar, which seems
to be of ultimately Hindi origin; in the recipe itself, pandanus reappears under its
Persian name k , cf. Vullers Lexicon 2/805 and WkaS 1/10.
133
This is almost certainly the famous Aud hospital in Baghdad, an institution
which Ibn at-Tilm knew very well since he worked there for many years as head
physician, cf. introduction 2.a. with note 24. More dicult to answer is the ques-
tion which copy Ibn at-Tilm refers to in the present contextwe know that in the
rst half of the 5th/11th century the physicians of the Aud hospital had prepared
a revised and abridged edition of the large version of S br ibn Sahls (d. 255/869)
dispensatory to serve their highly specialized purposes, and that precisely this text
was eventually replaced by Ibn at-Tilms own dispensatory, see Kahl Sbr 21f. with
note 69; however, no reliable manuscript of the large version of S brs dispensatory
has survived, whilst in the small version the recipe on hand is missing altogether, see
Kahl Sbr and Sbr passim.
134
On Zahrn see note 27 above.
135
On Maq r see note 5 above.
136
On Fanr see note 1 above.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 237

(184)
The rose beverage
Take one part of red roses, cook them in ten parts (of ) water until one
part of that water is gone, press the roses, and keep immersing them
like this a number of times, depending on how strong a purgative
(e
ect) you wish (to achieve)stronger if one tenth of the water is
(eventually) left, weaker if one half of it remains; then take this water
wherein the roses have repeatedly been (immersed), melt into it a
similar (amount of ) pure sugar, let (that) gain the consistency of an
oxymel, (and make) a potion (by using) four qya (of it) together with
thirty dirham of ice(this remedy) purges from yellow bile by forc-
ing it out (of the body), and its force is backed up by the ice; it (also)
purges from delicate humours other than the yellow bile.

(185)
Plain oxymel
Take for each mann of sugar eight qya (of ) wine vinegar and one
fourth of a ra
l (of ) fresh water, beat into that water the white of two
eggs, mix it (all) together, skim o
the scum repeatedly until (the mix-
ture) is clear, and store it. Some people make (this remedy) without
(the use of ) re (and wait) until the sugar dissolves (naturally)they
claim it is better.

(186)
The squill oxymel
for (the treatment of ) tenacious
humours, a bad complexion,
and the calamities of juvenility
The bulbs of squills one part; vinegar ten parts. Cook (this) until (the
squills) disintegrate after having cut them into pieces with a wooden
knife, strain it, throw into each ra
l of vinegar one and a half ra
l of
white sugar candy, consolidate (that), and store it.

(187)
The lemon beverage
Boil the juice of lemons until half of it is gone, throw into what remains
a similar (amount of ) sugar, consolidate (that), and store it in a glass
vessel.
238 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(188)
The winner beverage
Barberry seeds ten dirham; fruitless sumach (leaves) six dirham; seed-
less tamarind two qya; myrtle two dirham; dry mint, cubeb, and
grains of paradise two dirham of each; clove three dirham; roses three
dirham; sandalwood three dirham; the outer shells of the pistachio
four dirham; hard dry dates one fourth of a ra
l. Cook (this) in four ra
l
water until one ra
l (of it) is left and, having strained it, return it to
the cooking-pot; (now) add to it twenty dirham each of wine vinegar,
the water from unripe grapes, quince-water, and sour apple-water,
melt into it three ra
l of white sugar candy, take it o
(the re), cast
upon it fteen dirham (of ) fresh lemon-water, ten dirham (of ) sour
citron-water, one qya (of ) rose-water, and one qya (of ) sour pome-
granate-water, and boil (that) again; then avour it with one dniq
(of ) camphor, and put it in a glass vessel(prior to this last step) you
may add to it (further shots of ) the aforesaid lemon-water and so on,
(however) without boiling it (yet again) but rather putting it away (as
before); (nally) close the top of the vessel, place it into the sun until
(the mixture) consolidates, and use (this).

(189)
Seeded oxymel
Celery seeds, fennel (seeds), and aniseed one part of each. Crush
(this), boil it in ten parts (of ) sour vinegar until one half (of it) is gone,
strain it, and melt into every each eight qya of vinegar one mann
(of ) sugar.

(190)
The (remedy which is as good as a) coin of gold
Prepare endive seeds in the following mannercrush them (and) boil
one part of them, or even the washed (and) afterwards crushed roots
of this plant, in thrice as much or more of vinegar so as to reduce it
by half, (then) strain it, and melt sugar into it; if the juice of the bitter
endive has been extracted without (prior) washing (of the roots), you
should clear it and then melt (into) eight qya of it and an additional
two qya of sour vinegar one mann (of ) sugar.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 239

(191)
A poppy beverage
Take fty dirham (from) the seeds of the light-coloured poppy, boil
them in one mann (of ) water until one ra
l (of it) is left, strain (that),
and melt into it one mann (of ) sugar.

(192)
The sandalwood beverage
Crush ve dirham (of ) Maq r sandalwood,137 boil (that) in one mann
(of ) water until one ra
l (of it) is left, and melt into it one mann (of )
sugar.

(193)
The ribes beverage
Express the juice of fresh ribes, and melt into it one mann (of ) sugar;
due to (these berries) being so watery, a plain rob may (only be made)
by clearing one part of their juice from twenty parts of water, and
(even then) it hardly ever gains the consistency of a rob without (the
addition of ) a little sugar. When making (this beverage) some peo-
ple do not (use) re (straightaway but wait) until the sugar dissolves
(naturally and only) then cook itthey claim it is better.

(194)
The pomegranate beverage
Take for each mann of sugar one ra
l or ten qya of sour pomegran-
ate juice, and proceed as before. By adding some mint to the juice
of the sweet and sour pomegranates you get the minty pomegranate
beverage,138 which is suitable for (the treatment of ) nausea and free
from vinegar.

(195)
The quince oxymel
Four qya vinegar, half a ra
l quince juice, and one mann sugar are
cooked as before.

137
On Maq r see note 5 above.
138
See recipe 200.
240 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(196)
The apple beverage
Take one part from the juice of peeled coreless apples, one part from
white sugar candy or pure honey, and two parts from rainwater, and
cook (this).

(197)
The citron beverage made with its leaves
which is useful against coldness of the bowels
Take citron leaves, wipe o
the dust, soak them for seven days in
wine of good quality, (then) strain the wine, throw into every each six
parts of it one part of pure honey, cook (that), remove the scum, and
store it.

(198)
The citron beverage made with its sour juice
which is useful against heat of the bowels
Express the juice of ripe sour citrons having rid them from their seeds,
throw into each ra
l of it one mann of superb sugar, leave (that) until
(the sugar) melts without (the help of ) re, then bring it to the boil on
a low ame, take away the scum, and let it gain consistency.

(199)
The myrtle beverage made with its seeds
Crush the myrtle seeds, soak them for seven days in wine of good qual-
ity, cook (this) gently, strain it, and let it gain a degree of consistency.

(200)
The minty pomegranate beverage
Peel (both) sweet and sourish pomegranates, pound them with their
pulp, express their juice, and leave it to clear; (then) take from it four
ra
l, cook it together with a bunch (of ) mint until half of the juice is
left, strain it, cook it (again) together with one ra
l (of ) sugar until half
(of it) is left, and store (this).
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 241

(201)
Plain quince wine139 from Galen140
for (the treatment of ) loss of appetite
combined with a bad hot (humoral) mixture
in the liver and stomach, and a downow
of biliousness towards these (organs)
Take large sweet-smelling quinces, peel them from the outside and
clear them from the inside, then pound them, express three ra
l of
their juice, and mix it together with a similar (amount) of rst-rate
honey(but) whoever wishes to employ sugar instead of honey may
do so; (now) mix (that) together with two ra
l of sour vinegar, lift it
on a re of smouldering embers, take away the scum as it rises, (wait)
until it gains the consistency of honey, and (thus) use itif (however)
the (humoral) mixture in the liver and stomach (inclines) to coldness,
admix three dirham (of ) ginger and two dirham (of ) white pepper, and
avour (this) with a bit of mastic, lignaloes, musk, and the like; (nally
make) a potion (by using) three to six miql (of it) before food, and at
bedtime you may take the same amounts (again).

(202)
The squill beverage
(which is used) to open obstruction
and to cut the humours
It hardly ever gains the consistency of a rob without (the addition of )
a little sugar.141

139
maibah quince wine < Persian mai potus, vinum and bih malum cydo-
nium, see Vullers Lexicon 2/1245 and 1/283 respectively; cf. also Ibn at-Tilms own
expositions concluding recipe 217.
140
On Galen see note 47 above. I have not been able to trace this recipe in Galens
extant writings; however, there is a prototype in Dioscorides (. 1st century CE)
/0 1  (translated into Arabic mid 3rd/9th century) s.t. /0 %
2: $ 3 4 % 5 -  6 7 1 8 %
9,; < = 0 ; >


%  ?
@  ) AB
< .= B & %C + 7 %3 0 1 %D  < E 0
9+E  %" 6 6 @ , D AB ,= F ,= = 0
1 ? +=+ - %3 < G % H7 .D
D  0 %6, see MGO 25/714.
141
This recipe should rather be expected to gure in chapter six on lohochs and
robs.
242 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(203)
The g beverage
for those who su
er from colic
As regards the plain (kind), throw onto the syrup obtained by cooking
the gs about one fourth of its (amount) in Siist n candy,142 and let
(that) gain consistency; as regards the consolidated (kind), add to one
ra
l of the said beverage one dirham each of cinnamom, galingale, and
long pepper, all ground. This (remedy) is suitable for (the treatment
of ) colic caused by tough phlegm and cold ux.

(204)
A condite143
which is useful against coldness of the
stomach, indigestion, quartan fever, pain
in the belly, and it strengthens old men
from S br ibn Sahl144
Take three mann (of ) claried bee honey and cast upon it ten and a
half mann pure aged wine of good quality, which is the original, or
wine boiled down to one half; (now) get ve dirham (of ) ginger, half
a dirham each of grains of paradise and Malabar cardamom, one dniq
(of ) clove, half a dirham (of ) cinnamom, half a dirham (of ) unground
sa
ron, and one and a half dniq (of ) long pepper, and grind these
ingredients coarsely except the sa
ron which is not to be ground;
(next tie them all up) in a piece of cloth, (throw this) into the wine,
leave (the jug) in a warm place for three days, stirring (the mixture)
three times daily, and then strain it well; (nally) add to it one dniq
(of ) ground musk, and store it in a glass vessel.

(205)
Iron oxide with wine
for (the treatment of ) gastric debility
in conjunction with coldness
Celery seeds, fennel, anise, cumin, asafoetida, visnaga, savory, lovage,
caraway, coriander, long pepper, black pepper, cinnamom, frank-

142
On Siist n see note 116 above.
143
undqn condite < %D spiced wine < Latin conditum aromatic, spiced
(wine), see Liddell/Scott Lexicon Suppl. 182 and Lewis/Short Dictionary 408; cf. also
Ibn at-Tilms own expositions concluding recipe 217.
144
For this recipe from S br ibn Sahls (d. 255/869) small dispensatory see Kahl
Sbr 189 and Sbr 158f. no. 342 (rob).
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 243

incense, Indian spikenard, clove, nutmeg, cyperus, and ginger one

miql of each; Basra iron oxide ten miql. All (that) is cooked in six
times as much wine until half of the wine is left, and every day thirty
dirham of this beverage are drunk; the food should be light during
the three weeks of application, and that which is sour as well as fresh
fruits are forbidden.

(206)
Flavoured quince wine
Gently cook one part (of ) sour quince juice which had been ltered
for two days and one part (of ) aged wine, take away the scum, add to
each ra
l of it one dirham (of ) ginger, one dirham (of ) canella, and two
dirham (of ) masticcrushed, stu
ed in a pouch, and thrown (into the
liquid) towards the end of cooking, bring (all that) to the boil two or
three (times), strain it, and store it.

(207)
Iris wine
which is useful against fatigue, feebleness,
frailty, vomiting, and gastric and hepatic
debility caused by coldness (if ) piece(s) of
cloth are steeped into it and laid on the hands,
the feet, and the neck, and (also) on the
stomach, between the shoulders, on the
joints, and on the venous and nervous clusters
Take alecost, lemon grass, cassia, and clove four qya of each; Indian
spikenard two qya; naphthalene six qya; sa
ron one qya; grape
ivy, mace, and Greek mastic two qya of each; liquid storax six qya.
Pound (these ingredients) dry, and strain them; the sa
ron, the mas-
tic, and the storax (however) grind in aged
il wine.145 Then bring it
all together, take eight hundred (ower) heads from the white wild
iris, wipe o
the yellow with a cloth of linen, and arrange (alternating)
layers of the irises and the spices in an alabaster jug until (everything)
is used up. Then pour ten jugfuls of
il wine over it, close the top
of the vessel, daub it with clay, and put it in a (storage) room for six
months. Sometimes a bit of musk is added to it (as well).

145
On
il see note 128 above.
244 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(208)
Quince wine
for (the treatment of ) abdominal disorder
and dryness of the uvula, or so it is said
Take quinces at the beginning of winter, rid them from their peels and
seeds, soak them in aged
il wine146 for a day and a night, then pound
them nely, take four jugfuls from their pressed juice, cook (that)
until it comes to one half, strain it, return it to the cooking-pot, and
cast one jugful of claried honey upon it; (now get) four miql each
of grains of paradise and cardamom, one miql (of ) cinnamom, two
miql each of Greek mastic and clove, and three miql (of ) canella,
pound these ingredients, put them in a thin cloth of linen, tie it up,
and throw it into the pot (as well); then cook (all that) until it thickens
a little, strain it into a glass vessel, grind one fourth of a miql from
musk and half a miql from camphor, sprinkle it onto and whip it into
(the mixture) so as to be absorbed, (and make) a potion (by using) one
spoonful (of this remedy) with cold water.

(209)
A mixed juice147 whose benet is
similar to (that of ) quince wine
Take two jugfuls (from) the pressed juice of sourish apples and half a
jugful (from) claried honey, cook that until one third (of it) vanishes,
then put (what remains) into a glass vessel, grind four miql each of
clove and cinnamom, sprinkle it onto the mixture, close the top of the
vessel, daub it with clay, and use (this remedy) after six months.

(210)
A condite148
Blend four jugfuls (of ) aged
il wine149 with one jugful (of ) claried
honey, grind one qya (of ) black pepper, half an qya (of ) sukk,150
and just as much (of ) canella and Indian spikenard, mix (that)and
sometimes sa
ron (too)(into the liquid), put it (all) in a tarred ves-
sel, daub its top with clay, leave (the mixture) to ripen, and (then) use

146
On
il see note 128 above.
147
maib mixed juice seems to be a neologistic hybrid derived from the Arabic
verbal noun mai mixing and the Persian noun b water.
148
On the etymology of undqn condite see note 143 above.
149
On
il see note 128 above.
150
On sukk see note 4 above.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 245

itand he who wants to add to it about one miql of musk and (again)
sa
ron may do so.

(211)
The squill beverage
Take four ra
l from iris roots, two ra
l from dodder, just one ra
l
from agaric, one ra
l from squills, and seventeen istr from garden
pennyroyal, put it (all) into a new cooking-pot of clay, pour over it
two jugfuls (of ) water, cook (that) until it comes to one half after
having soaked (the above ingredients) prior to cooking, and use it one
month later.
Wines. The standard measure when using wine from dates, raisins,
and currants is (to mix) one (part of this) with thrice as much water,
cook the mixture until two thirds (of it) vanish and one third remains,
(then) strain it, spice it, and press it quite through so that it ripens; the
spices may vary depending on what is required (but) are picked and
chosen (from among) cyperus, clove, cinnamom, galingale, ax dod-
der, iris leaves, ginger, absinthe, mastic, Indian spikenard, roses, nut-
meg, alecost, parsnip, sa
ron, and Indian lignaloes, and sometimes
sweetened with sugar or honey.

(212)
A pennyroyal beverage
for (the treatment of ) diarrhoea, and
moistful and bitterish torrential vomiting
Cook two parts each of sweet and sour pomegranate juice until half
(of it) is left, add to it two parts of claried honey and one part of the
pressed juice of fresh pennyroyal, cook (that again) with olive oil, let
it cool o
, and (then) store it in an alabaster (vessel).

(213)
Ab Ml 151
Add to ve ra
l (of ) honey and four ra
l (of ) fresh water three dirham
each of cyperus, mastic, and cinnamom, and one dirham (of ) sa
ron,
cook (that) on a low ame until it is reduced to one half and, having
removed the scum, let it cool o
in an alabaster (vessel).

151
Ab Ml (the latter term < =) lit. the father of honey, that is the original
one with honey.
246 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(214)
(A remedy called) anr afura152
Take ten jugfuls from the pressed juice of sweet and half-and-half
grapes(the latter) being those which have a rest of acidityand two
jugfuls from claried honey, cook (that) gently until it thickens, and
use it. One spoonful of this (remedy) with cold water clears the stom-
ach and strengthens it, too.

(215)
The fruit beverage
which strengthens the stomach, settles
vomiting, and astricts the belly
Take sour quince juice, sourish pomegranates, apples, sumach, myrtle
seeds, service, sour citrons, and lote, cook (the quince juice) in water
(so as) to lessen its juiciness, strain it, add to it the saps of the remain-
ing (ingredients), let (that) gain the consistency of a rob, and use it.

(216)
The myrtle beverage
Take fresh myrtles with their seeds, chop them in small pieces,
besprinkle them with water, pound them, press them, take two parts
from their sap and two and a half parts from claried honey, put (that)
into a pot, and cook it until it coagulates; then avour it with Indian
spikenard, clove, cinnamom, and nutmeg in the manner of the spices
(mentioned) before,153 strain it once it has cooled down, and put it in
an alabaster (vessel).

(217)
An oxymel for those who su
er from spleen
disease(invented) by Ibn at-Tilm
The peels of the caper root ve dirham; rusty back fern ve dirham;
dodder ve dirham; the fruit of the tarfa three dirham; madder three
dirham; asarabacca one third of a dirham; sweet ag three dirham;
the bast of the willow-tree six dirham. Provided that the weights are

152
anr afura < Persian angr uva and afurah res quaevis expressa, succus
expressus, see Vullers Lexicon 1/137 and 1/113 respectively.
153
Compare the concluding section of recipe 211.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 247

(quantied in) dirham, (all this) is boiled in just one ra

l of wine vine-
gar until one third of it is gone, (then) strained, and (nally) one mann
(of ) sugar is melted into what remains.
Beverages. Pure wine of good quality, that is superior wine, is called

il; amhr in turn is a variety of maifuta which has not (yet) gone
over the state of being drinkable to that of being (too) syrupy,154 whilst
maifuta itself means cooked wine155 and is (also) called
il in the
Arabic language; mualla is (another) variety of maifuta which is
cooked until two thirds of it are gone,156 and honeyed raisin wine may
be made from both of them; undqn is a wine (prepared with) honey
and spices;157 maibah is Persian meaning quince beverage, that is to
say quince wine, and on account of this designation it ought to con-
tain wine rather than vinegar.158

Chapter Eight
on
Preserves

(218)
Roses preserved with honey or with sugar
For one part of Persian rose-leaves (take) twice as much of either
(honey or sugar).

(219)
Preserved violets
For one part of violet owers (take) two parts of sugar.

154
amhr is (grape) wine boiled down to one half, see e.g. Siggel Wrterbuch 26.
155
maifuta < Persian mai-putah is (grape) wine boiled down to one quarter, see
e.g. Siggel Wrterbuch 70.
156
mualla is (grape) wine boiled down to one third, see e.g. Siggel Wrterbuch 67.
157
On the etymology of undqn see note 143 above.
158
On the etymology of maibah see note 139 above; Ibn at-Tilms observation
that, strictly speaking, maibah ought to contain wine rather than vinegar is aimed
at the old recipe 201, which bears this name yet involves vinegar instead of wine.
248 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(220)
Preserved citron rinds
For one part of yellow citron rindsincluding the pulp that (has been
squeezed so as) to remove its natural aciditywashed with salt and
water and thereafter left to dry (take) one part of pure honey, cook
(that) together, and lift it into a jug; whenever (this concoction) grows
uid, take out (the citrons), stir the honey with your ngers, boil it
thoroughly to get rid of (all) wateriness, (then) put (the citrons) back
in, and keep doing that until (the mixture) nally thickens, no more
wateriness is found, and the honey sticks rmly to the rinds; now is
the time to store it away and, lastly, to avour it with a bit of sa
ron.
In the same way you preserve gourds, apples, and quinces.

(221)
Preserved unripe dates
which are useful for those who have
cold-moist stomachs
Take recent unripe dates which contain little moisture and boil them
rst thing; then remove their seeds and stems; then stu
(the berries)
with honey, clove, cinnamom, ginger, and ground sa
ron instead;
then restore the stems, put (all that) into a glass jug, and pour forth
an amount of claried honey sucient to cover it.

(222)
Preserved carrots
Take one part (of ) red carrots, grill them, peel them, and pull out their
insides, and one part of pure honey, (mix that together), and check the
honey (for consistency) every ve days by boiling and (then) reunit-
ing it (with the carrots).159

(223)
Preserved ginger
Cut Chinese ginger into large pieces, soak these in water for twenty
days, dry them up, pour out enough water and honey to cover them,
put (all that) in a cooking-pot of stone, give it a good boiling, then
remove (the worn ginger) from the water and the honey, form it into

159
Compare the more detailed instructions given in recipe 220.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 249

small pastilles, pour out enough claried honey to cover these, throw
onto (the mixture) the same spices as when preserving myrobalans,160
and use (this).

Chapter Nine
on
Decoctions

(224)
The hyssop decoction
for (the treatment of ) asthma in hot tempers
R ziq raisins161 fteen dirham; jujubes and sebesten twenty fruits of
each; husked barley ten dirham; light-coloured poppy four dirham; vio-
let, nenuphar, cucumber seeds, purslane seeds, maidenhair, scraped
(and) crushed liquorice root, and hyssop three dirham of each; eshy
yellowish gs which are king gs162 seven (fruits) in number; gum-
arabic two dirham. All (this) is cooked in ve ra
l water until one third
(of it) is left, (then) strained, (and) a potion (may be made by using) four
qya (of it) together with ve dirham (of ) white sugar candy and one
dirham (of ) sweet almond oil. Sometimes, when the sputum is clotted
and hard to cough up, (this remedy) is made without gum(-arabic).

(225)
Roots-water
which opens obstruction and
mollies tenacious humours
The peels of the fennel root, the peels of the celery root, citronella
root, fennel seeds, celery seeds, anise, Indian spikenard, mastic, and
dyers madder one part of each; seedless raisins two parts. (These
ingredients) are cooked, the waterhaving acquired their faculties
is strained, four qya from it are measured up, drunk moderately hot,
and sometimes augmented by two dirham (of ) castor oil and one dirham

160
There are no specic instructions in the text on hand as to the preservation
of myrobalans, but we may guess from recipe 221 that the spices referred to in the
present context would run along the lines of clove, cinnamom, and sa
ron.
161
On R ziq see note 87 above.
162
On king gs cf. note 125 above.
250 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(of ) sweet almond oil or, alternatively, by bitter almond oil on its own
at the combined weight of the aforesaid two oils. When using roots-
water to crumble kidney stones, rusty back fern should be added to
the decoction which is (then) drunk with Jews stone; in order to relax
tremor and (to treat) phlegmatic diseases it may be used together
with certain electuaries, like the curcuma remedy163 or the (one called)
amrsiy,164 as indicated by the condition of the patient.

(226)
Cheese-water
and (this) is used in spring
Choose a young goat that has given birth about a month earlier and a
red(-woolled) blue(-eyed) young sheep of the kind that has a sound
temper, but before obtaining their milk feed them for a few days
coarsely ground wet barley and (its) bran, dogs grass, endive, and
fumitory; then milk o
(a total of ) two ra
l every day, cook (that)
in a stone cauldron on a calm re, and stir it with a piece of fresh
barked g-wood which had been crushed (at) in order to convey to
the cheese-water through the lacteous sap inside the fresh g-wood
a specically mild purgative facultyif (however) what we just men-
tioned is not intended and the cheese-water is (meant to be) drunk
(merely) to moisten but not to purge, you may replace the g-wood by
a piece of fresh willow-wood; wipe around the cooking-pot, that is to
say (around) its edges, with a piece of cloth which had been drenched
in fresh water; when the milk boils, take the cauldron o
the re, and
sprinkle on the milk inside thirty dirham of plain sugared oxymel165
and, as is often done, about three dirham of pure sour wine vinegar,
toobut make sure the oxymel and the vinegar are very cold, and
be quick to add them so that the cheesiness may separate from the
wateriness; stir (the mixture) with the aforesaid wood, and leave it
for a short while until it curdles and the wateriness has separated;
then strain it through a thick cloth of linen or a densely woven basket
made of palm-leaves, and hang up the remaining cheesy stu
until
the water stops dripping from it; (nally) return (all) the watery stu

163
See e.g. Ibn Sn Qnn 3/330,5
. and 331,111.
164
amrsiy < A immortality, elixir of life; an antidote, see Liddell/Scott
Lexicon 79; for the recipe itself see e.g. Kahl Sbr 47f. and Sbr 39 no. 14.
165
Compare recipe 185.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 251

to the washed cauldron, boil it gently, throw into it half a dirham of

ground white salt, and strain it once more. Take from said cheese-
water between one half and two thirds of a ra
l with white sugar candy,
gradually increasing (the dose), and augment it with a purgative pow-
der or else a substitute for that.166

(227)
Endive-water
Take fresh unwashed endives, cut away their underground parts,
extract their water, and drink (from it) thirty dirham to half a ra
l
together with plain oxymel167 in order to open obstruction. Sometimes
(this remedy) is administered in combination with certain pastilles
which are useful for that (purpose), like the absinthe pastille.168

(228)
The water of the Indian musk melon
which is (also known as) Raqqa169
or Palestinian (melon)
Take a ripe musk melon, one whose seeds have gone black, cut it in
two halves, incise its esh but do not remove it until (all) wateriness
has leaked out, (then) strain it o
, and take (from it) fty dirham to
half a ra
l together with any beverage that appears to be appropri-
ate in the (given) situation, like the pomegranate or another cooling
beverage.170

(229)
Grilled pumpkin-water
Pick a juicy pumpkin and pierce with a knife through a number of
spots (on its surface); then take red clay, knead it together with barley
meal and fresh water, and cover the whole pumpkin in it as if with a

166
See recipe 86; cf. also recipe 93.
167
See recipe 185.
168
See recipe 18.
169
Raqqa, situated at the great bend of the river Euphrates, was once one of the
chief cities of Upper Mesopotamia but not particularly known for its melons, cf.
Meinecke Raa passim and Le Strange Lands 124 with map 1; from the context it
would appear that Ibn at-Tilm is referring here to the kind of melon which is other-
wise called Syrian or indeed Palestinian, see e.g. Dozy Supplment 1/457 s.v. dull.
170
See recipe 194; cf. also recipes 198 and 200.
252 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

dressbut do not apply it too thickly or else you prevent the interior of
the pumpkin from maturing; (now) carry it to a moderately preheated
oven, place two rows of bricksone above the otherat the bottom of
the oven, and put the daubed pumpkin on top of these; when the clay
has become dry and hard, lift out the pumpkin and leave it to cool
down; (nally) crack o
the coating, release the water (from inside
the pumpkin), and take from it fty to sixty dirham together with cer-
tain cooling beverages, like the pomegranate or the poppy beverage.171

(230)
The hospital decoction
ulw n plums172 ve mann; ur n jujubes173 two and a half mann;
ur s n apricots174 ve mann; Meccan tamarinds ve mann; sebesten
one mann; R ziq raisins175 ve mann; sweet-smelling violets and nenu-
phars three ra
l of each; roses one mann; stoneless chebulic, yellow,
and black Indian myrobalan ve mann altogether; beleric myroba-
lan, emblic, and the milk of emblic one mann of each; Meccan senna
three ra
l; pistachio(-coloured) polypody and scraped (and) crushed
liquorice root one and a half ra
l of each; French lavender, ground
pine, wall germander, bull thistle, giant thistle, and the leaves and
seeds of lemon balm two and a half ra
l of each; absinthe leaves one
mann; small centaury three ra
l; light-coloured poppy ve ra
l; serpent
melon seeds, cucumber seeds, and purslane (seeds), all crushed, one
kailaa of each; fennel seeds, celery (seeds), and ax dodder (seeds)
one kailaa of each; pomegranate seeds and barberry seeds one mann
of each; coriander one makkk; borage ve ra
l; Cretan dodder, tied up
in a cloth of linen and thrown (into the mixture) towards the end of

171
See recipes 194 and 191 respectively.
172
ulw n is the Arabic name of an ancient town situated on the great ur s n
highway as it crosses the natural frontier between Iraq and Iran; the place was known
for an abundance of fruit (dates, pomegranates, gs) though not explicitly plums, see
Lockhart ulw n 571 and Le Strange Lands 191 with map 2.
173
ur n is a province in northern Iran bordering on the Caspian Sea and crossed
by the old caravan route to Russia, see Hartmann/Boyle Gurg n 1141; the place was
known for its excellent jujubes, see ass n Mutamad 340 and Wiedemann Aufstze
1/867.
174
ur s n is a province in northeastern Iran which in the Middle Ages was
generally regarded as covering a much wider geographical area than today, see
Bosworth Khur s n 55f.; for a (rather isolated) apricot connection see Dozy Suppl-
ment 2/603.
175
On R ziq see note 87 above.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 253

cooking, one ra
l; endive and mint a bunch of each; sweet basil seeds
one mann; agrimony leaves one and a half ra
l; turpeth and agaric one
mann of each. All (this) is cooked in one thousand ra
l fresh water until
one third (of it) is left, and (then) strained.

(231)
The hospital backup for this decoction
Turpeth, aloe, liquorice rob, and scammony in equal parts; a potion
of the backup (may be made by using) one dirham (of it) at nightfall.
The decoction (itself is measured out) at daybreak (in a quantity of )
one ra
l together with two qya (of ) alhagi and two qya (of ) purging
cassia pods which are dissolved in it; (then) it is strained (again), aug-
mented by two qya (of ) julep, half a dirham (of ) washed Armenian
stone, and half a dirham (of ) lapis lazuli, and (thus) drunk.

(232)
The hyssop decoction
(which is associated) with heat
R ziq raisins176 fteen dirham; jujubes and sebesten twenty fruits of
eachbut (this remedy) has already been mentioned.177

(233)
Now the hyssop decoction for
(the treatment of ) tenacious humours
Take the water from coarsely ground bran, king gs,178 the esh of rai-
sins and jujubes, liquorice root, fennel and its seeds, maidenhair, hys-
sop, moon carrot, and violets (mixed) with candy and bitter almond
oil all at quantities that vary depending on what is requiredbut tra-
gacanth, gum(-arabic), sebesten, and the like are not used here.

176
On R ziq see note 87 above.
177
See recipe 224.
178
On king gs see note 125 above.
254 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(234)
The aloe infusion
for (the treatment of ) hot headache
Express the water from unwashed endives, throw into it a bit of good
aloe and a bit of tragacanth, leave these two (ingredients) to dissolve,
and then drink (this) as necessary.

(235)
The aloe infusion
for (the treatment of ) cold phlegmatic headache;
it thoroughly clears the head and (also) the stomach
Black myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, and emblic ten dirham of each;
fennel root, celery (root), citronella root, and liquorice root eight
dirham of each; Indian spikenard and lemon grass four dirham of each;
bull thistle and giant thistle ve dirham of each; the pulp of colocynth
two dirham. Cook all (this) in ve ra
l water until one and a half ra
l
(of it) are left, (then) throw into it one qya of Socotra aloe, put it in
a glass vessel into the sun for three days, and as required drink (from
it) one to two qyathe amount of aloe in the previous aloe infusion,
which is for (the treatment of ) hot headache, should be roughly the
same as here.

(236)
A decoction for (the treatment of )
asthma if there is no fever
Figs, raisins, celery seeds, fennel seeds, maidenhair, hyssop, white
horehound, liquorice root, wild caraway, bitter almonds, and rolled
birthwort as necessary. (This) may be used as a decoction as well as an
electuary.

(237)
Some purgatives for (asthma) su
erers
Agaric, the pulp of colocynth, liquorice rob, white horehound, tur-
peth, and hiera picra179 are measured up and formed into pills with
wine boiled down to one quarter; lohochs (too) are made for these

179
On hiera picra see note 40 above.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 255

(patients) from grilled squills, white horehound, water ag, long

birthwort, wormwood, rhubarb, myrrh, and sa
ron (all of which) are
measured up to appropriate amounts, inspissated with honey or a
decoction of gs or a condensation of grapes, and used.

(238)
And (again) for that
Dried fox lung, pennyroyal, celery seeds, laurel, and grape ivy are
brought together with g honey, formed into pills, and used at
bedtime.

(239)
And (again) for that
Fenugreek, large pine nuts, and white horehound are cooked, strained
over honey, and inspissated.

(240)
The roots decoction
for (the treatment of ) long black-bilious
and phlegmatic fevers, pains in the liver
and spleen, and humoral putridity
The peels of the fennel root, celery roots, citronella (roots), fennel
seeds, celery seeds, anise, mastic, Indian spikenard, the petals of red
roses, bull thistle, giant thistle, agrimony leaves, absinthe leaves,
madder, clear lac, Chinese rhubarb, and seedless raisins as necessary.
(These ingredients) are cooked in fresh water, their juice is extracted,
and drunk together with sweet or bitter almond oil.

(241)
Some purgatives which are healthy for those
who su
er from facial paralysis and hemiplegia
The chebulic myrobalan decoction on its own (at a weight of ) fty
dirhamoriginally ten dirham; (or) one dirham (of cooked and then)
strained myrobalans together with one dniq (of ) ground colocynth
pulp.
256 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(242)
The dodder decoction
which is useful against black-bilious diseases,
mange, tetter, and black lichen
Black myrobalan ten dirham; polypody ve dirham; Meccan senna and
seedless R ziq raisins180 seven dirham of each; turpeth four dirham;
French lavender and dodder ten dirham of each. Bring (this) together,
crush what needs to be crushed, cook it (all) in four ra
l fresh water
the dodder being tied up in a cloth of linen and thrown (into the
mixture) towards the end of cooking, leave it on the re until it is
reduced to one ra
l, (then) strain it, and drink it together with a pill
that expels the black bile, and with agaric, aloe, Indian salt, and black
hellebore.

(243)
A decoction which makes
the menstrual blood ow
Take endive seeds, ax dodder seeds, anise, celery seeds, and fennel
two dirham of each; ur n jujubes181 thirty fruits; seedless R ziq
raisins182 fty (in number); red kidney beans, priced like chickpeas,
ten dirham; king gs183 ten in number; dry coriander ve dirham; rue
two bunches. Bring (this) together, cook it in two ra
l water, (then)
strain it, and take from it sixty dirham together with one qya (of ) the
seed-oxymel.184

(244)
A sunny infusion from  id185
Jujubes and plums thirty dirham of each; (seed)less tamarinds twenty
(dirham); fumitory twenty dirham; nenuphars ve dirham; roses ten
dirham; Meccan senna three dirham; endive seeds, ax dodder, and
borage three dirham of each; liquorice root, polypody, beleric myroba-
lan, and emblic, all crushed, three dirham of each; the crushed seeds

180
On R ziq see note 87 above.
181
On ur n see note 173 above.
182
On R ziq see note 87 above.
183
On king gs see note 125 above.
184
Compare recipe 189.
185
On  id, the inventor of this recipe which in all probability was handed down
to Ibn at-Tilm by way of oral transmission, see note 38 above.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 257

of serpent melon, cucumber, gourd, and purslane ten dirham of each;

barberry seeds ten dirham; pomegranate seeds ve dirham; coriander
ve dirham; (stone)less yellow and chebulic myrobalan ve dirham of
each; plantain ve dirham. Bring this together, soak it in ten ra
l water,
boil it briey, take it o
the re, leave it in a broad-brimmed vessel of
glass, close its top rmly, place it into the sun, stir it (every) morning
and evening for a duration of one week or ten days (at most), then
dispense from (that) water on the morn of each day thirty to forty
dirhamdepending on how much the drinker can tolerate, but aug-
ment it at the time of drinking with one miql (of ) pumpkin seed pulp,
two dniq (of ) washed Armenian stone, half a dirham (of ) barberry
sap, one fourth of a dirham (of ) tabasheer, one qya (of ) the pomegran-
ate oxymel without vinegar, one qya (of ) julep, and one dirham (of )
almond oil; and the diet (consisting) of vegetable stu
186 with the juice
of unripe grapes or (else) pullet (is taken) in the afternoon. (This regi-
men) must be followed for ve days up to one week.

Chapter Ten
on
Collyria, Catapasms, and Ophthalmics

(245)
The dust-coloured (remedy)
Kerman tutty and burnt caltrop one part of each; sugar one fourth of
a part. (This) is ground, then strained, and used.

(246)
The polisher from S br187
Starch four parts; gum-arabic two parts; ceruse, argentic slag, and sti-
bium one part of each. (This) is ground, and used.

186
muzauwara vegetable stu
denotes [un] plat maigre, aux lgumes, sans
viande, et aussi: boisson douce et enivrante [. . .] aliment prpar sans viande; on y
met de la coriandre ou quelque autre ingrdient de ce genre, et on le donne au malade
[. . .] muzauwara signie ordinairement chez les mdecins: chaque plat sans viande
quon donne un malade, see Dozy Supplment 1/612.
187
For this recipe from S br ibn Sahls (d. 255/869) small dispensatory see Kahl
Sbr 197 and Sbr 166 no. 365.
258 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(247)
The unripe grape coolant
Tutty and yellow myrobalan fteen dirham of each; ginger seven and
a half dirham; long pepper three and a half dirham; turmeric fteen
dirham; emblic and greater celandine two dirham of each. All (this) is
pounded, strained, steeped in the water of fresh unripe grapes in a
greenthat is a porcelaintrough for seven days, (then) dried, ground
again, and used.

(248)
The ash-coloured (remedy)
which strengthens the sight
and dries up lachrymation
Kohl, Indian tutty, copper scoriae, and burnt wormwood one part
of each; greater celandine one fourth of a part. (This) is pounded,
strained through a cloth of silk, and stored.

(249)
The mighty (remedy)
which is useful (against) loss of vision,
dries up lachrymation, and strengthens the eye
Auric slag, copper scoriae, Indian tutty, lobster, stibium, laurel, black
and white pepper, long pepper, and sal ammoniac one dirham of each;
sa
ron two dirham; sweet basil half a dirham; musk one qr
. (This) is
properly ground and strained, and (then) stored.

(250)
The (remedy called) bsilqn
meaning royal or kingly188
for (the treatment of ) itchiness of the eye
and loss of sight
Argentic slag and scaled sepiolite ten dirham of each; oxidized copper
ve dirham; ceruse, white salt, sal ammoniac, germander, black pep-
per, and long pepper two and a half dirham of each; clove and usnea
one dirham of each. All (this) is pounded, strained, and used.

188
bsilqn < A (scil. ) royal, kingly is a name given to various
collyria, liniments, and other compound drugs, both in the Greek and Arabic phar-
macy, see Liddell/Scott Lexicon 309f. and Fellmann Qalnis 242f.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 259

(251)
The (remedy called) ran
meaning light189
which is useful against weakness
of sight and oaters
Haematite, oxidized copper, argentic slag, Indian salt, Armenian
borax, verdigris, black and white pepper, long pepper, and sepiolite
four parts of each; Socotra aloe, Indian spikenard, and clove one and a
half parts of each; ginger and lilac two parts of each. (This) is brought
together, and used.

(252)
The painters coolant
which is (also called) the pomegranate coolant,
and which sharpens the sight
Tutty is steeped in the strained water of red pomegranates for seven
days, (then) ground, and used.

(253)
A coolant which makes the eyelashes grow,
and which is useful (against) lachrymation
Lapis lazuli, the ground seeds of Medina dates190 or (another kind of )
exquisite dates, and frankincense soot are pulverized, strained, and
used.

(254)
An Indian coolant
for (the treatment of ) moist scaly
eruptions (around the eyes)
Oxidized copper and iron scoriae eight dirham of each; aloe four
dirham; salt, Armenian borax, black pepper, ginger, and Basra vitriol
two dirham of each; glass-slag which is the masaqniy of glass,191

189
Persian ran lux, claritas; lucem, splendorem dans, see Vullers Lexicon
2/75f.
190
ain, reduced in my translation to Medina, is traditionally described as a
sort of date which is black and hard to chew, and allegedly so called after a certain
ram named ai n that was once tied to a palm-tree in Medina, see e.g. Lane Lexicon
4/1752.
191
masaqniy is a hybrid ultimately derived from Syriac me oleum and
260 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

white mustard, and burnt Oriental frankincense one dirham of each.

(This) is pounded, kneaded with wine vinegar, left in a brass vessel in
the sun until (the mixture) is dry, and (then) used.

(255)
An unripe grape coolant
for (the treatment of ) hot mixtures (in the eyes),
blepharitis, and ophthalmic fever
Tutty is steeped in the ltered water of fresh unripe grapes for seven
days, and (then) used.

(256)
A collyrium for (the treatment of ) albugo
Sarcocolla steeped in asss milk seven dirham; sa
ron two dniq; horn
poppy powder two dniq. (This) is ground, and used.

(257)
Another collyrium for (the treatment of ) albugo
The shells of ostrich eggs, pieces of broken Chinese porcelain, tutty,
verdigris, and alwa kohl192a kind of stibium which is compact, shad-
ing into redness, and (in structure) similar to an agateve (dirham)
of each; lobster, Indian tutty, and tabasheer two dirham of each; lizard
droppings and tara compact white stone which is similar to white
marble except that the tar is lighter, whiter, and rmer, and that it
lacks the translucency of some (varieties of ) marbleone dirham of
each; black pepper half a dirham; yercum sugar three dirham; washed
haematite three dirham; new whetstone and marcasite two dirham of
each. (These ingredients) are brought together rinsed, and they are
used as a collyrium which is applied precisely to the albugineous spot
by passing a surgical stick over it. This (remedy) is useful, (as) Ibn at-
Tilm (himself says): I can conrm that it is proven by experience.

 dark-blue, see Payne Smith Thesaurus 2/2238 (with 2240 for the intermedi-
ate ma qny) and Liddell/Scott Lexicon 1003; cf. also Vullers Lexicon 2/852 s.v. kaf-i
bgnah aqua spumae instar in supercie vitri, quod funditur, apparens (but never
mind his etymology).
192
alwa was the Arabic name of a town (balda) in Andalusia which produced and
exported kohl, see Y qt Buldn 3/316.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 261

(258)
The (remedy called) malky
that is kingly193
for (the treatment of ) acute conjunctivitis
Sarcocolla steeped in asss milk, starch, and white sugar candy are
pounded, strained, and used.

(259)
The yellow catapasm
for (the treatment of ) pains in the eye caused
by moisture, and inveterate conjunctivitis
Sarcocolla steeped (in asss milk) ve dirham; horn poppy two dirham;
aloe, rose seeds, and sa
ron half a dirham of each; opium four dniq.
(This) is pounded, strained, and used.

(260)
The deliverer
A combination of the white and the yellow catapasms194 by equal
shares.

(261)
The rosy (remedy)
which is useful against (ophthalmic) ulcers,
conjunctivitis, and pimples (around the eyes)
Ceruse eight parts; argentic slag, gum-arabic, and haematite four
parts of each; opium, mace, oxidized copper, and sa
ron one part of
each; camphor one qr
. (These ingredients) are brought together in
ground form, and (so) they are used.

(262)
Another rosy (remedy)
for (the treatment of ophthalmic) ulcers
Beans and washed haematite one part of each. Grind the two (ingredi-
ents), and use (this).

193
Syriac malky (i.q. A ) regius, regalis, see Payne Smith Thesaurus
2/2144.
194
See recipes 263 and 259 respectively.
262 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(263)
A white ophthalmic
for (the treatment of ) the early stages of hot
conjunctivitis, and burning sensations in the eye
Gum-arabic, tragacanth, and starch two dirham of each; ceruse ve
dirham; opium two thirds of a dirham. (This) is ground, strained,
kneaded with egg white or rainwater, set up as an ophthalmic, scraped
over a whetstone, and used.

(264)
The daiza195 ophthalmic
for (the treatment of ) pterygium, inveterate
pannus, inveterate scaly eruptions (around the eyes),
and felty albugo if there is no heat
Gum-arabic, auric slag, and ceruse four dirham of each; verdigris two
dirham; myrrh, opium, castoreum, lycium, and galbanum one fourth
of a dirham each. (This) is ground, strained through a cloth of silk,
kneaded with leek-water or rue-water or wine, and set up as an
ophthalmic.

(265)
A mild red ophthalmic
for (the treatment of ) the remnants of
conjunctivitis, and swollen eyelids
Gum-arabic, tragacanth, starch, ceruse, oxidized copper, haematite,
and Indian laurel in equal parts. (This) is pounded, strained through a
cloth of silk, kneaded with water, and set up as an ophthalmic.

(266)
A sharp red ophthalmic
for (the treatment of ) blepharitis, scaly
eruptions (around the eyes), ptosis and
relaxation of the eyelids, and pannus
Haematite twelve dirham; gum-arabic ten dirham; opium and aloe six
dirham of each; verdigris six dirham; myrrh and sa
ron half a dirham of

195
daiza < Persian dzah color cinereus ad nigredinem vergens, see Vullers
Lexicon 1/952.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 263

each; dragons blood two dirham. (This) is ground, strained through a

cloth of silk, set up as an ophthalmic with water, and used.

(267)
A green ophthalmic
for (the treatment of ) inveterate scaly
eruptions (around the eyes), swollen eyelids,
inveterate pannus with no evidence of
redness or harshness, oaters, and albugo
Ceruse, ammoniacum, and gum-arabic two dirham of each; starch
one dirham; verdigris two dirham. (This) is ground, kneaded with rue-
water, and set up as an ophthalmic.

(268)
A black ophthalmic
which is (called) the lead ophthalmic,
and which lls ulcers (of the eyes)
Oxidized black lead, kohl, oxidized copper, tutty, gum-arabic, and tra-
gacanth one part of each; opium half a part. (This) is pounded, strained
through a cloth of silk, kneaded, set up as an ophthalmic, and used.

(269)
An ophthalmic for (the treatment of lachrymal)
stulaar-R z mentions this (remedy) and
attributes (its invention) to himself when he says
by me196
Aloe, Oriental frankincense, sarcocolla, dragons blood, pomegranate
owers, kohlthat is to say stibium, and alum in equal parts; verdi-
gris one fourth of a part. All (this) is pounded, strained through a cloth
of silk, set up as an ophthalmic, and used as followsput the patient
to sleep on the healthy side, squeeze out the stula (located) in the
larger, inner corner of the eye very thoroughly, shed three drops of the
ophthalmic into the eye, (waiting) a short while between each drop,

196
There are a few self-invented prescriptions and applications which are simi-
lar to the one on hand in the relevant sections of Muammad ibn Zakary  ar-R zs
(d. 313/925 or 323/935) huge medical encyclopaedia al-w but none of them is close
enough to be clearly recognized as Ibn at-Tilms source, cf. R z w 2/246258.
264 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

and let (the patient) sleep for (a further) two hours; proceed with this
application for (about) one week until nothing (more) emerges from
the stula when squeezed, then stop treatment.

(270)
The galls ophthalmic
for (the treatment of ) the early stages
of (eye)water
Take for one part of the dried gall-bladders of an ox, a carp, a crane,
a falcon, an eagle, and a quail about one tenth of this (amount) in
spurge, just as much again (of ) colocynth pulp, and from sagapenum
the same, bring (all this) together with fennel-water, and set it up as
an ophthalmic.

(271)
The Indian tutty collyrium
for (the treatment of ) albugo
Sepiolite, auric slag, lizard droppings, glass-slag, new whetstone, lob-
ster, and golden marcasite four dniq of each; alwa kohl,197 washed
haematite, and unpierced pearls half a dirham of each; yercum sugar
one dirham; verdigris, sal ammoniac, black pepper, long pepper, clove,
and Indian spikenard one and a half dniq of each; Chinese greater
celandine two dniq; pieces of broken Chinese porcelain and the shells
of ostrich eggs one dirham of each; Indian salt two dniq; Syrian glass
half a dirham; Indian tutty one dirham. All (this) is nely pounded and
ground, strained through a cloth of silk, and applied as a collyrium in
the morning and in the evening.

(272)
A red elixir198
for (the treatment of ) ophthalmic ulcers
Opium, washed haematite, oxidized copper, and starch eight dirham
of each; gum-arabic forty-eight dirham; ceruse four dirham; argentic
slag twenty-eight dirham. Grind the haematite and the copper prop-

197
On alwa see note 192 above.
198
iksrn, translated elixir to maintain the terms alchemical and thence mirac-
ulous connotations, is Syriac ksrn < , desiccative powder, see Liddell/Scott
Lexicon 1190 with Ullmann NGw 257260.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 265

erly in water, then, when they are dry, bring them together with the
remaining (ingredients), and apply (all) this as a collyrium resembling
(calcined and powdered) stibium (in density).

(273)
An ophthalmic called perfumer
which is useful against pimples (around the eyes),
deep (ophthalmic) ulcers, and chorioid melanoma199
Burnt argentic slag slaked with mothers milk sixteen miql; washed
ceruse eight miql; sa
ron four miql; tragacanth two miql. (This) is
kneaded with rainwater, set up as an ophthalmic, and used by rubbing
it into egg white.

(274)
A catapasm which is useful (against)
itchiness and scaly eruptions (around the eyes)
Aloe, lycium, yellow myrobalan, and horn poppy powder in equal
parts. (This) is ground, and applied as a collyrium.

(275)
The myrtle coolant
Tutty ten dirham; kohl three dirham; auric slag, gum-senegal, and
greater celandine two dirham of each; Yemenite alum eight dirham;
yellow myrobalan six dirham; washed haematite ve dirham. All (this)
is nely pounded, and steeped in myrtle-water and sumach-water
(exposed) to the sun for seven days.

(276)
The twelver collyrium
which is useful against loss of sight
Washed haematite ten dirham; Indian tutty and (the kind of tutty that)
resembles (the white colour of ) tabasheer, opium, copper scoriae,
unpierced pearls, horn poppy, Socotra aloe, lycium, sa
ron, oxidized
copper, and Chinese greater celandine two dirham of each. The ingre-

199
The term used here for chorioid melanoma, i.e. msara, is the arabicized
form of Persian mrsarak (small) like an ants head which, in turn, is a calque of
= (a complaint in the eyes, in which the uvea protrudes) like a ys head,
see Dehkhod Luat-Nmah s.v. mwrsrk and Liddell/Scott Lexicon 1151.
266 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

dients are brought together, pounded, strained through (a cloth of )

silk, pestled in a mortar until they are (ne) like dust, and applied as
a collyrium.

(277)
A hospital coolant
which lifts (drooped) eyelids
and makes the lashes grow
Nard and the burnt seeds of dates in equal parts. (This) is pounded,
and used.

(278)
The haematite catapasm
which is useful against pannus and swollen eyelids
Haematite ten dirham; Socotra aloe, lycium, and black and chebulic
myrobalan ve dirham of each; hairy sa
ron one miql. The ingredi-
ents are brought together, ground, strained through (a cloth of ) silk,
and used.

(279)
A catapasm which is useful against albugo
Sepiolite and eggshells ve dirham of each; sugar, sarcocolla, and
ceruse four dirham of each; starch one dirham. (This) is nely pounded,
strained through (a cloth of ) silk, and used.

Chapter Eleven
on
Oils

(280)
The myrtle oil
which darkens and strengthens the hair
Take three qya (of ) stoneless emblic and cook it in three ra
l water
until one half (of it) is leftsome people use wine instead of water;
(now) strain it, cast upon it one ra
l (of ) fresh myrtle-water, cook it
(again) until it is reduced to one half, (then) cast upon it one ra
l (of )
violet oil, and cook it a third time until (all) the water vanishes and
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 267

(only) the oil remainsthis you can tell by dipping into it a piece of
burning wood, which makes a hissing sound if some of the water is
(still) left; if there is no (more) hissing, take (the oil) o
the re, but
not before throwing ve dirham (of ) pure ladanum into it. According to
some copies a relevant quantity (of ) myrtle-water is cooked together
with a similar (amount of ) sesame oil.

(281)
The egg oil
which makes the hair grow
Take a number of eggs and boil them until they are well-cooked;
then take the white and cast it aside; (now) rub the yolk thoroughly
between your ngers, throw it in a new frying-pan, light a re below
it, tilt the pan so that the oil ows to one side, strain it by and by, and
keep it safe.

(282)
The mastic oil
which is useful against gastric debility
Take three ra
l (of ) sesame oil and six qya (of ) mastic, cook (that) on
a low ame in a double pot until the mastic melts into the oil and is
absorbed by it, (then) take it o
the re, let it cool down, and store it.

(283)
The gourd oil
Go for a juicy gourd, express its water, strain it, cast upon each two
mann of gourd-water one ra
l of sesame oil, cook (that) on a low ame
until the water is gone and the oil is left, and store (this).

(284)
The basil200 oil
The water from fresh sweet basil one part; sesame oil one part. All (this)
is cooked until the water is gone and the oil is left, and (then) stored.

200
The term used here for basil, i.e. hasfaram, is the arabicized form of Persian
h-isparam which strictly speaking is bush basil Ocimum minimum, see Schmucker
abar 259; in the present context, however, it is clearly used as a synonym of rain
sweet basil Ocimum basilicum, one of the two ingredients of this recipe.
268 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(285)
An oil with which to anoint the penis
that goes accid during sexual intercourse
The seeds of Roman nettle, castoreum, and asafoetida resin two dirham
of each; Oriental frankincense three dirham. Bring (this) together,
crush what needs to be crushed, put it (all) in a ask, cast upon it ten
dirham each of gillyower oil, jasmine oil, and narcissus oil, boil (that)
until the frankincense dissolves and the (other) ingredients (too)
blend into it, (then) lift it o
just as it isincluding the sediment,
fasten the top of the ask with wax, and store it.

(286)
Another oil to stimulate sexual desire
Add to four qya each of narcissus oil and gillyower oil one dirham
(of ) spurge, half a dirham (of ) natron, and one dniq (of ) musk, and oil
with it penis and pubes when required.

(287)
The absinthe oil
Pour one mann (of ) sesame oil into a vessel of glass or porcelain, throw
on it two qya of absinthe blades, leave (that exposed) to the sun for
forty days, (then) strain o
the oil, and use it. In the same way (you
prepare) the oil which is obtained from dill seeds.

(288)
The caltrop oil
Crushed caltrop ten dirham; ginger four dirham; sesame oil one cupful;
fresh water fteen cupfuls. Cook (this) in a pot on a low ame until the
water is gone and the oil is left, (then) take it o
the re, strain it, and
use it as an enema from the back or from the front by injecting it into
(the rectum or) the urethra; and when rubbed into the pubic region, it
resolves urinary detention.

(289)
An oil which lengthens the hair
of the head and the beard, and
which accelerates its growth
Take fresh white husked barley and soak it in hot water until it grows
and swells up; when it can be pressed, press it; (now) take one part
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 269

from this starch, one part from Cyprian ladanum, one part from
milky emblic-water (obtained) by macerating (the fruits) for three
days, and the total weight from oil of ben, and boil (all that) on a low
ame until the waters vanish and the oil remains (in a consistency)
similar to glue; then strain o
the oil to one side, wrap the sediment
(around the hair) at night, wash it out in the morning, and (nally)
apply the oil after washing and drying of the hair.

(290)
The violet oil
Take properly peeled unroasted dried sesame, put a layer of it into a
new bag of cotton, and (another) layer of clean stalkless unrinsed vio-
let owers which do not (contain too) much (natural) moisturethen
they become mouldyand not (too) little but rather in between; close
the top of the bag, cover it with a cloth of cotton, and leave it for three
or four days; (now) take out (the content), spread it on a veil of cotton
in a room which is absolutely smokefree, (wait for it) to become dry,
and (then) throw away the violets; repeat this three or four or more
times, depending on how many violets you wish to use; then spread it
out (a last time), let it dry o
completely, mill (the seeds), and extract
their oil; pour (that) in a glass vessel and whenever a deposit settles
at the bottom of the vessel, lter (the liquid) through into another
vessel; repeat this a number of times until (the oil) is clear. In exactly
the same way you prepare violet oil with almond kernels; and rose
oil, nenuphar (oil), narcissus (oil), and (many) other oils are made just
like that.

Chapter Twelve
on
Liniments

(291)
A white liniment
Ceruse half a ra
l; clear wax half a ra
l in the season of summer and
ve qya in winter; bzy oil201 one mann. Melt the wax in the oil on a

201
I have little doubt about the reading bzy, which reoccurs twice in the text on
hand and is backed reasonably well by the manuscript tradition; what the term rep-
resents, however, I have no idea.
270 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

low ame, beat one part (of it) together with the ceruse in a mortar,
ceaselessly stirring (the mixture) until it cools o
and sti
ens under
the movement lest the ceruse subside, (then) store it, and use it.

(292)
The vinegar liniment
Grind and strain one part of litharge of gold, throw it into a green
trough,202 knead it with two parts (of ) olive oil, beat (that) gently with
your hand, add to it four parts of vinegar little by little, beating (the
mixture) until it consolidates, and (then) store it.

(293)
The verdigris liniment
Wax one fourth of a ra
l; mastic one qya; ammoniacum two qya.
Dissolve the ammoniacum in two ra
l wine vinegar and olive oil, melt
the wax into it on a re, mix it together with the remaining (ingredi-
ent), add to it two and a half qya (of ) ground verdigris little by little,
beating (the mixture) thoroughly, leave it to cool down, and (then)
use it.

(294)
The black liniment
which is (also called) the pitch liniment
Wax one and a half parts; pitch and pine resin one part of each. Melt
(this) in thrice as much olive oil, strain it through a sieve, leave it to
sti
en, and (then) store it.

(295)
The quicklime liniment
for (the treatment of ) burns
Take burnt lime, slake it seven times with fresh water, knead it with
olive oil little by little so as to retract the water from the body of the
lime, leaving (inside only) the oil, and use (this).

202
Compare note 129 above.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 271

(296)
The liniment (called) diyiln
that is mucilages203
The mucilages of linseed, the seeds of wild marjoram, the seeds of the
pale-coloured marshmallow, and fenugreek (seeds) half a ra
l of each;
wax one fourth of a ra
l. (This) is inspissated with one and a half ra
l of
olive oil, and stored.

(297)
A liniment which is useful for
(the treatment of ) ulcers of the head
and the early stages of scabies
Crush ve parts each of myrobalan stones and oak galls, and scorch all
(this) in sesame oil in a cauldron; then grind it in a mortar, and throw
onto it two parts of ground myrtle and half a part of white salt; then
cast upon it a sucient quantity (of ) wax and bzy oil204which is to
say ve times as much as of the (other) ingredients, whereby the wax
should have one share and the oil four shares in that total of ve. Put
(this preparation) on the ulcers, and put on top of it beet and endive.

(298)
The haematite liniment
which is useful against tenesmus and (anal)
ssures in children, and ulcers of the vulva and
the penis when injected together with maids milk,
the oil of white jasmines, and rose oil
Violet oil and rose (oil) one qya of each; clear washed wax ve dirham.
Melt the wax, and pour it in a mortar onto the following ingredients,
all groundceruse three dirham; washed haematite, Armenian bole,
and Cyprian bole two dirham of each; salsify sap three dirham; opium
ve dniq; sa
ron one dirham. (Then) mix it well.

203
diyiln < (.) % I lit. (remedy made) with plant juices, cf. Liddell/Scott
Lexicon 2013; further Dozy Supplment 1/480 empltre considr comme rsolutif, et
dans lequel il entre des substances mucilagineuses.
204
Compare note 201 above.
272 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(299)
How to wash wax-and-oil
Melt (the wax in the oil), pour (the mixture) into water, and keep melt-
ing it and pouring it into water until the latter does not taste of wax
(any more).

(300)
How to wash pitch
In order to reduce its sharpness and its (natural) heat, beat (the
pitch)as indicatedin clear (boiling) water very thoroughly for a
long time, (then) let (the water) calm down; when (the pitch) rises
to the surface take it, empty out that water, and throw the pitch into
another water; repeat this a few times until you nd the colour (of the
water) pure and its taste agreeable; if it is right, wash it (one) more
time, and (thereafter) use it.

(301)
How to wash olive oil
Take as much as you like from the purest olive oil, cast it in a cauldron,
pour on it a bit of limpid water, throw into it two dates and a handful
of our tied up in a cloth of linen, and boil (all this) gently on a low
ame until the water vanishes and the oil remains in a clear state;
then take out the our and the dates, let the oil cool o
, and use it as
required.

(302)
How to wash lac
Take woodfree lac, grind it, and in order to reduce its sharpness and
its (natural) heat pour over it boiling water in which had been cooked
rhubarb and citronella roots; (now) stir it gently with a pestle, strain
it into a sieve, and throw away the sediment (that has gathered upon
it); then clear it again, take what has been puried, let it dry, and use it
in the lac remedy.205

205
See recipe 29 (pastille).
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 273

(303)
A liniment for (the treatment of )
acute white vitiligo
Oxidized copper which is rsata,206 orpiment, garden cress, (burnt
but) not slaked lime, and potash in equal parts. Steep (these ingredi-
ents), once pounded, in childrens urine or in wine vinegar (exposed)
to the sun, stir (the mixture) every day, do this for four days, (then)
store it, and apply it after having washed the (a
ected) area before-
hand with childrens urine or with wine vinegar.

(304)
The cooling wax-liniment207
Wax one part; rose oil three parts. Melt (the wax in the oil), and mix it
thoroughly with endive-water in a mortar.

(305)
The prophets liniment
which is (also called) the apostles liniment
for (the treatment of ) stulae and severe scrofula;
it cleans and heals
White wax and pine resin twenty-eight dirham of each; long birthwort
and Oriental frankincense six dirham of each; myrrh and galbanum
four dirham of each; bdellium mukul six dirham; litharge nine dirham;
opopanax and verdigris four dirham of each; ammoniacum fourteen
dirham. The bdellium is soaked in wine vinegar, and (everything) is
cooked with two ra
l olive oil in summer and three ra
l in winter.

(306)
The bdellium-and-hump liniment
for (the treatment of ) haemorrhoids
Yellow wax, sesame oil, ducks grease, the bone marrow from a cows
shank, the fat from a camels hump, and bdellium mukul. The bdel-
lium is dissolved in linseed mucus, everything is brought together,
and stored.

206
rsata is the arabicized form of Persian ry-sutah oxidized copper CuO, see
Schmucker abar 505f.
207
The term used here for wax-liniment, i.e. qr
, is a transliteration of 8
cerate, see Liddell/Scott Lexicon 949.
274 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(307)
A liniment which brings out arrowheads from
the limbsnot on the authority of unain208
Take Greek pitch, Nabataean gum, pine gum, ammoniacum, bdellium
mukul, opopanax, and sagapenum in a weight of one miql each; ver-
digris and chickpeas in a weight of three dirham; old cows ghee in a
weight of ve dirham; rolled birthwort three dirham; fresh wax in a
weight of four (dirham). Melt what can be melted, pound what can be
pounded, mix it all together, and store it in a vessel. Smear some of this
(preparation) over a piece of cloth, and put that on the (a
ected) spot
so as to open (the wound); then smear some of it over gauze tampons,
and insert them into (the wound on) the limb wherein the arrowhead
is (stuck)this will draw and drag it out.

(308)
An elixir209 which is useful
in (treating) ulcers that are about
to scar over and fade away
Myrrh, alum, and olibanum one part of each; ceruse about the total
(amount). (This) is mixed with oil, kneaded with wine, and used.

(309)
The liniment which is made with iron sulphate,
and which Galen called the palmy;210
this liniment heals and skins over ulcers,
it puts away tumours, gout, rheumatism,
and swellings of the soft tissue, it dissolves
abscesses, and it is suitable for (the

208
I have no idea why Ibn at-Tilm would have felt obliged to emphasize that the
remedy on hand was not taken from unain, on whom see note 12 above.
209
Compare note 198 above.
210
On Galen see note 47 above. I have not been able to trace this recipe in Galens
extant writings; however, it is interesting to see what he says about the date-palm
in his /0  0 % I HI  (translated into Arabic mid
3rd/9th century) s.t. /0  : D, < %=%  = % 9
J D K6 = $ 3 4 I % < G 9 9, L%"%
G ) 0
"% E) 
 $ %3 @ @ - 0
$ @ 9
= 9%"% L [. . .] M % 90 I %%I
KI GN I 0 D 
  = I O+ 

@ 0 D .D  0 D % -,+  0 -+, see
MGO 12/151f.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 275

treatment of ) burns, frostbite on the hands

and the feet, open fractures of the bones,
and burst (hydro)celein case of rheumatism
(however) it is only used if there is no pain
and no ache involved, that is if the swelling
is painless or almost painless; (further it is
suitable for the treatment of ) gastric and
hypogastric tumours as well as a contusion
of (certain) organs when xed above them
in a bandage; and it is useful (against) the
bloatedness and bluish-green discolouration
that result from a punch
Old unsalted pigs fat melted and cleared from its (gelatinous) coating
two ra
l; old pure olive oil three ra
l; litharge three (ra
l); iron sulphate
which is a kind of yellow vitriol four qya. Grind the iron sulphate and
the litharge nely, mix the two (substances) together with the afore-
said fat and olive oil in a mortar, and beat them gently; then put it all in
a cauldron, (cook it), and stir it with the branch of a skinned palm-leaf,
having cut what remained of the leaf into small pieces and thrown
these in the decoction so that the liniment absorbs the moisture (not
only) from the branch that has been deprived of the leaves which were
rooted in it (but also) from the other (parts like) the peeled-o
and
chopped-up (skin and leaves); then, when (the mixture) has gained
the consistency of a liniment, remove from it the bulk of the palm-
leaf. For (those patients who have) robust constitutions you may add
(from the beginning) another qya or two of iron sulphate, up to (a
total amount of ) half a ra
l; but the palm-leaf must be freshly (cut) for
its moisture to pass over into the concoction. Ibn at-Tilm says: If
the aforementioned swellings are recent or (still) growing, this lini-
ment should be diluted with a very astringent but not very mature
wine which is less strong than must, pure, of ne quality, (a wine)
which feeds into the faculty of the remedy whilst enhancing its liquid-
ity, and of which you admix to the liniment as much as it can absorb;
if (the swellings however) are fully developed, forget about the wine
altogether and use old olive oil instead when diluting the liniment,
(again) with the intention to strengthen its dissolvent (e
ect)for the
astringency of the wine (used) in the rst (instance) aims at noth-
ing but a limitation (of the remedys power). Using castor oil instead
of old olive oil is also an option. And where the liniment (amounts
to), say, ten parts, the oil with which it is diluted should (amount to)
276 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

nine partsthis is in spring and in summer; in winter (however only)

seven (parts) of oil go into ten parts of liniment, such that the fac-
ulty of the remedy reveals itself (in a form) capable of resisting the
cold season. Choosing rose oil will give (the remedy) an analgesic and
desiccating (e
ect), and diluting it with vinegar will make it particu-
larly e
ective in the treatment of burns. If (the patient) is very sensi-
tive to physical (pain) and has bad chymes, add to this liniment when
treating open fractures a narcotic sap, which may be (obtained from)
fresh henbane or (from) the roots or ripe fruits of the mandrake or
it may be opium and also horn poppy (sap), and (further) the saps
of lettuce, endive, knotgrass, forget-me-not, and water mossexcept
that the sap of forget-me-not hardly cools; and if these saps are not
readily available (take) vinegar and water, in which case the cooling
(e
ect) of the remedy (rests on the use of ) ice or (very) cold water
except when (the skin) shows a bluish-green discolouration. (In gen-
eral terms you should measure) for each ra
l of liniment one qya of
sap, increasing or decreasing (the amount) as you see t. Rose oil, too,
is (an) appropriate (complement) in such a situation. (This liniment)
is (also) used for (the treatment of ) hot bloodshot swellings whose
nature resembles the (kind of ) swelling called erythema,211 together
with rose oil and the saps of nightshade or unripe grapes or purslane
or houseleekexcept that the sap of unripe grapes is very astringent
and therefore, out of harms way, not used in this (case) on its own but
(only) in combination with purslane sap.

Chapter Thirteen
on
Cataplasms and Ointments

(310)
A hospital cataplasm for
(the treatment of ) hernia
Mastic, the bark of the frankincense(-tree), the cones and leaves of
the cypress, myrrh, sarcocolla, and sh-glue in equal parts. Grind
(this) except the glue which is dissolved in wine vinegar and tepid
water; once dissolved, mix it together with the (other) ingredients,

211
The term used here for erythema, i.e. umra, is a calque of 9@+ lit. red-
ness, see Liddell/Scott Lexicon 692.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 277

and spread it all on a stone slab; once dried, grind it (again), wet it
with water, and use it.

(311)
The bone-setting cataplasm
Gum-senegal, glossostemon root, aloe, Armenian bole, marshmallow,
and asphodel which is the root of un and (also) called shoemaker
asphodel212 one part of each. (This) is pounded, wet with myrtle-
water, and used.

(312)
Another cataplasm for the setting of bones
Glossostemon root ve mann; Armenian bole one and a half mann;
pale-coloured marshmallow one mann; myrtle and mung beans one
mann of each; gum-senegal and asphodel just one ra
l of each; and
from aloe six qya. All (this) is pounded, strained, and used.

(313)
A cataplasm for (the treatment of )
the hot stomach
Fresh myrtle-water, quince-water, rose-water, apple-water, gum-sen-
egal, hard dry dates, biscuit, sandalwood, ladanum soaked in rose-
water, and sometimes also oak galls and sa
ron. (This) is brought
together, and used.

(314)
A cataplasm for (the treatment of )
gastric debility if there is no heat,
(if ) the disposition (of the patient) is lax,
and (if ) there is vomiting
Add to the previous cataplasm mastic, aloe, absinthe, and myrrh, put
these together with one part of all those (other ingredients), and pre-
pare from it a liniment with wax and rose oil.213

212
un is another name for asphodel Asphodelus spp., see Lw Panzennamen 290
.;
the additional synonym shoemaker asphodel (ars al-askifa) looks like a one-o

to me.
213
In categorical terms, the present prescription is on the borderline between
cataplasms and liniments; for the original liniment with wax and rose oil see recipe
304.
278 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(315)
A cataplasm for (the treatment of )
soft tumours in the extremities
Sulphur, cows dung, and fenugreek in equal parts. (This) is wet with
wine vinegar, and used.

(316)
A cataplasm for (the treatment of )
indurate hydrocele
Seedless raisins, fresh goats fat, peeled boiled broad beans, lentils,
alkekengi leaves, barley meal, egg yolk, and rose oil are prepared like
a liniment, and applied as a cataplasm.

(317)
The soft lumps cataplasm
Fermented wheat dough three parts; Armenian borax, Roman nettle,
salt, calamint, pigeons droppings, and dry mint (one part of each).
(This) is ground, kneaded with olive oil, and used.

(318)
A cataplasm for (the treatment of )
abscesses
Dry yellow gs are heated in water until they are well-cooked, (then)
ground, and mixed together with borax, sesame oil, cows ghee, and
olive oil.

(319)
A cataplasm for (the treatment of )
nervous convulsions
Bdellium mukul one qya; chickens grease, ducks grease, and the
bone marrow from a cows shank half a ra
l of each. Dissolve the bdel-
lium by submerging it in hot water, (then) mix it all in a mortar, and
use it.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 279

(320)
A cataplasm for (the treatment of )
inamed and swollen nerves
Peeled sesame and the fresh leaves of sweet marjoram are squashed in
a mortar, and this (mixture) is smeared over a piece of cloth and put
onto (the a
ected area).

(321)
The g cataplasm
for (the treatment of ) sclerosis of the spleen
Bdellium mukul two qya; ammoniacum one qya; broad bean meal,
lupine meal, melilot, fenugreek, linseed, chamomile, and Indian spike-
nard ve dirham of each; dry yellow gs one ra
l. Cook the gs until
they disintegrate and become, when pounded, like a liniment; (then)
throw the (other) ingredients on it in a mortar, having dissolved the
ammoniacum and the bdellium in water, mix it (all) with chamomile
oil or rue oil, and use it.

(322)
A cataplasm (which is) like a liniment
for (the treatment of ) Persian re,214
and burns and blisters (in general)
(Burnt) lime, slaked seven times (then) drained (and) dried, four qya;
beet leaves two qya; wax four qya; rose oil half a ra
l. All (this) is
nely ground in a mortar, and (then) used.

(323)
An ointment for (the treatment of ) hot
tumoursit is known by (the name of ) nard
Red sandalwood and cimolite ve dirham of each; white sandalwood
and horn poppy powder three dirham of each; Armenian bole ten
dirham; areca, gum-senegal, and lycium two dirham of each; ceruse and
litharge one dirham of each. All (this) is nely ground, kneaded with
endive-water, prepared like the nard (ointment should be prepared),
and when required scraped o
.215

214
That is anthrax.
215
It is not clear to me how and when the Persian word nard, denoting a kind of
280 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(324)
An ointment for (the treatment of )
desquamation (of the skin)
Garden cress, the peels of the caper root, and hellebore in equal parts.
(This) is pounded, kneaded, wet with wine vinegar and honey, and
applied as an ointment in the bathhouse.

(325)
An ointment for (the treatment of )
black lichen
Rocket seeds, garden cress, radish seeds, babys breath, mustard, and
musk melon seeds (in) equal (parts). (This) is pounded, strained, wet
with wine vinegar and honey, and used in the bathhouse.

(326)
A remedy for (the treatment of )
moist scabies
Ceruse, kamala, babul, Bengal quince, tabasheer, and pomegranate
owers half a ra
l of each; potsherds one ra
l. (This) is pounded, and
kneaded with wine vinegar and rose oil.

(327)
A remedy for (the treatment of )
dry scabies
Pomegranate owers and turmeric one part of each; pine resin, len-
tils, myrrh, Chinese greater celandine, and long birthwort half a part
of each. (This) is pounded, and kneaded with wine vinegar.

(328)
A fragrant paste for
(the treatment of ) mange
Greater celandine, horn poppy powder, sweet alecost, mahaleb ker-
nels, rattah which is Indian hazelnut,216 the honey of white amber

board game, came to be used as the name of an ointment; equally unclear is why the
Persians consider this word, when used in the latter sense, to be of Arabic provenance.
216
rattah is another name for Indian hazelnut Corylus avellana var. indica, see Lw
Panzennamen 48f.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 281

which is a variety of liquid storax,217 and mercury one part of each.

(This) is pounded, and kneaded with the oil from unripe olives.

(329)
A hospital paste for (the treatment of )
mange(according to) the complete copy218
Babys breath, litharge, argentic slag, borax, salt, arsenic, alum from
ruddy (earth), sal ammoniac, black cumin, potash, turmeric, dead-
ened mercury,219 and whitish sulphur one part of each; oleander four
parts. Pound all (this), steep it in sesame oil, and use it in the bath-
house, patiently waiting for the sweat to run and then washing it o

with lye followed by mild detergents like barley meal and lentil (meal).
Ibn at-Tilm says: Deadened mercury is mercury into which salt
and ashes have been mixed (and left) for a long time so as to form a
cohesive mass.

(330)
A paste for (the treatment of ) moist
mange in those who live a life of luxury
Deadened mercury,220 argentic slag, litharge, and oleander are
pounded and used with rose oil.

(331)
A paste for (the treatment of ) mange
according to Ab l-asan ibn Sin n221
it is proven by experience
Litharge, kamala, curcuma tubers, and oleander leaves in equal parts.
(This) is steeped in two parts (of ) rose oil and one part (of ) wine vin-
egar, and (then) used.

217
For the equation of white amber and liquid storax Liquidambar orientalis see e.g.
Schmucker abar 430f. and 494f.
218
This is probably a reference to S br ibn Sahls (d. 255/869) large dispensatory
in its unrevised and unabridged (hence complete) form, of which only a few frag-
ments have come down to us, see the diagram in Kahl Sbr 22 with Ullmann Medizin
301 note 1; cf. also note 133 above.
219
On how to deaden mercury see Ibn at-Tilms own brief comment at the end
of this recipe; for a di
erent though related method see recipe 389.
220
Compare the conclusion of recipe 329.
221
I guess this would be Ab l-asan bit ibn Sin n (d. 365/976, see e.g. Ibn al-Qif
282 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(332)
Another paste for
(the treatment of ) mange
Realgar two dirham; litharge the same; babys breath four dniq; dead-
ened mercury two and a half dirham; liquid storax one dirham and one
third (of a dirham); sulphur one and a half dirham. Having deadened
the mercury as we mentioned (before),222 steep everything in fteen
dirham (of ) pure olive oil, and apply (the mixture) as a paste in the
bathhouse with green lye and a little salt, patiently waiting for a short
while before washing it o
with detergents that mollify the burning
sensation (on the skin) like barley meal, lentil (meal), musk melon
seed (meal), and so on.

(333)
A paste for (the treatment of )
dry mange
Turmeric, borax, salt cake, myrrh, sweet alecost, and babys breath
two dirham of each; liquid storax ve dirham. Steep (this) in rose oil,
patiently wait for three hours (after its application), and (then) wash
it o
with tepid water.

(334)
A dye which darkens the hair
Take barley meal, let it properly ferment so that it becomes sour, add
to one handful of it one qya (of ) rsata which is oxidized copper,223
pound (this), strain it through a cloth of silk, and liquefy it little by
little with acid wine vinegar until that mixture of fermented dough
and oxidized copper gains the consistency of pulped lote (fruits); then
wrap it around the hair and stu
into it beet leaves or lettuce (leaves)
or vine leaves or gourd leaves in order to prevent the dye from drying
out (too soon); leave it (like this) for twelve hours, then take away (the
leaves) and shake o
(the dye) from the hair. Meanwhile you should
have prepared twenty unpierced oak galls by burning them almost to
the point of complete combustion, (then) by quenching them so that

ukam 109
.), a grandson of  bit ibn Qurra al-arr n and himself a distinguished
physician; wherefrom Ibn at-Tilm got the present recipe is hard to say since  bit
ibn Sin n is not known to have written anything except one historical work.
222
Compare the conclusion of recipe 329.
223
Compare note 206 above.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 283

they can (easily) be crushed whilst some of their faculty is (still left),
and (nally) by grinding them, straining them through a cloth of silk,
and wetting them with water; (now) wrap (this dye) around the hair,
put leaves into it, and let it alone for twelve hours as (you did) before;
then take away (the leaves) and wash o
(the dye). This will bring out
a long-lasting beautiful black colour.

(335)
A paste for (the treatment of )
white lichen
Indian garden cress four qya; realgar one qya; babys breath two
qya; oxidized copper, lime, and potash one qya of each. (These
ingredients) are brought together by pounding and (then) wetting
them with wine vinegar.

(336)
A cataplasm for (dealing with)
intestinal worms
As regards the cataplasm which kills them, (take) green vitriol and
the treacle (made) with wormwood-water, bitter alecost-water, and
southernwood-water; as regards the one which (merely) drives them
out, (take) lupine kneaded with coniferous tar, colocynth pulp, and
aloe, and put (that) on the umbilicus.

(337)
A cataplasm for (the treatment of )
thin(-watery) dropsy
Barley meal, cyperus, the dung of small cattle, borax, and Armenian
bole in equal parts. (This) is wet with vinegar and smeared (onto
the skin).

(338)
A cataplasm for (the treatment of )
rheumatism and sciatica
Take fenugreek, throw it into a clay vessel, cast upon it a mix of vin-
egar and wine, and cook (that) on smouldering embers until (the
fenugreek) is worn soft; now cast honey upon it, again boil it on the
embers, (then) lift it o
, and apply it as a cataplasm.
284 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(339)
A cataplasm which has vomitive,
purgative, and laxative (properties),
depending on where it is placed
on the mouth of the stomach it causes
vomiting, on the umbilicus it purges, and
on the pubes it relaxes the menstrual blood
Embelia and the sap of wild serpent melon three miql of each; white
hellebore and litharge four dirham of each; the caul of a goat ve
dirham; the lees of olive oil ten miql; wax ve dirham. Melt the wax in
the lees of the oil, admix the (other) ingredients, smear (that) over (a
piece of ) paper, and stick it on.

(340)
A cataplasm which drains soft lumps
Chamomile, barley meal, dill, and marshmallow one handful of each;
bdellium twenty dirham. Dissolve the bdellium in the mucus of lin-
seed and wild marjoram seeds, and grind (that) together with the
(other) ingredients after having pounded them (rst); apply (this)
on an empty stomach, and take it o
at mealtimes until digestion is
completed.

(341)
A cataplasm for (the treatment of )
the bite of a rabid dog
Knead a bit of treacle with the ashes of vine stems,224 and apply that
as a cataplasm.

(342)
A cataplasm for (the treatment of )
sclerosis of the spleen
Cook ve bunches (of ) rue in half a ra
l (of ) wine vinegar together
with ve dirham (of ) birthwort and ve dirham (of ) absinthe, strain
o
the vinegar, and (then) dissolve in it ve dirham of ammoniacum;
now take ten dirham each of barley meal and darnel meal, ten gs in
number, and ve dirham of tarfa leaves, pound (that), knead it with the

224
af stems is a Persian word which has no currency in the Arabic language.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 285

vinegar, and apply (this), after having fomented the spleen with an-
nel soaked in hot vinegar, as a cataplasm by putting it on the sclerotic
(area) for the whole night.

(343)
A cataplasm for (the treatment of )
the cold stomach
Cyperus, Indian spikenard, citronella, absinthe, lemon grass, and mas-
tic are brought together with aged wine and quince-water.

(344)
For (the treatment of ) scurfy mange
without heat (of the skin)
Grind roses in sour vinegar until (the mixture) gains (some) consist-
ency; then admix to it ground sulphur in a quantity (equalling) one
half of the roses, rub (this) over the body in the bathhouse, and wash
it o
with mild detergents.

(345)
And for (the treatment of ) the itch
Celery-water and vinegar (are applied) in the bathhouse.

(346)
Simples for (the treatment of ) mange,
to be compounded as necessary
Sulphur, orpiment, realgar, ammonium chloride, ammonium hydrox-
ide, salt in (all) its varieties, ribes seeds, deadened mercury,225 the
ashes of vine (stems), argentic slag, auric slag, litharge, oleander
leaves, babys breath, borax, alum from ruddy (earth), potash, black
cumin, turmeric, kamala, liquid storax, greater celandine, horn poppy,
alecost, and mahaleb kernels are prepared with olive oil or sesame oil
or violet and rose oil as well as with vinegar and citron juice, and (their
application) is followed by (the use of ) lye and (other) kinds of deter-
gents. (When prepared to treat) acute ulcerating mange during the
summer in those who live a life of luxury or adolescents, the strength
of some of these (drugs) can be broken by (adding) camphor.

225
Compare the conclusion of recipe 329.
286 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(347)
For (the treatment of ) warts
unains (remedy of ) choice226
The fruit of the tarfa pounded in vinegar is applied as a cataplasm; or
else bdellium africanum, pine resin, and the peels of the caper root
with vinegar.

(348)
For (the treatment of ) tetter
Burnt staghorn with vinegar; also gum-arabic melted in vinegar.

(349)
The toenail foot-wrap
Linseed and fenugreek are pounded, kneaded with honey and melted
wax, and applied as a cataplasm.

(350)
For (the treatment of ) moles
on the face
White babys breath one miql; six peeled almonds; white sugar one
and a half miql. Apply this in the form of a paste over a period of
ten days.

(351)
A paste for (the treatment of ) freckles
unains (remedy of ) choice227
Mix ivory sawdust, g seeds, red kidney beans, mung beans, and bitter
almonds into barley-water, apply (this) as a paste at night, and set out
in the early morning for the bathhouse.

226
On unain see note 12 above. The word choice (itiyr) certainly contains an
allusion to a lost pharmacological writing by unain entitled al-Itiyrt The (Drugs
of ) Choice; for references to some minor fragments of this text see Ullmann Medizin
300 note 1 and GaS 3/255 no. 6.
227
Compare note 226 above.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 287

(352)
A remedy for (the treatment of )
lenticular warts
Sepiolite one part; borax one part; peeled almonds two parts.

(353)
And (again) for that
Lupine meal and burnt sepiolite in equal (parts). (This) is softened in
narcissus oil, and applied as a paste.

(354)
For (the treatment of ) black marks
on the face
Barley meal, broad bean (meal), and the roots of the sky-coloured iris
one dirham of each; sal ammoniac and gum ammoniac two dirham of
each. (The ammoniacs) are dissolved in hot water, kneaded together
with the remaining (ingredients), and made into pastilles; (or) they
are dissolved in egg white and applied as a paste, as required.

(355)
A paste for (the treatment of )
speckles and freckles
Pigeons droppings and borax in equal (parts). (This) is pounded,
kneaded, and applied to the face many times.

(356)
For (the treatment of ) scrofula
The ashes of a jades hoof (are mixed) with olive oil and applied as a
cataplasm.

(357)
A dye which darkens (the hair)
Mix the water from new walnut husks or sumach-water with henna,
then with wasma which is indigo leaves,228 (and also) with one dirham
(of ) clove, and use this for dyeing.

228
wasma is generally considered to denote the leaves of the indigo plant Indigofera
tinctoria, see e.g. Schmucker abar 534f.
288 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(358)
Alecost oil delays ageing
Black cumin oil (however) is stronger than that, or so they say.229

(359)
A paste for (the treatment of )
desquamation (of the skin)
Cantharides, arsenic, and garden cress are ground in vinegar and
honey, and applied as a paste.

(360)
A remedy from among the writings of ar-R z
for (the treatment of ) dumbness230
Sal ammoniac, pellitory, sweet ag, black pepper, and mustard in equal
(parts). (This) is ground, and applied as a thick smear below and above
the tongue several times a day.

(361)
A paste for (the treatment of )
dumbness
Pellitory, sea alecost, and castoreum are ground, and applied to the
tongue as a paste (whilst the patient) must not swallow his saliva.

(362)
A paste which makes the traces
of smallpox disappear
Litharge steeped (in oil), dry reed root, chickpea meal, decayed
bones, rice meal, musk melon seeds, ben seeds, and the rinds of the
sweet pomegranate (as much) as necessary of each. (This) is brought
together, ground, applied at night as a paste with the water of musk
melon seeds, and washed o
the next morning in the bathhouse.

229
This brief recipe looks like an interpolation, except that it is well-attested by
the manuscript tradition; in any case, it should rather be expected to gure in chapter
eleven on oils.
230
The relevant section in Muammad ibn Zakary  ar-R zs (d. 313/925 or 323/
935) huge medical encyclopaedia al-w o
ers a number of very similar though not
identical prescriptions, cf. R z w 3/206215.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 289

(363)
A paste for (the treatment of )
vitiligo
Garden cress, Asiatic crowfoot, larkspur, and the (dried) bodies of can-
tharides one part of each. (This) is kneaded with a decoction of mad-
der and wine vinegar.

(364)
A paste for (dealing with) lice
and (other) parasites in the beard
Stavesacre two dirham; borax, sumach, alecost, carob, and horn poppy
powder one dirham of each. (This) is pounded, strained, kneaded with
violet oil and wine vinegar, and applied as a paste.

(365)
A paste for (the treatment of ) white
lichen(invented) by Ibn at-Tilm
Radish seeds and peppergrass seeds ve dirham of each; green lye ten
dirham; borax two dirham. (These ingredients) are pounded, kneaded
with wine vinegar and honey, and applied as a paste before entering
the bathhouse.

Chapter Fourteen
on
Enemas and Suppositories

(366)
A mild enema which is used
in acute diseases
Husked crushed barley one handful; dry violet, nenuphar, marshmal-
low tied up in a cloth of linen, and bran tied up in a cloth of linen ve
dirham of each. Cook (this) in two ra
l water until eight qya (of it) are
left, (then) strain it o
, take from it fty dirham altogether, dissolve
in it one and a half qya (of ) violet oil or almond oil and one and a
half qya (of ) sugar together with one miql (of ) salt cake, and use
(that)if nature responds, (then good); if not, repeat (the treatment).
290 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(367)
A purgative medium enema
which is stronger than the previous
A bunch of nely chopped beet; twenty yellow gs in number; violet,
nenuphar, and crushed barley a stful of each; green marshmallow
and bran tied up in a cloth of linen ve dirham of each; chamomile
seven dirham. Cook all (this) in four ra
l water until one third (of it) is
left, (then) take eight qya from what has been strained o
, mash up
in it one and a half qya (of ) purging cassia pods, two qya (of ) red
sugar, ve dirham (of ) bzy oil,231 ve dirham (of ) Nabataean garum,
and two dirham (of ) salt cake, and use (that liquid) tepidif nature
responds, (then good); if not, repeat (the treatment) as before.

(368)
An enema for (the treatment of )
colical pain due to moisture and atus
Chamomile, melilot, caltrop, small centaury, dill, linseed, and saower
ten dirham of each; a bunch of chopped beet; twenty-ve chopped yel-
low g fruits; bran and marshmallow ten dirham. Cook (this) in two
ra
l water, strain it o
as before, enforce it like you enforced the rst
(enema), and use it.

(369)
An enema for (the treatment of )
pain in the back and ischia, the
early stages of sciatica, uterine
disorders, and the dryness that results
from frequent sexual intercourse
Chamomile, melilot, violet, and nenuphar ve dirham of each; a hand-
ful of barley; thirty sebesten fruits. Cook (this) in three ra
l water until
one third (of it) is left, (then) take from it sixty dirham, mix it with one
qya (of ) violet oil and ve dirham each of chickens grease, goats
suet, wax oil, and butter, and use (that).

231
Compare note 201 above.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 291

(370)
An enema for (the treatment of ) abrasion
Roasted crushed barley, red rice, millet, and peeled lentils one stful
of each; roses, pomegranate owers, myrtle, plantain, and the inner
skins of acorn-cups four dirham of each. Cook (this) in two ra
l water
until it is reduced to one half, (then) strain it o
, take from it a weight
of fty dirham, and use (that) tepid together with egg yolk boiled in
wine vinegar, ve dirham (of ) rose oil, and one of the hypocistis pas-
tilles which are mentioned in the chapter on pastilles.232

(371)
A suppository which stimulates
nature whilst being gentle
Red sugar and salt cake one part of each. Melt the sugar, inspissate
it with the ground salt, form (this) into an acorn, roll it in oil, and
insert it (into the rectum). Sometimes borax is added to it, sometimes
colocynth pulp, and sometimes it is made with pale-coloured marsh-
mallow.

(372)
A suppository which is inserted
(into the rectum) in order to stop
anal bleeding
Amber, pomegranate owers, bdellium africanum, dragons blood,
mastic, gum-senegal, stalkless rosebuds, gum-arabic, and sarcocolla
one part of each. The ingredients are pounded, strained, kneaded with
the water of the leek herb, attached to a thread, and put in the shade
to dry.

(373)
The thread suppository
for (the treatment of ) dysentery
and anal bleeding
Myrrh, opium, Oriental frankincense, and sa
ron in equal parts. (This)
is kneaded with coriander-water, attached to the tip of a thread in a
size (similar to that of ) a service fruit or (a bit) bigger, inserted (into
the rectum), and when required taken out by the thread.

232
See recipe 22.
292 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(374)
An enema fabricated by Zahrn al-arr n 233
for (the treatment of ) abrasion
Red rice and barleymeal porridge fteen dirham of each; dry myrtle,
roses, pomegranate owers, and the inner skins of acorn-cups ten
dirham of each; dry plantain ten dirham. Boil (this) in six ra
l water
until one third (of it) is left, (then) strain o
three qya, mix into it
one egg yolk boiled in sumach-water or vinegar or both, three dirham
(of ) rose oil, and two dirham from the abrasion catapasm,234 and use
that as an enemacold in summer, tepid in winter.

(375)
A comprehensive enema which
resolves most kinds of colic
Fenugreek and linseed one qya of each; the fresh seeds of the cas-
tor oil plant thirty dirham; black king gs235 ten in number; saower
pulp thirty dirham; a small bunch of fresh rue; cumin one qya; a
handful of bran; peeled almonds one qya; sebesten, beet root, and
cabbage root two qya of each. Cook (this), strain it o
, and if you do
not shun the heat of resins (also) put half an qya (of ) bdellium and
one miql each of sagapenum, gum ammoniac, and opopanax into it.
The (amount of ) water (used for cooking) should be ten times as much
as the total (amount of ) ingredients, leaving one sixth of that water
(as a product); the (amount of the) aforesaid resins to (contribute to)
that given sixth depends on the exact amount of the preceding ingre-
dients, on the whole adding or subtracting as appears necessary. The
enema itself is used in an amount of ve qya together with one qya
(of ) nard oil, two qya (of ) garum, two qya (of ) honey, and one qya
(of ) melted chickens grease.

(376)
An enema designed for sexual potency
Take the head of a fat one-year-old sheep, its trotters, its testicles, its
kidneys including the suet, its right side, and a piece from its fatty
tail, and crash it (all) in a stone pot together with twenty dirham (of )

233
On Zahrn al-arr n cf. note 27 above.
234
See recipe 394.
235
On king gs cf. note 125 above.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 293

brayed wheat, just as much chickpeas, and ve dirham each of cal-
trop, saower, terebinth, carrot seeds, leek seeds, asparagus seeds,
and lucerne seeds, all crushed. Cook this until it is worn soft, (then)
strain o
half a ra
l from that greasy broth, add ten dirham (of ) Syrian
sugar, and (thus) use itrst (however) you must use an enema to
(promote) the discharge of faeces, prepared from beet-water, sesame
oil, garum, and sugar, and injected twice so as to empty the bowels
(completely); (now) send up the previous (enema), let (the patient)
sleep on it wrapped tight in a napkin, and call it a dayif he can hold
the liquid (inside) for three or four hours, be content.

(377)
The ashes water
which, when injected as an enema
towards the bladder, is useful against
suppression of urine due to coagulated
matter or a tumour in the (urinary) tube
Take acorn ashes or the ashes of vine wood, potash, and lime, pour
(enough) water over these (ingredients) to cover them, and leave
(this) for three days; then strain it, and inject (the liquid) through a
pipette into the penis.

(378)
A tampon for (the treatment of )
uterine tumours
Iris sap together with fat and rose oil in a dark-blue cloth.

(379)
An injection for (the treatment of )
ulcers in the penis
Plantain-water, rose oil, and the white ophthalmic which is (normally)
prepared to (treat) conjunctivitis236 (but now) dissolved in moth-
ers milk and the oil of white jasmines are (all) mixed together, and
(thus) used.

236
See recipe 263.
294 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(380)
An enema for (the treatment of ) rheumatism
Fenugreek, bitter almonds, castor oil plant, and linseed one handful
of each; bay laurel seeds, chamomile, and dill thirty dirham of each;
caltrop thirty dirham; meadow sa
ron, bdellium, and white hellebore
ten dirham of each; centaury twenty-ve dirham; ammoniacum, sagap-
enum, opopanax, and colocynth six dirham of each; celery seeds f-
teen dirham; dill seeds and rue seeds twelve dirham of each; ulw n
gs237 ten in number; ur n jujubes238 ten in number; sebestens forty
in number. Bring (this) together, cook it on a low ame in an earthen
pot, and leave it in the oven until the next morning; (then) take eight
qya (from it), cast one qya each of cows ghee and gillyower oil
upon it, and use that tepid as an enema.

(381)
An enema which is useful for
(the treatment of ) intestinal ulcers
(Take) twelve dirham each of rice-water and barley mash cooked
together with unsalted goats suet, and throw the following ingredi-
ents on it, all pounded (and) strainedceruse, burnt papyrus, gum-
arabic, gum-senegal, and dragons blood one dirham of each; three egg
yolks boiled in wine vinegar and rose oil. Mix it all well, and use that
as an enema.

(382)
A powder for (the treatment of )
ulcers in the ear
Sarcocolla, dragons blood, frankincense, myrrh, sepiolite, Armenian
borax, iron oxide, verdigris, and aloe (as much) as necessary of each.
Pound (this) nely, setting it up as a powder, and drop some of it
(mixed) with vinegar and water several times into the ear; then twine
a wick, besmear it with honey, pass it through this (powdery) remedy,
and plug it into the ear.239

237
On ulw n see note 172 above.
238
On ur n see note 173 above.
239
This remedy, a powder applied through a plug to the ear, seems out of place in
a chapter that deals with enemas and suppositories; the point of classication there-
fore must be its nal design when administered, which may well be compared to that
of a suppository.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 295

Chapter Fifteen
on
Dry Preparations and Dentifrices

(383)
A corrosive remedy from Chalcis240
which is made in June, July, and August241
Orpiment and realgar(that is) the one which is (commonly) used
together with limehalf a ra
l of each; borax, sal ammoniac, and ver-
digris half a ra
l of each; potash three ra
l; (burnt but) not slaked lime
as much as the total (weight). Grind the ingredients, throw them into
a trough, cast upon them wine vinegar, stir them with a piece of wood,
leave them exposed to the sun (for a while), restore whatever (amount
of ) vinegar may have evaporated, and repeat this three timesbut
make sure the vinegar (which you choose) is (very) sour (and) of a
white colour; now dry the ingredients, put them into a red oven onto
a brick that has acquired the intense heat of the oven, and leave them
inside until the oven cools down; (then) take the remedy out, store it
away, and when required grind it and use it.

(384)
The (remedy called) srintn242
for (the treatment of ) putrid and squashy gums
Turmeric, alum, gum-senegal, pomegranate owers, oak galls,
sumach, pomegranate rinds, and salt in equal parts. Pound (this), use
it with vinegar, and afterwards rinse (the mouth) with sumach-water
and rose oil. The appropriate procedure is (to take) a surgical stick,
wrap around its tip a piece of soft cloth, wet it with the vinegar, pass it
through the ground remedy, and reach out for those areas of the gums
which need (treatment)(all) that is done by a physician in a bright
place. Sometimes also the eshy tissue in the corners of the mouth,
when putrid, is embrocated with this (preparation).

240
Qalqidqn from Chalcis < P%, see Liddell/Scott Lexicon 1973.
241
The summer months June-July-August are represented here by their Syriac
names azrn-Tammz-b for the obvious reason that the Muslim lunar year takes no
account of seasonal change.
242
srintn < Syriac srntkon medicamentum pro morbis oris, ex arsenico etc.
[?] compositum, see Payne Smith Thesaurus 2/2586.
296 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(385)
The rose coolant
for (the treatment of ) feverish and blistered
gumsit is called uduntn243
Roses, the gall-apples of the Oriental tamarisk, pellitory, roasted cori-
ander, and purslane seeds in equal parts. (This) is pounded, stored,
and used. If the heat (of the gums) is overwhelming, (the remedy) is
made without pellitory.

(386)
The blocker
for (the treatment of ) abbiness
and prolapse of the rectum
The inner skins of acorn-cups, frankincense and the bark of its tree,
burnt wormwood, oak galls, burnt pomegranate owers, staghorn,
litharge, burnt mussel shells, and cadmia which is iqlmiy 244 in equal
parts. (This) is ground, and used.

(387)
The dry remedy to stop
(the emission of ) blood from a wound
Pomegranate owers, the bark of the frankincense(-tree), dragons
blood, sarcocolla, myrrh, burnt cyperus, burnt staghorn, and burnt
Egyptian papyrus one part of each; washed Armenian bole one part.
(This) is pounded, stored, and used.

(388)
An adhesive plaster to stop
(the emission of ) blood from the arteries
Dragons blood, sarcocolla, alum, yellow vitriol, gum-senegal, pome-
granate owers, aloe, and frankincense dregs one part of each; gum-
arabic two parts. (This) is pounded, kneaded with egg white, put onto
(a piece of ) hares fur, placed (over the cut), xed, and not removed
for a few days.

243
uduntn < Q% dental (scil. remedy), see Liddell/Scott Lexicon 1198.
244
The two terms used here to denote cadmia ZnO are qadmiy < % (scil.
)
and iqlmiy which is an alteration of the former parallel to Mediaeval Latin calamina,
cf. Schmucker abar 83
. and 337.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 297

(389)
The (remedy called) dk bar dk
that is pot upon pot
Take orpiment, potash, lime, and verdigris half a ra
l of each; mercury
and sal ammoniac one fourth of a ra
l each. Grind (this) in the prime
waterwhose description followsso long as it takes for the mercury
to die,245 (then) dry it, put it into the device which the alchemists
call aludel,246 heat it with a re from below such that (the substance)
vaporizes, and (on cooling) collect the sublimate in a ask. You can
sprinkle (this preparation) on whatever you want to get rid of, like for
example a stula, (using it) in place of cautery.

(390)
The prime water
Take one part each of unhydrated lime and potash, grind the latter,
pour over the two (ingredients) six times as much water, put it aside,
and whip (the mixture) three times daily over (a period of ) three
days; now strain o
(the liquid), cook it until it gains the density of
the (aromatic called) alq,247 and (then) leave it in the sun so as to
thicken. (This preparation), once made into pastilles, is dried, stored
in a place where it cannot be a
ected by dampness, when required
nely ground, and (so) used.

(391)
(Another) dry remedy to stop
(the emission of ) blood from a wound248
Pomegranate owers, dragons blood, and washed haematite one part
of each; gum-arabic two parts. (This) is pounded, kneaded with egg
white, put onto (a piece of ) hares fur, placed (over the wound), xed,
and not removed for a few days.

245
For a di
erent though related method see the conclusion of recipe 329.
246
ul aludel < + Apparat zum Destillieren und Sublimieren trockener
Sto
e, see Ullmann NGw 265.
247
alq is eine Art von ssigem Parfm, das aber eine dicke Konsistenz besitzt;
es besteht aus Safran und anderen Substanzen. Die rote und gelbe Farbe berwiegen
in ihm [. . .] Rezepte fr die Herstellung der Chalq selbst habe ich bisher nicht nden
knnen, wohl aber [. . .] solche fr das Wasser der Chalq, das nachher destilliert
wird. Eines [. . .] teile ich mit: [recipe follows], see Wiedemann Aufstze 2/128 note 1.
248
See also recipe 387.
298 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(392)
The mouth coolant
Purslane seeds, roses, tabasheer, coriander, pomegranate owers,
sumach, yellow myrobalan, and peeled lentils one part of each. (This)
is pounded, and a little camphor is added to it.

(393)
A polish for the teeth
which also tightens the gums
and improves the smell of the breath
Ibn at-Tilm says: It is proven by experience
Burnt barley, white salt, and sepiolite ten dirham of each; pellitory,
cubeb, and the fruits of the tarfa ve dirham of each; Yemenite alum
two dirham; sumach four dirham; clove two dirham. These ingredients
are brought together, pounded, strained, and used.

(394)
The abrasion catapasm
Ceruse, roasted gum-arabic and starch, salsify sap, plantain sap,
Armenian bole, and Cyprian bole two dirham of each; amber, washed
haematite, gum-senegal, and dragons blood one dirham of each. (This)
is pounded, and used.

(395)
And to stop (the emission of ) blood
from the arteries
Egg white, (burnt but) not slaked lime, hares fur, and soft linen threads
are applied as a plaster and rmly xed.249

(396)
A dentifrice which is useful against
loose teeth
Pomegranate owers, roses, the gall-apples of the Oriental tamarisk,
and alum one part of each. (This) is nely pounded, and stuck against
the gums. Sometimes one part each of sandalwood sawdust, yellow
myrobalan, coriander, and turmeric is added to it.

249
Compare the procedure described in recipe 388.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 299

(397)
A dentifrice for (the treatment of )
toothache caused by coldness
Black pepper ten dirham; pellitory, ginger, and larkspur four dirham
of each; Armenian borax six dirham. (These ingredients) are brought
together by pounding (and) straining, and (then) they are pressed on
the teeth.

(398)
A remedy for (the treatment of )
smelly armpits
Yemenite alum two dirham; myrrh three dirham; roses six dirham;
litharge eight dirham; myrtle six dirham. Pound (this) nely, wash the
armpits with lye, and (then) use it.

Chapter Sixteen
on
Nutrition

(399)
A nourishing (preparation)
Glossostemon root, orchil, sea lavender, zerumbet, tragacanth, poppy
seeds, and amber three dirham of each. Pound (this), fry it in a lit-
tle ghee, mix it with two mann wheat mush and one mann sugar, take
from all (that) twenty dirham every day, cook it in one ra
l fresh milk,
cast upon it a bit of sweet fresh ghee or, for those who dislike ghee,
some sweet almond oil, and sip it hot.

(400)
A nourishment for the hot-tempered
Peeled broad beans and peeled gourd seeds one part of each. Pound
(this) nely, knead it with almond oil, take a handful from it, cook it in
about one ra
l barley-water, drink (that), and afterwards have pome-
granate-water.
300 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(401)
A nourishment for the well-tempered
Immerse chickpeas fully in fresh milk, and leave (this) until the milk is
absorbed; now dry (the product), take one part from it, and cook (that)
very thoroughly in milk; once it is well-cooked, throw into it three
parts each of dried pounded semolina and white sugar candy, add
(more) milk to make it like soup, perhaps strew on it (some) cumin,
and (then) have it.

(402)
Another nourishment
Semolina meal one kailaa; light-coloured sarcocolla one and a half
qya. Grind the sarcocolla nely, mix it with the meal, blend (this)
with cows ghee or almond oil into a saturated dough, knead (that), let
it ferment and dry, and take from it ten dirham daily with cold water
for a few consecutive days.

(403)
A good nourishment
White chickpeas soaked in fresh milk (then) dried (and) pounded fty
dirham; broad beans, mung beans, white rice, husked wheat, husked
barley, peeled lentils, white glossostemon root, light-coloured poppy,
peeled almond hearts, peeled pumpkin seeds, and the best part of
biscuit twenty-ve dirham of each; the pulp of serpent melon seeds,
almond mucilage, cucumber seed pulp, washed (and) dried purslane
seeds, peeled sesame, and tragacanth seven dirham of each. Pound all
(this) nely, strain it, take a handful from it, cook it in fresh milk (to
make it) like soup, throw salt, a little cumin, and almond oil into it, lift
it o
(the re), sip it, sucking out a sourish pomegranate before and
after, and have that over a period of fteen days.

(404)
Another nourishment
Tragacanth, white sea lavender, dark-coloured and light-coloured
poppy, orchil, and visnaga ten dirham of each. Bring (this) together,
pound it, strain it, fry it in ghee, mix it into one makkk (wheat) mush,
and drink from it in the morning.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 301

Chapter Seventeen
on
Snu
s and Gargles

(405)
Some snu
s which are healthy for those
who su
er from facial paralysis and hemiplegia
Dry ground mountain mint perhaps mixed with a little babys breath
and ground small centaury; cyclamen is strong, and so is babys breath
on its own.

(406)
Some (more) errhines for these (patients)
Burnt black cumin (mixed) with the water of dogs violet or sweet mar-
joram-water and castoreum in this (case) or pennyroyal-water; useful
against hemiplegia (in particular) is to sni
(the scent of ) wild thyme,
sweet marjoramespecially (when) dry, and irises(both) the sky-
coloured ones and the (ones known as) R ziq which are white; jas-
mine oil, too, is good for them (as) an unguent.

(407)
A snu
which is useful against
hemiplegia, facial paralysis, and
headache resulting from coldness
White hellebore four dirham; aloe, black cumin, spurge, and opopanax
three dirham of each; Armenian borax and babys breath two dirham of
each; castoreum and sa
ron one and a half dirham of each. All (this) is
pounded, kneaded with beet-water, formed into small pills, and when
required a weight of one qr
from it is used with gillyower oil.

(408)
A gargle which is useful against
hemiplegia, facial paralysis, and apoplexy
Hiera picra,250 sweet ag, mustard, larkspur, pellitory, ginger, black
cumin, pennyroyal, savory, the root of the sky-coloured iris, and the

250
On hiera picra see note 40 above.
302 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

peels of the celery root ve dirham of each. All (this) is nely pounded
each single (ingredient) separately, (then) mixed together, strained
through (a cloth of ) silk, stored in a vessel, and used as a gargle with
oxymel or honey-water in the bathhouse.

(409)
A snu
which is useful against rheumy
pannus, and swollen and moist eyelids
Babys breath one dirham; myrrh, sa
ron, and Socotra aloe two dniq
of each; lycium one dniq. Pound (this), strain it, knead it with sweet
marjoram-water or sweet basil-water, form it into pills similar to len-
tils, and put it in the shade to dry; when required take from it one pill,
dissolve it in maids milk and violet oil, and use (some of ) that as a
snu
and some to massage the forehead and the nose.

Chapter Eighteen
on
Rhinorrhoeal Preparations

(410)
First wash the nostrils with good wine vinegar; (then) take one qr

each of Egyptian opium and sa

ron, and pound the two (ingredients)
nely; (now) make a wick from a shred of linen, wet it with wine vin-
egar, roll it in the remedy, and introduce (such a wick) into each one
of the two nostrils.

(411)
A snu
which stops nosebleed
Burnt papyrus, gum-senegal, alum, Egyptian opium, date rmik,251 and
camphor ve dirham of each; vitriol, pomegranate owers, black bry-
ony, oak gall rmik,252 burnt mussel shells, burnt oak galls slaked with

251
rmik is the name of a perfume which is made from unripe dates, oak galls,
pomegranate rind, honey, musk, and certain other aromatics in varying proportions
of mixture, and whose prevailing ingredient may serve as an additional label, cf.
Wiedemann Aufstze 2/118f. and Levey Kind 270f.
252
On rmik see note 251 above.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 303

wine vinegar, and plantain ten dirham of each; salsify sap, dragons
blood, and burnt wormwood seven dirham of each; dry burnt corian-
der eight dirham. All (this) is nely pounded, kneaded with plantain-
water, formed into pastilles, and when required two dniq from it are
used with plantain-water.253

(412)
A remedy which is useful against
nosebleed
Yemenite alum, burnt yellow vitriol, white vitriol, (Egyptian) vitriol,254
burnt papyrus, washed (then) dried (and) burnt staghorn, washed
(then) dried (and) burnt mussel shells, burnt oak galls slaked in wine
vinegar, and camphor (as much) as necessary. (This) is pounded, and
blown into the nose through a tube (made) from reed or silver after
the nostrils have been washed with wine vinegar.

(413)
And again for (the treatment of )
nosebleed
Snu
up the water of the bitter serpent melon or the water (obtained)
from salsola; or (make) a wick from a shred of linen, steep it in ink,
sprinkle vitriol on it, and put it into the nose.

(414)
Another (remedy) for (the treatment of )
nosebleed
The bark of the frankincense(-tree), burnt papyrus, and Egyptian vit-
riol ve dirham of each. All (this) is nely pounded, strained, and blown
into the nose after having washed the nostrils with wine vinegar.

253
This is another example of uid classication since the remedy on hand could
just as well have been incorporated into the chapter on pastilles, never mind its ulti-
mate form of application.
254
The addition of a qualifying marker is required by the context, and Egyptian
has been chosen in analogy to recipe 414.
304 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

Chapter Nineteen
on
Emetical Preparations

(415)
A remedy to (induce) vomiting
it expels the yellow and the black bile,
and is used as an emetic in nonacute fevers
Artichoke gum, nux vomica, rocket seeds, radish seeds, dill seeds,
orache seeds, and Indian salt in equal parts. (These ingredients) are
brought together in ground form, taken as appropriate, and drunk
with hot water and honey.

(416)
A remedy which causes the vomiting forth
of black bile and poison that was drunk
Indian salt, wild serpent melon sap, and borax one part of each; mus-
tard half a part. (This) is pounded, brought together, strained, and
drunk with honey-water and dill-water.

(417)
Another (remedy) to (induce) vomiting
Chopped radish twenty dirham; dill stalks ten dirham; Indian salt,
musk melon seeds, and orache seeds ve dirham of each. Cook (this) in
four ra
l fresh water until one third (of it) is left, (then) strain o
the
remaining water, immerge in it more or less two qya (of ) honey or
sour-honey, and drink (that) tepidit is a very reliable emetic.

(418)
Another (remedy) to (induce) vomiting
Nux vomica, artichoke gum, and radish seeds two dirham of each; mus-
tard and Indian salt one dirham of each; orache seeds three dirham.
Pound (this), take from it three dirham, (mix it) together with thirty
dirham (of ) oxymel in which chopped radish had been soaked over
night (and some) hot water in which dill had been boiled, and drink
(that)it is (also) a very reliable emetic.
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION 305

(419)
A remedy which causes the vomiting forth
of yellow-biliousness
(Mix together) orache-water, hollyhock-water, and dill-water in which
had been cooked savory, oxymel, and beer, (then) throw a portion of
coarse salt into (the mixture), and drink (that) tepid.

(420)
A remedy which stops yellow-bilious
vomiting and settles qualmishness
Barberry seeds, the seeds of the sour pomegranate, and sumach ten
dirham of each; tabasheer, roses, the seeds of unripe grapes, and the
outer shells of the pistachio ve dirham of each. (This) is brought
together, pounded, strained, and two dirham from it are drunk with
apple-water, quince-water, and the minty pomegranate beverage.255

Chapter Twenty
on
What Promotes and Suppresses Perspiration

(421)
To promote perspiration
Armenian borax dissolved in chamomile oil is applied to the body as
an ointment; chamomile oil on its own (also) promotes perspiration.

(422)
Another
Pellitory cooked in sesame oil is applied to the body as an ointment
this (preparation) shakes out the sweat, and is (also) useful against the
coldness that occurs in fevers.

255
See recipe 200.
306 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(423)
To prohibit perspiration
(Take) ten dirham each of dry coriander, pure sumach, and rice that
has been washed repeatedly, cook all (this) in three ra
l water until
one third of it is left, then strain it, drink from it three qya every day,
and also anoint the body with quince oil; (further) you may sprinkle
over the body Armenian bole, myrtle, and tarfa leaves, all pounded
(to become as ne) as dust; likewise you may anoint (the body) with
myrtle oil and willow (oil).

(424)
Something that prevents perspiration
Wipe the body with rose oil and myrtle oil, besplash it with rose-
water, air it with fans, and let the patient sleep in a place which has
been decorated with willow leaves, vine leaves, myrtle, pear, and apple
(leaves).

Finis
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 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

All numbers refer to the recipes.

1. Substances and Products

a. EnglishArabic
absinthe (afsantn) 4, 17, 18, 29, 38, 62, ammonium chloride (nir madin )
65, 69, 70, 86, 211, 230, 240, 287, 314, 346
342, 343
acorn (ball) 2, 77, 80, 81, 84, 137, 370,
374, 377, 386
agaric (rqn) 27, 35, 39, 62, 63, 71, 86,
110, 123, 127, 131, 211, 230, 237, 242
agaric, white (rqn abya) 67
agate (umhan) 257
agnus castus (fan ankut) 9, 47
agrimony (
t) 4, 8, 14, 26, 29, 30, 45, Antioch scammony (saqamniy
230, 240
alecost (qus) 30, 41, 52, 105, 129, 207,
211, 346, 358, 364
alecost, bitter (qus murr) 29, 37, 336
alecost, sweet (qus ulw) 104, 328, 333
alhagi (taran ubn) 1, 3, 4, 94, 231
alkekengi (kkan ) 16, 316
almond (lauz) 16, 50, 53, 79, 126, 145,
156, 158, 170, 244, 290, 350, 352, 366,
375, 400, 402, 403
almond, bitter (lauz murr) 18, 29, 30,
45, 52, 54, 72, 100, 159, 177, 182, 225,
233, 236, 240, 351, 380
ammonium hydroxide (nir man)
346
anise (ansn) 14, 18, 24, 29, 33, 34, 36,
38, 41, 45, 57, 69, 71, 86, 92, 122, 139,
142, 143, 147, 153, 182, 189, 205, 225,
240, 243
Antioch scammony (mamda
ank ) 33
ank ) 59, 152
apple (tu) 5, 97, 114, 121, 162, 188,
196, 209, 215, 220, 313, 420, 424
areca ( faufal) 133, 323
Armenian bole (n arman ) 11, 13, 17,
22, 50, 53, 76, 79, 97, 98, 133, 298, 311,
312, 323, 337, 387, 394, 423
Armenian borax (bauraq arman ) 144,
145, 251, 254, 317, 382, 397, 407, 421
Armenian stone (a ar arman) 86, 93,
110, 123, 231, 244
arsenic (zirn) 329, 359
artichoke gum (kankarzad) 418
almond, sweet (lauz ulw) 49, 51, 86, artichoke gum (am al-kankar) 415
106, 122, 154, 177, 179, 182, 224, 225, asafoetida (an un) 205
240, 399 asafoetida resin (iltt) 104, 118, 129,
aloe (abir) 37, 56, 58, 59, 60, 64, 65, 70,
75, 231, 234, 235, 242, 254, 259, 266, 269,
274, 311, 312, 314, 336, 382, 388, 407
alum (abb) 164, 165, 269, 308, 384, 388,
396, 411
alum from ruddy earth (abb al-umra)
329, 346
amber (kahrub
/krub) 2, 13, 15, 17, asphodel (ars) 131, 311, 312
22, 74, 97, 98, 114, 116, 121, 372, 394,
399
amber, white (lubn abya) 328
ambergris (anbar) 140
ammoniacum (ua /q) 19, 41, 45, 46,
52, 54, 72, 100, 148, 267, 293, 305, 307,
321, 342, 380
131, 285
asarabacca (asrn) 4, 9, 18, 30, 32, 37,
52, 54, 56, 62, 72, 100, 136, 217
ashes (ramd) 329
Asiatic crowfoot (kabka ) 363
Askar violet (banafsa askar) 33, 35
asparagus (hilyaun) 376
asphodel (un) 131, 311
asss milk (laban al-utun) 82, 256, 258
babul (qara) 43, 77, 84, 326
babys breath (kundus) 325, 329, 332,
333, 335, 346, 405, 407, 409
babys breath, white (kundus abya) 350
314 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS
Baghdad ax dodder (ka badd)
138
) 386
balm (balasn) 54, 56, 62, 100, 105, 131
) 386
barberry (amrbrs/barbrs) 2, 3, 4, 7,
29, 86, 97, 113, 114, 121, 133, 138, 178,
188, 230, 244, 420
barberry (zirik) 95
barberry relish (zirikya) 114
barley (ar) 1, 224, 226, 316, 329, 332,
334, 337, 340, 342, 351, 354, 366, 367,
369, 370, 374, 381, 393, 400, 403
barley, white (ar abya) 289
cabbage (kurunb) 375
cadmia (iqlmiy
cadmia (qadmiy
calamint () 109, 317
caltrop (asak) 99, 101, 245, 288, 368,
376, 380
camels hump (sanm al- amal) 306
camphor (kfr) 94, 95, 105, 120, 140,
188, 208, 261, 346, 392, 411, 412
candy ( fn) 31, 32, 157, 179, 182, 233
canella (qirfa) 112, 136, 139, 147, 149,
206, 208, 210
Basra iron oxide (aba al-add al-bar ) cantharides (arr) 359, 363
133, 138, 205 caper (kabar) 9, 45, 47, 54, 100, 217,
Basra vitriol (z bar) 254
bay laurel (r) 54, 100, 111, 124, 125,
) 147, 205
129, 380
bdellium (muql al-yahd) 340, 375, 380
bdellium africanum (muql azraq) 41, 69,
347, 372
bdellium mukul (muql) 54, 58, 75, 100,
305, 306, 307, 319, 321
bean (urram) 262
bee honey (asal an-nal) 130, 136, 204
beer ( fuqq) 419
beet (silq) 297, 322, 334, 367, 368, 375,
376, 407
ben (bn) 289, 362
Bengal quince (ar) 77, 138, 326
birthwort (zarwand) 54, 100, 129, 342
birthwort, long (zarwand awl) 9, 29,
44, 105, 237, 305, 327
birthwort, rolled (zarwand mudara )
30, 62, 111, 124, 131, 236, 307
biscuit (kak) 22, 313, 403
bloodstone (a ar ad-dam) 22
bones, decayed (im bliya) 362
borage (lisn [a-]aur) 86, 93, 113, 114,
324, 347
caraway (karwiy
caraway, wild (qardamn) 54, 100, 131,
236
cardamom (hail/hl [bauw] ) 134, 135,
136, 140, 152, 153, 208
carob (urnb) 364
carps gall (marrat a-abb) 270
carrot (dq) 24, 54, 72
carrot ( azar) 52, 104, 132, 222, 376
cassia (sala) 11, 24, 32, 38, 41, 56, 62,
140, 181, 207
castor oil plant (irwa) 225, 309, 375,
380
castoreum ( undb/dastar) 24, 38, 70,
74, 105, 120, 124, 129, 264, 285, 361,
406, 407
cattles dung (bar al-anam) 337
celery (karafs) 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 29, 30,
37, 38, 45, 52, 53, 58, 62, 65, 69, 70, 71,
72, 109, 138, 139, 147, 151, 189, 205,
225, 230, 235, 236, 238, 240, 243, 345,
380, 408
centaury (qanriyn) 380
117, 121, 122, 127, 133, 230, 244
borax (bauraq) 75, 318, 329, 333, 337,
346, 352, 355, 364, 365, 371, 383, 416
bouillon, thick (isbdb a) 104
boxthorn (ausa ) 50
bran (nula) 366, 367, 368, 375
al- ubn) 86, 93, 226
broad bean (bqill) 50, 104, 316, 321,
354, 400, 403
ceruse (isb/f [ar-ra]) 22, 43, 246,
250, 261, 263, 264, 265, 267, 272, 273,
279, 291, 298, 308, 323, 326, 381, 394
chamomile (bbna ) 109, 321, 340,
367, 368, 369, 380, 421
cheese-water (m
chickens grease (duhn/am ad-da  )
319, 369, 375
bryony, black (siyh dwarn) 411 chickpea (imma) 104, 307, 362, 376,
bryony, red (fr) 105 401
bryony, red (hazr an) 105 chickpea, dark-coloured (imma
bryony, white (faratn) 105 aswad) 101
bryony, white (abandn) 105 chickpea, white (imma abya) 403
bull thistle (uk) 230, 235, 240 childrens urine (baul a-ibyn) 303
butter (zubd) 369 Chinese ginger (zan abl n) 152, 223
 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS 315

Chinese greater celandine (mmrn cumin, black (nz) 148, 151, 329, 346,
n) 271, 276, 327 358, 406, 407, 408
Chinese porcelain (ur n) 257, 271 curcuma (kurkum) 331
Chinese rhubarb (r/wand n) 4, 29, curd (r
ib) 138
30, 70, 138, 240 currant (qimi) 127
cimolite (n qmliy) 323 currant wine (nab qimi ) 211
cinnamom (dr n) 12, 29, 56, 62, 69,
104, 112, 116, 133, 134, 135, 140, 141,
142, 143, 146, 149, 153, 203, 204, 205,
208, 209, 211, 213, 216, 221
citron (utru ) 69, 114, 121, 127, 133,
134, 142, 143, 168, 188, 197, 198, 215,
220, 346
citronella (iir) 4, 30, 37, 41, 54, 62,
100, 225, 235, 240, 302, 343
clove (qaranful) 68, 74, 105, 112, 116,
127, 128, 134, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143,
147, 149, 150, 188, 204, 205, 207, 208,
209, 211, 216, 221, 250, 251, 271, 357,
cyclamen (bar maryam) 405
cyperus (sud) 50, 54, 80, 92, 100, 105,
130, 133, 136, 137, 140, 205, 211, 213,
337, 343, 387
cypress (sarw) 310
Cyprian bole (n qubrus) 82, 298, 394
Cyprian ladanum (lan qubrus) 289
darnel (ailam) 342
date (bala) 6, 78, 411
date (tamr) 277, 301
date, exquisite (barn ) 253
date, hard dry (qasb) 188, 313
393 date, heavy red (arafn) 145
cocculus (mhzahrah) 60 date, unripe (busr) 4, 8, 30, 221
colocynth (anal) 62, 65, 67, 75, 235, date wine (nab tamr) 211
237, 241, 270, 336, 371, 380 dill (ibi) 287, 340, 368, 380, 415, 416,
common ash (lisn/alsinat al-afr)
104, 107
condite (undqn) 204, 210, 217
copper, oxidized (nus muraq) 250,
251, 254, 261, 265, 268, 272, 276, 303,
334, 335
copper, oxidized (rsata ) 303, 334
copper scoriae (tbl an-nus) 248,
249, 276
coral, red (bussa) 2, 12, 13, 15, 74, 98,
114, 116, 121
417, 418, 419
dodder (afmn) 40, 63, 69, 71, 86, 93,
96, 110, 122, 123, 127, 211, 217, 242
dogs grass (aiyil) 226
dogs violet (bbak) 406
dough, fermented (amr) 317, 334
dragons blood (dam al-aawain) 22,
98, 269, 372, 381, 382, 387, 388, 391,
394, 411
dragons blood (qir) 22, 266
ducks grease (am al-ba) 306, 319
coriander (kus/zb/fara) 15, 23, 77, 103,
113, 114, 116, 121, 133, 138, 205, 230,
243, 244, 373, 385, 392, 396, 411, 423
cotton (qun) 104
cows dung (a
al-baqar) 315 egg (bai) 281
cows ghee (samn [al-]baqar) 83, 107,
115, 125, 148, 307, 318, 380, 402
dyers madder (fwat a-abbn) 4,
52, 225
eagles gall (marrat al-uqb) 270
egg white (bay [al-]bai) 12, 104, 185,
263, 273, 281, 354, 388, 391, 395
cows shank (sq al-baqar) 306, 319 egg yolk (ufrat [al-]bai[a]) 281, 316,
cranes gall (marrat al-kurk) 270 370, 374, 381
craysh ashes (ramd as-sarant eggshells (qur al-bai) 101, 279
an-nahrya) 82 Egyptian opium (afyn mir) 5, 37, 410,
Cretan dodder (afmn iqr) 89, 126, 411
230 Egyptian papyrus (qars mir) 22, 387
cubeb (kabba) 91, 116, 133, 148, 188, Egyptian poppy, dark-coloured (a
393 aswad mir) 157
cucumber (iyr) 1, 3, 7, 10, 27, 39, 53, Egyptian vitriol (z mir) 414
86, 95, 97, 99, 101, 224, 230, 244, 403 elecampane (ran) 29, 81
cumin (kammn) 23, 83, 137, 205, 375, embelia (biran /ibran ) 31, 73, 339
401, 403 emblic (amla ) 31, 92, 106, 107, 108,
cumin, black (abbat as-saud
) 129 110, 116, 121, 122, 123, 130, 133, 136,
316 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

138, 141, 146, 148, 230, 235, 244, 247, germander ( ada) 250
280, 289 ghee (samn) 399, 404
endive (hindab
) 4, 27, 30, 39, 45, 95, giant thistle (bward) 230, 235, 240
138, 190, 226, 227, 230, 234, 243, 244, gillyower (r) 285, 286, 380, 407
297, 304, 309, 323 ginger (zan abl) 74, 87, 104, 105, 107,
endive, bitter (hindab
murra) 45 129, 130, 134, 135, 140, 141, 143, 144,
145, 147, 148, 151, 201, 204, 205, 206,
falcons gall (marrat al-bz) 270 211, 221, 247, 251, 254, 288, 397, 408
Fanr camphor (kfr fanr) 2, 3, 7,
97, 183
fat (am) 378
) 128
fennel (rziyna ) 16, 30, 45, 52, 69, 71,
72, 99, 101, 138, 156, 158, 159, 170, 171,
182, 183, 189, 205, 225, 230, 233, 235,
236, 240, 243, 270
fenugreek (ulba) 158, 159, 239, 296,
315, 321, 338, 349, 375, 380
g (tn) 96, 172, 173, 203, 224, 236, 237,
342, 351
glass-slag (masaqniy) 254
glass-slag (zabad al-qawrr) 254, 271
globe thistle (az
globe thistle (zaufar) 128, 130
glossostemon root (mu) 311, 312, 399
glossostemon root, white (mu
abya) 403
goats caul (arb al-miz) 339
goats fat (am al-miz) 316
goats suet (am kul l-miz) 369, 381
goatmilk (laban [al-]miz) 66, 226
g, yellow (tn afar) 318, 321, 367, 368
g honey (asal at-tn) 160, 238
sh (samak) 104
sh-glue (ar s-samak) 310
ax dodder (ka) 4, 45, 71, 211, 230,
243, 244
eawort (bizrqan) 1, 7, 48, 50, 99,
155, 157
our (sawq) 301
forget-me-not (n al-fa
gold, pure (ahab ibrz) 121
gold lings (sulat a-ahab) 116
gourd (qar) 1, 7, 10, 53, 95, 97, 99, 101,
220, 244, 283, 334, 400
gourd, sweet (qar ulw) 86, 154
grains of paradise (qqulla [kibr]) 5,
28, 74, 91, 116, 133, 134, 135, 136, 141,
147, 188, 204, 208
grape (inab) 77, 214, 237
r) 309 grape, unripe (irim) 77, 178, 188, 244,
fox lung (ri
at a-alab) 238 247, 255, 309, 420
francolin (durr ) 50 grape ivy (amm) 207, 238
frankincense (basta ) 253 grape wine (sulfat [al-]inab) 156, 171
frankincense (kundur) 6, 22, 80, 81, 128, great leopards bane (arna ) 74, 105,
130, 137, 146, 205, 310, 382, 386, 387, 116, 120
388, 414 greater celandine (mmrn) 44, 247,
French lavender (usus) 32, 63, 248, 275, 328, 346
80, 85, 86, 108, 110, 123, 127, 131, 137, Greek bole (n rm) 111, 121
230, 242 Greek gentian ( aniyn rm) 100, 111
fruits (fkiha) 205 Greek great leopards bane (arna
fumitory (htara ) 4, 86, 114, 117, 138, rm) 121
226, 244 Greek mastic (ilk rm) 207, 208
Greek pitch (zift rm) 307
aisuwn date (busr aisuwn) 167 Greek spikenard (maibaa) 139
galbanum (brza) 24, 264 Greek spikenard (nrdn iql) 139
galbanum (qinna) 305 Greek spikenard (sunbul rm) 139
galingale (lan n) 104, 132, 149, 203, green-winged orchid (bzdn) 60, 104,
211 107
garden cress (ara ) 129, 303, 324, ground pine (kamfs) 230
325, 359, 363 gum ammoniac (uaq) 354, 375
garden orache (qaaf ) 71
garden pennyroyal (ftan bustn) 211
garden peppercress (urf ) 83
garum (murr) 375, 376
gazelles rennet (infaat aby) 111
gentian ( aniyn) 30, 54, 129
gum-arabic (am [arab]) 1, 2, 5, 6,
7, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 20, 48, 49, 50, 68,
76, 79, 82, 154, 155, 157, 177, 179, 180,
182, 224, 233, 246, 261, 263, 264, 265,
266, 267, 268, 272, 348, 372, 381, 388,
391, 394
 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS
gum-senegal ([a]qqiy) 6, 11, 12, 13,
17, 22, 275, 311, 312, 313, 323, 372, 381,
384, 388, 394, 411
ur n jujube (unnb ur n ) 230,
243, 380
haematite (ana ) 13, 15, 22, 98, 251,
257, 261, 262, 265, 266, 271, 272, 275,
276, 278, 298, 391, 394
Hairn date (tamr hairn) 145
hares fur (wabar al-arnab) 388, 391, 395
hares rennet (infaat arnab) 111
harmala (armal) 54, 100, 127
hellebore (arbaq) 324
hellebore, black (arbaq aswad) 63, 127,
242
hellebore, white (arbaq abya) 339,
380, 407
hind) 248, 249,
henbane (ban ) 15, 17, 21, 53, 119, 120,
309
henbane, white (ban abya) 24
henna (inn
) 357 ink (ibr) 413
hollyhock (ubbz) 155, 156, 157, 419
honey (asal) 42, 70, 105, 106, 107, 109,
110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118,
119, 120, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129,
131, 132, 134, 135, 140, 141, 144, 145,
146, 149, 151, 152, 158, 159, 170, 172,
181, 196, 197, 201, 208, 209, 210, 211,
212, 213, 214, 216, 218, 220, 221, 222,
223, 237, 239, 324, 325, 338, 349, 359,
365, 375, 382, 408, 415, 416, 417
honey, candied (asal a-abarza) 150
honey wine, spiced (arb muassal
r al-biraun) 356
mufauwah) 217
honeycomb (asal ahd) 74
horehound, white ( farsiyn) 67, 159,
236, 237, 239
horn poppy (mm) 256, 259, 274,
276, 309, 323, 328, 346, 364
houseleek (aiy al-lam) 309
ulwn g (tn ulwn ) 380
317
Indian laurel (sa hind) 28, 74, 140,
265
Indian lignaloes (d hind) 6, 28, 114,
116, 142, 149, 211
Indian musk melon (bi hind) 228
Indian myrobalan, black (ihlla aswad
hind) 83, 86, 122, 131, 138, 230
Indian salt (mil hind) 36, 40, 57, 62,
63, 71, 86, 88, 105, 140, 153, 242, 251,
271, 415, 416, 417, 418
Indian spikenard (sunbul [a-b]) 3, 4,
9, 19, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 41, 52, 54, 56,
62, 72, 74, 80, 100, 112, 119, 120, 130,
133, 134, 136, 137, 139, 181, 183, 205,
207, 210, 211, 216, 225, 235, 240, 251,
271, 321, 343
Indian spikenard (sunbul hind) 69, 139
Indian tutty (ttiy
257, 271, 276
indigo (nl) 66, 357
indigo (wasma) 357
iris (sausan) 28, 211, 378
iris, sky-coloured (sausan smn n) 9,
19, 160, 354, 406, 408
iris, white (sausan abya) 406
iris, wild white (sausan zd abya) 207
iris wine (maissan) 207
iron oxide (aba al-add) 382
iron scoriae (tbl al-add) 254
iron sulphate (qalqar) 309
ivory ( ) 351
jades hoof (
jasmine (ysamn) 285
jasmine oil (rziq) 406
jasmine oil, white (zanbaq [al-]b) 298,
379
Jews stone (a ar yahd ) 54, 99, 100,
101, 225
juice, mixed (maib) 209
jujube (unnb) 82, 224, 232, 233, 244

ulwn plum (i  ulwn ) 230
ursn apricot (mimi ursn ) 230
zistn sugar (sukkar z ) 121, 122,
133, 171
hypocistis (hfqiss) 22
hyssop (zf ybis) 158, 159, 224, 233, 236
kirmn ) 245
ice (al ) 184, 309
amar) 243,
Indian garden cress (ara hind) 107,
335
Indian hazelnut (bunduq hind) 328
Indian hazelnut (rattah) 328
julep ( ullb) 31, 116, 154, 231, 244
Kabul embelia (ibran kbul ) 66
kamala (qinbl) 43, 66, 73, 326, 331, 346
Kerman cumin (kammn kirmn ) 40,
90, 92, 128, 138, 144, 145, 147
Kerman tutty (ttiy
kidney bean, red (lbiy
351
king g (tn han r) 171, 224, 233,
243
king g, black (tn aswad han r) 375
318 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

knotgrass (a r-r) 309 mahaleb (malab) 328, 346

kohl (kul) 248, 268, 269, 275 maids milk (laban riya) 298, 409
maidenhair (bariywun) 101, 156,
lac (lakk) 14, 29, 94, 138, 183, 240, 302 158, 159, 173, 224, 233, 236
ladanum (lan) 280, 313
lapis lazuli (lzward) 140, 231, 253
larkspur (maiwza ) 363, 397, 408
laurel (sa ) 70, 136, 238, 249
lead (abr) 268
Malabar cardamom (qqulla ir) 91,
147, 149, 204
male fern (saras) 66, 73
mandrake (lu) 21, 24, 309
mandrake (yabr) 309
lead, black oxidized (ra aswad Maqr sandalwood (andal maqr)
muraq) 268 114, 116, 121, 133, 138, 192
leek (kurr) 83, 264, 372, 376 Maqr sandalwood, red (andal amar
lemon (lm) 178, 187, 188 maqr) 183
lemon balm (birna byah) 69, 93, Maqr sandalwood, white (andal abya
114, 116, 127, 136, 230 maqr) 7, 183
lemon grass (qaab a-arra) 41, 50,
139, 207, 235, 343
lentil (adas) 44, 316, 327, 329, 332, 370,
392, 403
lettuce (ass) 6, 7, 21, 95, 309, 334
lignaloes (d) 50, 68, 97, 139, 140, 143,
146, 150, 201
lilac (nlan ) 251
lime (nra) 295, 303, 322, 335, 377, 383,
389, 390, 395
linseed (bizrkattn) 20, 83, 177, 182,
296, 306, 321, 340, 349, 368, 375, 380
liquorice (ss) 3, 4, 8, 25, 29, 33, 34, 35,
36, 48, 49, 53, 67, 69, 154, 155, 156, 158,
159, 170, 171, 177, 179, 181, 224, 230,
231, 233, 235, 236, 237, 244
litharge (martak) 309
) 296, 312, 371
litharge (murdsan ) 42, 44, 305, 323,
marble (rum) 257
marcasite (mrqa) 257
marcasite, golden (marqa ahab )
271
marijuana (ahdna ) 16
marjoram, sweet (marzan ) 24, 320,
406, 409
marjoram, wild (marmz) 28, 139, 143
marjoram, wild (marw) 296, 340
marjoram, wild white (marw abya)
127
marking nut (balur) 129, 130, 148
marshmallow (am) 53, 99, 101, 155,
156, 157, 311, 340, 366, 368
marshmallow, green (am aar) 367
marshmallow, pale-coloured (am [ya]
abya/bai
mastic (ilk) 293
329, 330, 331, 332, 339, 346, 362, 386,
398
litharge of gold (murdsan ahab) 292
lizard droppings (bar a-abb) 257, 271
lobster (saran bar) 249, 257, 271
long pepper (dr fulful) 74, 104, 107,
ron (srin n) 59, 60, 380
129, 134, 135, 147, 148, 149, 153, 203,
204, 205, 247, 249, 250, 251, 271
long pepper root (fulfulmuwaih) 148
lote (nabiq) 78, 215
lovage (kim) 109, 205
mastic (maak) 4, 23, 28, 30, 32, 41,
56, 58, 62, 64, 65, 68, 69, 83, 85, 97, 105,
112, 133, 135, 136, 139, 143, 146, 201,
206, 211, 213, 225, 240, 282, 310, 314,
343, 372
meadow sa
meat, fat (lam samn) 104
Meccan senna (san makk) 230, 242,
244
Meccan tamarind (tamrhind makk )
183, 230
lucerne (raba) 104, 115, 376 Medina date (tamr ain) 253
lupine (turmus) 31, 66, 73, 321, 336, 353 melilot (ikll al-malik) 321, 368, 369
lycium (flzahrah) 276 mercury (zi
baq) 42, 328, 329, 332, 389
lycium (ua) 264, 274, 278, 323, 409 mercury, deadened (zi
baq maqtl)
lye (unn) 329, 346, 398 329, 330, 332, 346
lye, green (unn aar) 42, 332, 365 mezereon (mzariyn) 27, 39, 40
milk (laban) 401
mace (basbsa) 107, 136, 139, 141, 143, milk, fresh (laban alb) 399, 401, 403
207, 261 millet ( wars) 370
madder (fwa [dn]) 14, 29, 30, 217, mint (nana) 37, 50, 92, 133, 138, 178,
240, 363 188, 194, 200, 230, 317
 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS 319

moon carrot (sasliys) 24, 109, 124, nightshade (inab a-alab) 21, 309
131, 171, 233 nutmeg ( auz bauw) 127, 128, 136,
mothers milk (laban an-nis
) 179, 273, 139, 141, 149, 150, 205, 211, 216
379 nux vomica ( auz al-qai
) 415, 418
mountain borage (lisn a-aur al- abal )
116
mountain mint (f/tan abal) 37,
109, 405
mulberry (tt) 78
mung bean (m) 312, 351, 403
musk (misk) 70, 74, 120, 136, 149, 201,
204, 207, 208, 210, 249, 286
musk melon (bi) 4, 45, 52, 53, 72, 99,
oak gall (af) 42, 84, 297, 313, 334, 384,
386, 411, 412
oleander (di) 329, 330, 331, 346
olibanum (lubn) 16, 181, 308
olive, unripe (unfq) 328
olive oil (zait) 212, 292, 293, 294, 295,
296, 301, 305, 309, 317, 318, 328, 332,
339, 346, 356
101, 102, 113, 325, 332, 362, 417 onion (baal) 104
mussel shell (wada) 13, 15, 22, 386, opium (afyn) 13, 16, 21, 22, 38, 48, 105,
411, 412 119, 120, 259, 261, 263, 264, 266, 268,
must (ar) 309
mustard (ardal) 129, 325, 360, 408,
416, 418
mustard, white (ardal abya) 254
myrobalan (ihlla ) 113, 223, 241, 297
myrobalan, beleric (balla ) 31, 85, 92,
106, 107, 108, 110, 122, 123, 130, 133,
138, 148, 230, 235, 244
myrobalan, black (halla /ihlla aswad)
31, 60, 71, 93, 106, 107, 110, 123, 126,
127, 130, 133, 148, 235, 242, 278
272, 276, 298, 309, 373
opopanax ( wr) 54, 100, 305, 307,
375, 380, 407
orache (sarmaq) 415, 417, 418, 419
orache (zarnab) 116, 136, 140
orchil ( /kauz /kundum) 399, 404
Oriental frankincense (kundur akar)
37, 254, 269, 305, 373
Oriental frankincense (lubn akar) 12,
285
Oriental tamarisk (kazmza ) 385, 396
myrobalan, chebulic (halla /ihlla orpiment (zirn afar) 303, 346, 383,
kbul ) 31, 40, 57, 58, 83, 84, 85, 92, 389
93, 106, 107, 108, 114, 116, 117, 122, ostrich egg (bai an-nam) 257, 271
126, 131, 133, 138, 139, 230, 244, 278 oxgall (marrat al-baqar) 270
myrobalan, yellow (ihlla afar) 31, 40,
57, 59, 66, 71, 86, 106, 108, 122, 126,
131, 133, 138, 230, 244, 247, 274, 275,
392, 396
myrrh (murr) 21, 24, 38, 54, 70, 73, 81,
100, 111, 118, 160, 164, 165, 181, 237,
oxymel (iskan ubn/sakan ubn) 8, 9,
10, 14, 18, 19, 26, 27, 29, 39, 47, 69, 94,
124, 185, 186, 189, 195, 217, 226, 227,
243, 244, 408, 418, 419
paeony (fwniy) 60, 108, 124
264, 266, 305, 308, 310, 314, 327, 333, paeony (d a-alb) 108, 131
373, 382, 387, 398, 409 Palestinian melon (bi
lasn) 228
myrtle (s) 2, 5, 50, 77, 103, 133, 166, palm-leaf (saafa) 309
174, 178, 188, 199, 215, 216, 275, 280, palm spadix (al) 6
297, 311, 312, 313, 370, 374, 398, 423, pandanus (kadar) 183
424 pandanus (k) 183
myrtle (mrdna ) 174, 175 papyrus (qars) 381, 411, 412, 414
parsley (farsliyn) 52, 54, 72, 109, 145
Nabataean carob (urnb naba) 77, 79 parsnip (aqqul) 104, 107, 211
Nabataean celery (karafs naba) 57 partridge (aih ) 50
Nabataean garum (murr naba) 367 pear (kummar) 424
Nabataean gum (ilk al-anb) 307 pearl (lu
lu
) 74, 114, 116, 120, 121, 136,
naphthalene (mil naf) 207 271, 276
narcissus (nar is) 285, 286, 290, 353 pellitory (qir qar) 105, 108, 119,
nard (nrdn) 70, 277, 375 120, 124, 129, 131, 360, 361, 385, 393,
natron (narn) 286 397, 408, 422
nenuphar (nlfar) 224, 230, 244, 290, pennyroyal ( f/tan ) 69, 92, 172, 173,
366, 367, 369 212, 238, 406, 408
320 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

pepper, black ( fulful [aswad]) 9, 38, 41,
54, 100, 107, 109, 118, 129, 130, 134,
]) 3, 7, 8, 10, 15,
140, 144, 148, 205, 210, 249, 250, 251,
254, 257, 271, 360, 397
pepper, white (fulful abya) 19, 105,
119, 120, 128, 141, 145, 201, 249, 251
peppergrass (rad) 365
purging cassia (iyr anbar) 231, 367
purslane (baqla [amq
53, 76, 79, 86, 95, 224, 230, 244, 309,
385, 392, 403
quails gall (marrat al-a al) 270
quince (safar al) 7, 27, 49, 57, 78, 86,
Persian gum (am fris ) 156 114, 134, 135, 154, 155, 156, 161, 178,
Persian pomegranate ower ( ullanr 179, 188, 195, 201, 206, 208, 215, 220,
fris ) 138 313, 343, 420, 423
Persian rose (ward fris ) 27, 116, 133, quince wine (maibah) 28, 139, 201, 206,
218 208, 209, 217
pigs fat (am inzr) 309
pigeons droppings (ur
/zibl al-amm) radish ( fu l) 54, 71, 100, 104, 325, 365,
317, 355 415, 417, 418
pine (anaubar) 16, 158, 177, 239, 307 rainwater (m
al-maar) 155, 156, 196,
pine resin (rtna ) 44, 294, 305, 327, 263, 273
347 raisin (zabb) 108, 126, 158, 159, 225,
pistachio ( fustuq) 23, 114, 121, 133, 233, 236, 240, 316
146, 158, 178, 188, 420 raisin honey (asal az-zabb) 160
pitch (zift) 294, 300 raisin wine (nab az-zabb/zabb) 134,
plantain (lisn al-amal) 13, 22, 76, 244, 135, 211
370, 374, 379, 394, 411 raisin wine, honeyed (nab az-zabb
plum (i ) 61, 94, 99, 101, 102, 244 wal-asal) 217
polypody (basb/fyi ) 32, 63, 85, 86, 89, ramie (rmik) 50
93, 110, 123, 242, 244 Raqqa melon (bi raqq) 228
polypody, pistachio-coloured (basfyi Rziq iris (sausan rziq) 406
fustuq ) 230 Rziq raisin (zabb rziq) 116, 224, 230,
pomegranate (nrmuk) 112 232, 242, 243
pomegranate (rummn) 13, 23, 77, 84, realgar (zirn amar) 332, 335, 346, 383
97, 103, 114, 163, 176, 178, 180, 183,
188, 194, 200, 212, 215, 230, 244, 252,
362, 384, 400, 403, 420
pomegranate, wild (qilqil) 107
pomegranate, wild (rummn barr ) 107
pomegranate-candy conserve ( fn
az
in ) 148, 155, 156 rocket ( ir r) 104, 132, 325, 415
pomegranate ower ( ullanr) 5, 6, 11,
12, 13, 17, 22, 43, 44, 76, 84, 98, 269,
326, 327, 370, 372, 374, 384, 386, 387,
388, 391, 392, 396, 411
poppy (a) 20, 24, 79, 82, 399
poppy, dark-coloured (a aswad) 7,
10, 82, 155, 404
poppy, light-coloured (a abya) 1,
7, 10, 15, 16, 20, 48, 53, 82, 86, 107, 113,
155, 156, 157, 169, 191, 224, 230, 403,
404
porridge (all) 374
potash (qily) 133, 303, 329, 335, 346,
377, 383, 389, 390
potsherd (azaf at-tannr) 43, 326
pullet (farr ) 244
pumpkin (yaqn) 229, 244, 403
reed (qaab) 362
rhubarb (r/wand) 14, 41, 94, 237, 302
ribes (rbs) 193, 346
rice (aruzz) 362, 381, 423
rice, red (aruzz amar) 370, 374
rice, white (aruzz abya) 403
Roman nettle (an ura) 285, 317
rose (ward) 2, 3, 6, 8, 11, 15, 22, 23, 25,
28, 39, 41, 43, 50, 58, 64, 76, 84, 86, 94,
95, 97, 114, 116, 117, 121, 122, 133, 134,
136, 138, 139, 178, 188, 211, 230, 244,
259, 290, 298, 304, 309, 313, 314, 316,
322, 326, 330, 331, 333, 344, 346, 370,
374, 378, 379, 381, 384, 385, 392, 396,
398, 420, 424
rose, red (ward amar) 4, 26, 28, 37, 103,
113, 183, 184, 240
rosebud (zirr ward) 372
ruby (yqt amar) 121
ruby lings (sulat al-yqt al-amar)
116
rue (sab) 37, 111, 118, 129, 138, 144,
145, 243, 264, 267, 321, 342, 375, 380
 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS 321

rusty back fern (usql

ndriyn) 45, 46, sebesten (sabistn) 156, 224, 230, 232,
54, 100, 217, 225 233, 369, 375, 380
semolina (samd) 401, 402
saower (qurum) 96, 368, 375, 376 senna (san) 117
sa
ron (zafarn) 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 16, 21, 22, sepiolite (zabad al-bar) 250, 251, 271,
28, 41, 50, 56, 58, 62, 70, 94, 112, 116, 279, 352, 353, 382, 393
119, 120, 121, 128, 134, 135, 136, 140, serpent melon (qi
) 1, 4, 7, 10, 20, 45,
142, 143, 149, 150, 152, 164, 165, 183, 86, 97, 99, 101, 230, 244, 403, 413
204, 207, 210, 211, 213, 220, 221, 237, serpent melon, wild (qi
al-imr) 339,
249, 256, 259, 261, 266, 273, 276, 278, 416
298, 313, 373, 407, 409, 410 service (ubair
) 78, 178, 215
sagapenum (sakabna ) 54, 100, 270, sesame (simsim) 107, 290, 320, 403, 422
307, 375, 380 sesame oil (all) 280, 282, 283, 284, 287,
sal ammoniac (nu/ir) 249, 250, 271, 288, 306
329, 354, 360, 383, 389 sesame oil (ra ) 297, 318, 329, 346,
salsify (liyat at-tais) 17, 22, 298, 394, 376
411 sheeps fatty tail (alyat a-a
n) 376
salsola (qqull) 413 sheeps head (ra
s a-a
n) 376
salt (mil) 42, 220, 254, 317, 329, 332, sheeps kidneys (kulyat -a
n) 376
346, 384, 403, 419 sheeps right side ( anb a-a
n al-aiman)
salt, white (mil ar
n) 226, 250, 297, 376
393 sheeps suet (am kulyatai -a
n) 376
salt cake (mil al-a n) 333, 366, 367, sheeps testicles (uyat -a
n) 376
371 sheeps trotters (akri a-a
n) 376
alwa kohl (kul alwa) 257, 271 sheepmilk (laban a-h) 226
sandalwood (andal) 188, 313, 396 shoemaker asphodel (ars al-askifa)
sandalwood, red (andal amar) 323 311
sandalwood, white (andal abya) 86, Si istn candy (fn si z) 148, 154,
95, 323 203
anf lignaloes (d anf) 133 silk (arr) 74
sarcocolla (anzart) 67, 256, 258, 259, silk cocoon (ibrsam) 114, 116, 121
269, 279, 310, 372, 382, 387, 388 silver, unalloyed (
a 
ya) 121
sarcocolla, light-coloured (anzart silver lings (sulat al-
a) 116
abya) 402 slag, argentic (iqlmiy
al-
a/
 )
savin (abhal) 30, 52, 72 246, 250, 251, 261, 272, 273, 329, 330,
savory (/zatar) 134, 172, 205, 408, 419 346
saxifrage (qult) 99, 102 slag, auric (iqlmiy
a-ahab/ahab)
scammony (mamda) 36, 60, 61, 62, 249, 264, 271, 275, 346
231 small centaury (qanriyn daqq) 60,
scammony (saqamniy) 34, 35, 57, 65, 230, 368, 405
71, 75, 86, 89, 135, 141, 145, 150, 153 snail shell opercula (afr a-b) 112
scorpions (aqrib) 55
scorpions ashes (ramd al-aqrib) 54,
55, 100, 101
sea alecost (qus bar) 361
sea lavender (bahman) 399
Socotra aloe (abir suqar/usqar)
62, 69, 86, 89, 235, 251, 276, 278, 409
sorrel (umm) 2, 76
sorrel, wild (umm barr) 16
sour-honey (iskan ubn al-asal) 417
sea lavender, red (bahman amar) 74,
116
sea lavender, white (bahman abya) 74,
116, 404
sea lavenders, two (bahmann) 104,
107, 114, 117, 121
sealing bole (n matm) 2, 15, 24, 113,
114, 116, 120, 125
southernwood (qaim) 336
spices (afwh) 207, 216, 223
spignel (m) 72
spoon-meat (zrb a) 50
spoon-meat, sweetened (zrb
muallan) 114
spurge ([u]furbiyn) 119, 120, 270, 286,
407
322 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

squill (isql) 211, 237 terebinth (bum) 376

squill (unul) 131, 186, 202 thyme, wild (nammm) 37, 406
staghorn (qarn aiyal) 13, 15, 22, 348, Tibetan musk (misk tibit) 134
386, 387, 412 tragacanth (kar ) 1, 3, 6, 11, 16, 33,
starch (na ) 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 20, 48, 49, 49, 50, 53, 82, 86, 154, 155, 156, 170,
50, 53, 76, 79, 154, 180, 246, 258, 263, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 233, 234, 263,
265, 267, 272, 279, 394 265, 268, 273, 399, 403, 404
stavesacre (zabb abal ) 364 Turkish wormwood ( turk ) 66
stibium (imid) 246, 249, 257, 269 turmeric (urq [a-abbn/a-ib])
storax (maia) 24 42, 44, 247, 327, 329, 333, 346, 384, 396
storax, liquid (asal [al-]lubn) 160, 172, turpentine (am [al-]bum) 159, 172
207 turpeth (turba) 35, 40, 51, 60, 67, 73,
storax, liquid (maia s ila) 182, 328, 86, 87, 88, 110, 123, 140, 150, 230, 231,
332, 333, 346 237, 242
sugar (sukkar) 35, 51, 66, 86, 87, 91, 99, turpeth, hollow (turba a waf ) 34
110, 114, 140, 142, 143, 147, 153, 160, turpeth, white (turba abya) 33, 57,
163, 169, 182, 184, 185, 187, 189, 190, 66, 122, 135, 141, 152
191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 198, 200, 201, tutty (ttiy ) 247, 252, 255, 257, 268,
202, 211, 217, 218, 219, 245, 279, 366, 275
376, 399 tutty, white-coloured (ttiy abr)
sugar, red (sukkar amar) 367, 371 276
sugar, white (sukkar abya) 141, 350
sugar candy, white (sukkar abarza) 49, usnea (una) 74, 112, 250
92, 107, 149, 178, 179, 180, 183, 186,
188, 196, 224, 226, 258, 401 valerian (f) 72
sulphur (kibrt) 42, 315, 332, 344, 346 vegetable stu (muzauwara) 244
sulphur, whitish (kibrt abya) 329 verdigris (zin r) 251, 257, 264, 266, 267,
sumach (summq) 13, 23, 77, 81, 98, 269, 271, 293, 305, 307, 382, 383, 389
138, 178, 188, 215, 275, 357, 364, 374, vetch (kirsinna) 158
384, 392, 393, 420, 423 vine (karm) 334, 341, 346, 377, 424
sweet basil (bar ) 138 vinegar (all) 24, 39, 45, 46, 47, 50, 133,
sweet basil (
l/ran muk) 112, 116, 127, 134, 138, 186, 189, 190, 194, 195, 201,
136, 140, 230, 249 217, 244, 292, 309, 337, 338, 342, 344,
sweet basil (rain) 76, 127, 284, 409 345, 346, 347, 348, 359, 374, 382, 384
sweet basil (hasfaram) 284 violet (banafsa ) 34, 36, 126, 219, 224,
sweet chestnut (h ball) 79 230, 233, 280, 290, 298, 346, 364, 366,
sweet ag (wa ) 54, 62, 100, 115, 129, 367, 369, 409
130, 217, 360, 408 visnaga (nnawh) 30, 52, 69, 70, 72,
Syrian carob (arrb/urnb a m ) 77, 90, 146, 147, 151, 205, 404
78, 79 vitriol (z ) 42, 411, 412, 413
Syrian fenugreek (ulba a mya) 177 vitriol, green (qalqant) 336
Syrian glass (zu  a m) 271 vitriol, white (qalqads) 412
Syrian mulberry (tt a m) 164 vitriol, yellow (qalqar) 388, 412
Syrian sugar (sukkar a m) 376 vitriol, yellow (z afar) 309
Syrian sumach (summq a m) 5
wall germander (kamariys) 230
tabasheer (abr) 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 23, wallower (tar) 104
26, 43, 86, 94, 95, 97, 114, 116, 121, 133, wallower, red (tar amar) 107
244, 257, 326, 392, 420 wallower, white (tar abya) 107
tabasheer, white (abr abya) 113, walnut ( auz) 129, 165, 172, 357
138 water (m ) 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 26,
talc (alq) 24 38, 42, 53, 54, 99, 101, 136, 157, 178,
tamarind (tamrhind) 94, 178, 188, 244 184, 188, 191, 192, 211, 215, 216, 220,
tar, coniferous (qarn) 336 223, 224, 235, 243, 244, 265, 266, 272,
tarfa (arf ) 5, 217, 342, 347, 393, 423 280, 299, 302, 309, 310, 318, 321, 334,
 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS 323

366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 374, 375, 377, wine (sulfa) 114, 155
382, 390, 423 wine (il ) 174, 207, 208, 210, 217
water, clear (m 
n) 300 wine, aromatic (arb rain) 68, 74,
water, cold (m brid) 88, 92, 208, 214, 114, 116, 134, 143
309, 402 wine boiled down to one half
water, fresh (m ab) 29, 179, 183, 185, ( amhr) 37, 114, 134, 135, 204, 217
213, 230, 240, 242, 288, 295, 417 wine boiled down to one quarter
water, hot (m rr) 4, 32, 40, 60, 62, (maifuta ) 9, 41, 51, 81, 159, 217,
73, 87, 88, 89, 109, 135, 289, 319, 354, 237
415, 418 wine boiled down to one third
water, limpid (m qar) 301 (mualla) 16, 25, 37, 134, 177, 217
water, tepid (m ftir) 29, 119, 153, wine vinegar (all [al-]amr) 19, 23, 42,
310, 333 43, 44, 66, 144, 145, 178, 183, 185, 188,
water ag (ris) 45, 237 217, 226, 254, 293, 303, 305, 310, 315,
water moss (ulub) 309 324, 325, 326, 327, 331, 334, 335, 342,
watermint (fan nahr) 109 363, 364, 365, 370, 381, 383, 410, 411,
wax (am) 291, 293, 294, 296, 297, 298, 412, 414
299, 304, 307, 314, 322, 339, 349, 369 wines (anbia) 211
wax, white (am abya) 305 wormwood () 16, 237, 248, 336, 386,
wax, yellow (am afar) 306 411
wheat (ina) 177, 317, 376, 399, 403
whetstone, new (misann add) 257, 271 Yemenite alum (abb yamn) 98, 275,
willow (ilf ) 217, 423, 424 393, 398, 412
wine (amr) 217, 338 yercum sugar (sukkar al-uar) 7, 257, 271
wine (arb) 37, 46, 52, 72, 134, 135,
139, 197, 199, 204, 205, 206, 217, 264, zerumbet (zurunb) 74, 105, 116, 120,
280, 308, 309, 343 140, 143, 399

b. ArabicEnglish
abr lead anzart sarcocolla
abhal savin anzart abya sarcocolla,
n al-fa
r forget-me-not light-coloured
adas lentil aqqiy gum-senegal
afwh spices aqrib scorpions
af oak gall qir qar pellitory
afsantn absinthe aruzz rice
afmn dodder aruzz abya rice, white
afmn iqr Cretan dodder aruzz amar rice, red
afyn opium s myrtle
afyn mir Egyptian opium a r-r knotgrass
 ivory asal honey
a
al-baqar cows dung asal (al-)lubn storax, liquid
akri a-a
n sheeps trotters asal an-nal bee honey
alsinat al-afr common ash
alyat a-a
n sheeps fatty tail
amrbrs barberry
amla emblic
anbar ambergris
asal ahd honeycomb
asal a-abarza honey, candied
asal at-tn g honey
asal az-zabb raisin honey
asrn asarabacca
anbia wines ar must
an un asafoetida ars asphodel
an ura Roman nettle ausa boxthorn
ansn anise afr a-b snail shell opercula
324 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

bbna chamomile ahab ibrz gold, pure

bar sweet basil dam al-aawain dragons blood
bward giant thistle dr fulful long pepper
birna byah lemon balm dr n cinnamom
bahman sea lavender arr cantharides
bahman abya sea lavender, white arna great leopards bane
bahman amar sea lavender, red arna rm Greek great leopards
bahmann sea lavenders, two bane
bar maryam cyclamen di oleander
bai egg duhn ad-da  chickens grease
bai an-nam ostrich egg dq carrot
balur marking nut durr francolin
bala date
balasn balm fkiha fruits
balla myrobalan, beleric fan ankut agnus castus
ball acorn fn candy
bn ben fn az
in pomegranate-candy
banafsa violet conserve
banafsa askar Askar violet fn si z Si istn candy
ban henbane farsiyn horehound, white
ban abya henbane, white farr pullet
bqill broad bean faratn bryony, white
baqla (amq
) purslane fr bryony, red
bar a-abb lizard droppings farsliyn parsley
bar al-anam cattles dung faufal areca
barbrs barberry fwniy paeony
barn date, exquisite
a 
ya silver, unalloyed
bariywun maidenhair
l/ran muk sweet basil
brza galbanum flzahrah lycium
baal onion f valerian
basbsa mace fan pennyroyal
basb/fyi polypody fan abal mountain mint
basfyi fustuq polypody, fan nahr watermint
pistachio-coloured fu l radish
basta frankincense fulful (aswad) pepper, black
baul a-ibyn childrens urine
bauraq borax
bauraq arman Armenian borax
bay (al-)bai egg white
biran embelia
bi musk melon
bi
lasn Palestinian melon ftan bustn garden pennyroyal
bi hind Indian musk melon
bi raqq Raqqa melon
fulful abya pepper, white
fulfulmuwaih long pepper root
fuqq beer
furbiyn spurge
fustuq pistachio
ftan pennyroyal
ftan abal mountain mint
fwa (dn) madder
bizrkattn linseed fwat a-abbn dyers madder
bizrqan eawort
bunduq hind Indian hazelnut ada germander
busr date, unripe 
t agrimony
busr aisuwn aisuwn date amhr wine boiled down to one half
bussa coral, red anb a-a
n al-aiman sheeps right
bum terebinth side
bzdn green-winged orchid aniyn gentian
bz y 291, 297, 367 aniyn rm Greek gentian
 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS 325

r bay laurel a aswad mir Egyptian poppy,

ar s-samak sh-glue dark-coloured
rqn agaric ass lettuce
rqn abya agaric, white am marshmallow
auz walnut am aar marshmallow, green
auz bauw nutmeg am(ya) abya/bai marshmallow,
auz undum orchil pale-coloured
auz al-qai nux vomica az globe thistle
wars millet azaf at-tannr potsherd
wr opopanax hazr an bryony, red
azar carrot ibr ink
ir r rocket ilf willow
ubair service iltt asafoetida resin
ur n Chinese porcelain hilyaun asparagus
ullb julep imma chickpea
ullanr pomegranate ower imma abya chickpea, white
ullanr fris Persian pomegranate imma aswad chickpea, dark-coloured
ower hindab endive
undb/dastar castoreum hindab murra endive, bitter
inn henna
aba al-add iron oxide ina wheat
aba al-add al-bar Basra iron oxide r gillyower
abbat as-saud cumin, black irwa castor oil plant

r al-biraun jades hoof irim grape, unripe
a ar arman Armenian stone iyr cucumber
a ar ad-dam bloodstone iyr anbar purging cassia
a ar yahd Jews stone ubbz hollyhock
hail cardamom ua lycium
aiy al-lam houseleek hfqiss hypocistis
hl (bauw) cardamom lan n galingale
all porridge ulba fenugreek
halla aswad myrobalan, black ulba a mya Syrian fenugreek
halla kbul myrobalan, chebulic umhan agate
all sesame oil umm sorrel
all vinegar umm barr sorrel, wild
all (al-)amr wine vinegar undqn condite
amm grape ivy un asphodel
amr dough, fermented urf garden peppercress
amr wine urnb carob
anal colocynth urnb naba Nabataean carob
arbaq hellebore urnb a m Syrian carob
arbaq abya hellebore, white urram bean
arbaq aswad hellebore, black ur al-amm pigeons droppings
ardal mustard uyat -a n sheeps testicles
ardal abya mustard, white
arr silk ibran embelia
armal harmala ibran kbul Kabul embelia
arrb a m Syrian carob ibrsam silk cocoon
 calamint iir citronella
asak caltrop i  plum
a poppy i  ulwn
ulwn plum
a abya poppy, light-coloured ihlla myrobalan
a aswad poppy, dark-coloured ihlla afar myrobalan, yellow
326 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

ihlla aswad myrobalan, black kulyat -a n sheeps kidneys

ihlla aswad hind Indian myrobalan, kummar pear
black kundur frankincense
ihlla kbul myrobalan, chebulic kundur akar Oriental frankincense
ikll al-malik melilot kundus babys breath
ilk mastic kundus abya babys breath, white
ilk al-anb Nabataean gum kurkum curcuma
ilk rm Greek mastic kurr leek
inab grape kurunb cabbage
inab a-alab nightshade kus/zb/fara coriander
infaat arnab hares rennet
infaat aby gazelles rennet laban milk
iqlmiy cadmia laban riya maids milk
iqlmiy a-ahab/ahab slag, auric laban alb milk, fresh
iqlmiy al-
a/
 slag, argentic laban (al-)miz goatmilk
ris water ag laban an-nis mothers milk
isb/f (ar-ra) ceruse laban a-h sheepmilk
isbdb a bouillon, thick laban al-utun asss milk
iskan ubn oxymel lan ladanum
iskan ubn al-asal sour-honey lan qubrus Cyprian ladanum
isql squill lam samn meat, fat
imid stibium lakk lac
im bliya bones, decayed lauz almond
lauz ulw almond, sweet
kabba cubeb lauz murr almond, bitter
kabar caper lzward lapis lazuli
kabka Asiatic crowfoot liyat at-tais salsify
kadar pandanus lm lemon
k pandanus lisn al-afr common ash
kfr camphor lisn al-amal plantain
kfr fanr Fanr camphor lisn (a-)aur borage
kahrub amber lisn a-aur al- abal mountain borage
kak biscuit lubn olibanum
kkan alkekengi lubn akar Oriental frankincense
kamariys wall germander lbiy amar kidney bean, red
kamfs ground pine lubn abya amber, white
kammn cumin lu mandrake
kammn kirmn Kerman cumin lu lu pearl
kankarzad artichoke gum
karafs celery m water
karafs naba Nabataean celery m ab water, fresh
karm vine m brid water, cold
krub amber m ftir water, tepid
karwiy caraway m al- ubn cheese-water
kim lovage m rr water, hot
ka ax dodder m al-maar rainwater
ka badd Baghdad ax dodder m qar water, limpid
kar tragacanth m 
n water, clear
kauz kundum orchil mhzahrah cocculus
kazmza Oriental tamarisk malab mahaleb
kibrt sulphur mamda scammony
kibrt abya sulphur, whitish mamda ank Antioch scammony
kirsinna vetch maia storax
kul kohl maia s ila storax, liquid
kul alwa alwa kohl maibah quince wine
 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS 327

maibaa Greek spikenard nab az-zabb wal-asal raisin wine,

maifuta wine boiled down to one honeyed
quarter nabiq lote
maib juice, mixed nammm thyme, wild
maissan iris wine nana mint
maiwza larkspur nnawh visnaga
mmrn greater celandine nrdn nard
mmrn n Chinese greater nrdn iql Greek spikenard
celandine nar is narcissus
mm horn poppy nrmuk pomegranate
marrat al-baqar oxgall na
starch
marrat al-bz falcons gall narn natron
marrat al-a al quails gall nl indigo
marrat al-kurk cranes gall nlan lilac
marrat a-abb carps gall nlfar nenuphar
marrat al-uqb eagles gall nula bran
marmz marjoram, wild nus muraq copper, oxidized
mrqa marcasite nra lime
marqa ahab marcasite, golden nu/ir sal ammoniac
martak litharge nir madin ammonium chloride
marw marjoram, wild nir man ammonium hydroxide
marw abya marjoram, wild white
marzan  marjoram, sweet qadmiy
cadmia
m mung bean qaim southernwood
masaqniy glass-slag qalqads vitriol, white
maak mastic
mzariyn mezereon
mil salt
mil al-a n salt cake
mil ar
n salt, white
mil hind Indian salt
mil naf naphthalene
misann add whetstone, new
qalqant vitriol, green
qalqar vitriol, yellow
qalqar iron sulphate
qanriyn centaury
qanriyn daqq small centaury
qqiy gum-senegal
qqull salsola
qqulla (kibr) grains of paradise
misk musk qqulla ir Malabar cardamom
misk tibit Tibetan musk qar gourd
mimi ursn ursn apricot qar ulw gourd, sweet
m spignel qaranful clove
mu glossostemon root qara babul
mu abya glossostemon root, white qardamn caraway, wild
muql bdellium mukul qarn aiyal staghorn
muql azraq bdellium africanum qars papyrus
muql al-yahd bdellium qars mir Egyptian papyrus
mrdna myrtle qaab reed
murdsan litharge
murdsan ahab litharge of gold
murr myrrh
murr garum
murr naba Nabataean garum
mualla wine boiled down to one
third
muzauwara vegetable stu
qinbl kamala
nab qimi currant wine
nab tamr date wine
nab az-zabb/zabb raisin wine
serpent melon
qaab a-arra lemon grass
qasb date, hard dry
qaaf garden orache
qir dragons blood
qarn tar, coniferous
qilqil pomegranate, wild
qily potash
qinna galbanum
qirfa canella
qimi currant
qi
328 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

qi al-imr serpent melon, wild am al-ba ducks grease

qult saxifrage am ad-da  chickens grease
qurum saower am inzr pigs fat
qus alecost am kul l-miz goats suet
qus bar sea alecost am kulyatai -a
n sheeps suet
qus ulw alecost, sweet am al-miz goats fat
qus murr alecost, bitter htara fumitory
qur al-bai eggshells ailam darnel
qun cotton ar barley
ar abya barley, white
r
ib curd sakabna sagapenum
rain sweet basil sakan ubn oxymel
ramd ashes sala cassia
ramd al-aqrib scorpions ashes am wax
ramd as-sarant an-nahrya craysh am abya wax, white
ashes am afar wax, yellow
rmik ramie samak sh
ra
s a-a
n sheeps head am (arab) gum-arabic
rad peppergrass am (al-)bum turpentine
ran elecampane am fris Persian gum
ra aswad muraq lead, black oxidized am al-kankar artichoke gum
raba lucerne samd semolina
rtna pine resin samn ghee
rattah Indian hazelnut samn (al-)baqar cows ghee
rwand rhubarb san senna
rwand n Chinese rhubarb san makk Meccan senna
rziq jasmine oil sanm al- amal camels hump
rziyna fennel anaubar pine
ri
at a-alab fox lung andal sandalwood
rbs ribes andal abya sandalwood, white
rwand rhubarb andal abya maqr Maqr
rwand n Chinese rhubarb sandalwood, white
rum marble andal amar sandalwood, red
rummn pomegranate andal amar maqr Maqr
rummn barr pomegranate, wild sandalwood, red
rsata copper, oxidized
saafa palm-leaf
bbak dogs violet
abb alum
abb al-umra alum from ruddy earth
abb yamn Yemenite alum
andal maqr Maqr sandalwood
sq al-baqar cows shank
saqamniy scammony
saqamniy ank Antioch scammony
arb wine
arb muassal mufauwah honey wine,
spiced
abir aloe arb rain wine, aromatic
abir suqar/usqar Socotra aloe arafn date, heavy red
sabistn sebesten saras male fern
sab rue ars al-askifa shoemaker asphodel
sa laurel saran bar lobster
sa hind Indian laurel sarmaq orache
ana haematite sarw cypress
safar al quince sasliys moon carrot
h ball sweet chestnut abandn bryony, white
hasfaram sweet basil aqqul parsnip
ahdna marijuana atar savory
am fat sausan iris
 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS 329

sausan abya iris, white arf tarfa

sausan smn n iris, sky-coloured il wine
sausan zd abya iris, wild white tn g
sausan rziq Rziq iris n arman Armenian bole
sawq our tn afar g, yellow
ibi dill tn aswad han r king g, black
 wormwood tn ulwn
ulwn g
 turk Turkish wormwood n matm sealing bole
silq beet n qmliy cimolite
simsim sesame n qubrus Cyprian bole
ra sesame oil n rm Greek bole
ara garden cress tn han r king g
ara hind Indian garden cress tbl al-add iron scoriae
siyh dwarn bryony, black tbl an-nus copper scoriae
sud cyperus tar wallower
ufrat (al-)bai(a) egg yolk tar abya wallower, white
sulat a-ahab gold lings tar amar wallower, red
sulat al-
a silver lings tu apple
sulat al-yqt al-amar ruby lings ulub water moss
uk bull thistle turba turpeth
sukkar sugar turba abya turpeth, white
sukkar abya sugar, white turba a waf turpeth, hollow
sukkar amar sugar, red turmus lupine
sukkar z zistn sugar tt mulberry
sukkar a m Syrian sugar tt a m Syrian mulberry
sukkar abarza sugar candy, white ttiy tutty
sukkar al-uar yercum sugar ttiy hind Indian tutty
sulfa wine ttiy kirmn Kerman tutty
sulfat (al-)inab grape wine ttiy abr tutty, white-coloured
summq sumach
summq a m Syrian sumach d lignaloes
sunbul (a-b) Indian spikenard d hind Indian lignaloes
sunbul hind Indian spikenard d a-alb paeony
sunbul rm Greek spikenard d anf anf lignaloes
nz cumin, black ufurbiyn spurge
srin n meadow sa ron unfq olive, unripe
ss liquorice unnb jujube
unnb ur n ur n jujube
abr tabasheer unul squill
abr abya tabasheer, white urq (a-abbn/a-ib) turmeric
tar 257 una usnea
aih partridge unn lye
aiyil dogs grass unn aar lye, green
al palm spadix usql
ndriyn rusty back fern
al ice ua /q ammoniacum
alq talc uaq gum ammoniac
tamr date usus French lavender
tamr hairn Hairn date utru citron
tamr ain Medina date
tamrhind tamarind wabar al-arnab hares fur
tamrhind makk Meccan tamarind wada mussel shell
taran ubn alhagi wa sweet ag
ar Bengal quince ward rose
arb al-miz goats caul ward amar rose, red
330 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

ward fris Persian rose zarwand awl birthwort, long

wasma indigo zarnab orache
zatar savory
yabr mandrake zaufar globe thistle
yaqn pumpkin zi baq mercury
yqt amar ruby zi baq maqtl mercury, deadened
ysamn jasmine zibl al-amm pigeons droppings
zift pitch
zabad al-bar sepiolite zift rm Greek pitch
zabad al-qawrr glass-slag zin r verdigris
zabb raisin zrb muallan spoon-meat,
zabb abal stavesacre sweetened
zabb rziq Rziq raisin zrb a spoon-meat
zafarn sa ron zirik barberry
z vitriol zirikya barberry relish
z afar vitriol, yellow zirn arsenic
z bar Basra vitriol zirn amar realgar
z mir Egyptian vitriol zirn afar orpiment
zait olive oil zirr ward rosebud
zanbaq (al-)b jasmine oil, white zubd butter
zan abl ginger zf ybis hyssop
zan abl n Chinese ginger zu  a m Syrian glass
zarwand birthwort zurunb zerumbet
zarwand mudara birthwort, rolled

2. Pathology and Anatomy

a. EnglishArabic
abrasion(s) (sa /su ) 11, 22, 76, belching, acid ( u
mi) 24, 144
370, 374 belly (ban) 96, 141, 215
abscesses (ur t) 309, 318 belly, coldness of (bard al- auf ) 38
ache (alam) 309 belly, laxity of (inill al-ban) 6
ageing (aib) 69, 130, 358 belly, pain in (wa a al- auf ) 204
albugo (bay [f l-ain]) 256, 257, 267, biliousness, downow of (inibb
271, 279 al-marr) 201
albugo, felty (bay al) 264 biliousness, predominance of (alabat
anxiety (karb) 3 al-marr) 2
apoplexy (sakta) 129, 408 bite of rabid dog (aat al-kalb al-kalib)
appetite (ahwa) 69 341
appetite, loss of (nuqn a-ahwa) 201 black bile ([mirra] saud
) 89, 93, 122,
area, decayed (muta
akkil) 24 127, 242, 415, 416
area, scabious (maui as-safa) 42 black bile, those who are a
ected by
armpits, smelly (natn al-ib) 398 (saudwyn) 69
arrowhead(s) (nal/nul) 307
arteries, blood from (dam a-aryn)
388, 395
asthma (rabw) 158, 159, 171, 173, 224, 236
back (alf ) 288
back, pain in (wa a a-ahr) 369
beard (liya) 289
beard, lice in (qaml f l-liya) 364
beard, parasites in (qamqm f l-liya) 364
bladder (mana) 377
bleeding (nazf [ad-dam]) 13, 24, 120
bleeding, anal (dam min al-maqada)
372, 373
blepharitis (sulq) 255, 266
blisters (bur) 322
bloatedness (tahabbu ) 309
blood, increased aux of (may ad-dam)
175
blood, menstrual (am) 243
 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS 331

body(ies) (badan/abdn) 111, 344, 421, cough, dry (sul ybis) 182
422, 423, 424 cough, long-standing (sul qadm) 181
bones, open fractures of (kasr al-im cough, moist (sul rab) 51
wa-fas al-lam) 309 coughing, cold tough-mattered chronic
bones, setting of ( abr) 312 (sul muzmin brid al al-mdda)
bowels (am
) 376 172
bowels, cold pains in (au  brida f coughing, heavy (idda sul) 48
l-a
) 109 coughing up purulent matter (naf
bowels, coldness of (bard al-a
) 149, al-midda) 82
197 cramp (itiql) 1
bowels, heat of (arr al-a
) 198 cramps, haemorrhoidal (arw/riy
bowels, softness of (riqqat al-a) 6 al-bawsr) 106, 141
bowels, weakness of (uf al-a) 6
brain (dim) 69 damage (aan) 96
breath, smell of (nakha) 393 debility, gastric (uf al-maida) 7, 83,
breathing, diculty in (usr an-nafas) 133, 138, 146, 151, 205, 207, 282, 314
74 debility, hepatic (uf al-kabid) 29, 30,
burns (arq an-nr) 295, 309, 322 138, 207
delusions (wasws) 70
catarrh (zukm) 24 desire, sexual (in) 286
chest (adr) 67, 160, 170 detention (usr) 145
chest, heat in (arra f -adr) 179 detention, urinary (usr al-baul) 288
chest, raucity in (una f -adr) 179 diabetes (iyb) 103
chill (ibrada) 132, 144 diarrhoea (ilfa) 79, 212
choking (araq) 51 diarrhoea, long-standing (ishl
chymes, bad (kaimst rad
a) 309 qadm) 83
clusters, nervous (ma mi al-aab) 207 diarrhoea, yellow-bilious (ilfa
clusters, venous (ma mi al-urq) 207
cold-moist temper, those who have
) 69, 340
(mabrdn marbn) 148
cold-tempered (brid al-miz ) 100
coldness (bard/burda) 83, 112, 145,
146, 201, 205, 207, 397, 407, 422
/
colic (qaulan ) 75, 141, 203, 375
colic su
erers (qaulan yn) 75, 203 diseases, phlegmatic (amr balamya)
complexion (laun) 106, 138
complexion, bad (fasd al-laun) 186
condition (l) 225
conjunctivitis (ramad [al-ain]) 261, 379
conjunctivitis, acute (ramad ad) 258
conjunctivitis, hot (ramad rr) 263
conjunctivitis, inveterate (ramad atq)
259
conjunctivitis, remnants of (baqy
r-ramad) 265
) 4, 27, 39
constitution, lax (inill a-ab) 120
luam)
afrwya) 76
digestion (istimr
discolouration, bluish-green (ura)
309
diseases, acute (amr dda) 366
diseases, black-bilious (amr as-saud
saudwya) 74, 242
225
disorder, abdominal (istilq al-ban) 2,
174, 208
disorders, cold (all/ilal brida) 129,
152
disorders, uterine (ilal al-arm) 369
disposition (ab) 314
disposition, frail (suhlat a-ab) 50
disposition, natural (ab a) 94
dropsy (istisq
dropsy, membranous (istisq
constitutions, robust (abdn ulba) 309 30
consumption (sill) 12 dropsy, thin-watery (istisq
raqq) 337
consumption su
erers (maslln) 157 dryness (yubs) 369
convulsions, nervous (taannu al-aab)
319
cough(ing) (sul) 2, 48, 49, 50, 79, 154,
175, 177
cough, chronic (sul muzmin) 24
dumbness (iql al-lisn) 360, 361
dysentery (zar) 5, 11, 83, 373
ear, ulcers in (qur al-un) 382
ears, pain in (wa a al-n) 24
332 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

epilepsy (ar) 32, 74, 85, 108, 124,
131
eruptions, inveterate scaly ( arab
atq) 264, 267
eruptions, moist scaly ( arab rab) 254
eruptions, scaly ( arab) 266, 274
erythema (umra) 309
evacuation (istifr) 94
expectoration, bloody (naf ad-dam) 2,
fevers, long phlegmatic (ummayt
awla balamya) 240
fevers, nonacute (ummayt air
dda) 415
fevers, phlegmatic (ummayt
balamya) 25
fevers, remnants of (baqy l-ummayt)
7
ssures, anal (uqq) 298
11, 13, 24 stula(e) (nr/nawr) 269, 305, 389
extremities, soft tumours in (waram raw atulence (naf) 151
f l-arf ) 315 atulence, gastric (naf al-maida) 147
eye (ain) 249 atus(es) (r/riy) 92, 141, 368
eye, burning sensations in (urqa f l-ain) oaters (awa) 251, 267
263 ukes (abb al-qar) 66, 73
eye, inner corner of (ma
q) 269 ux, cold (riy brida) 203
eye, itchiness of (ikkat [al-ain]) 250, food (am) 23, 96, 139
274 forehead ( abha) 21, 24, 409
eye, pains in (au  al-ain) 259 forgetfulness (nisyn) 130
eyelashes (hudb al-ain) 253 fractures, open (tafassu wa-kasr) 309
eyelashes (ar) 277 frailty (uf ) 207
eyelids (a fn) 277 freckles (kalaf ) 351, 355
eyelids, moist (rubat al-a fn) 409 front (quddm) 288
eyelids, relaxation of (istir
al-a fn)
266 geophagism (ahwat a-n) 90, 92
eyelids, swollen (ila al-a fn) 265, gout (niqris) 309
267, 278, 409 gripes (ma) 151
eyewater (m
) 270 gums (lia) 393, 396
gums, blistered (tanau al-lit) 385
face (wa h) 355 gums, feverish (umm l-lit) 385
face, black marks on (r sd f l-wa h) gums, painful (wa a al-umr) 24
354 gums, putrid (ufnat al-lit) 384
face, moles on (ln f l-wa h) 350 gums, squashy (istir
al-lit) 384
faeces, discharge of (istinf al-afl)
376 haemorrhage (qiym ad-dam) 5, 11,
fatigue (iy
) 207 12, 98
fear (tafazzu) 127 haemorrhoids (bsr/bawsr) 69, 83,
feebleness (futr) 207 306
feet (ri ln) 207 hair (ar) 280, 281, 289, 334
feet, frostbite on (qur f r-ri lain min hair, growth of (ur a-ar) 289
qibal a-al ) 309 halitosis (baar) 68
fever(s) (umm/ummayt) 3, 24, 236, hands (yadn) 207
422 hands, frostbite on (qur f l-yadain min
fever, acute (umm dda) 1 qibal a-al ) 309
fever, hepatic (umm l-kabid) 10 harshness (idda) 267
fever, ophthalmic (umm l-ain) 255 head (ra
s) 122, 235, 289
fever, prolonged (umm mutawila) 8 head, ulcers of (qur ar-ra
s) 297
fever, quartan (umm r-rib) 204 headache (ud) 21, 407
fever, those who are heated by (asn) headache (wa a ar-ra
s) 24
139 headache, cold phlegmatic (ud brid
fevers, inveterate (ummayt atqa) 4, balam) 235
14 headache, hot (ud rr) 234, 235
fevers, long black-bilious (ummayt health, preservation of (if a-ia)
awla saudwya) 240 69
 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS 333

heart (qalb) 112 mange, dry ( arab ybis) 333

heart, palpitations of (afaqn al-qalb) mange, moist ( arab rab) 330
97, 149 mange, scurfy ( arab al) 344
heat (arra) 97, 232, 264, 314, 344, 385 matter, coagulated ( umd midda) 377
hemiplegia (fli ) 74, 129, 241, 405, 406, matter, purulent (midda) 12
407, 408 measles (aba) 183
hernia (fatq) 310 melancholia (mlliy) 63, 110, 123
hip, pain in (wa a al-ira) 141
hoarseness (bua) 181
hot-tempered (rr al-miz ) 101, 400
humours (al) 202
humours, delicate (al raqqa) 184
humours, tenacious (il al/al
ala) 159, 186, 225, 233
hydrocele, burst (qla bad aqqih) 309
hydrocele, indurate (qarw s) 316
hyperaemia (sayaln ad-dam) 15
indigestion (s
al-ham) 204 mouth (fam) 48, 68
insomnia (sahar) 21
intercourse, sexual ( im) 132, 285, 369
intestines (am
) 31, 69, 77 nature (ab/aba) 69, 110, 366, 367,
ischia, pain in (wa a al-warkain) 369
ischuria (usr al-baul) 20
itch (ikka) 345
melanoma, chorioid (msara ) 273
memory (if) 115
mind (ihn) 69, 106
mixtures, hot (amz rra) 255
moist temper, those who have
(marbn) 115
moist-cold temper, those who have
(marbn mabrdn) 107
moisture (ruba) 259, 368
moisture, gastric (billat al-maida) 70
moisture, superuity of (fai ruba) 51
mouth, corners of (adq) 384
371
nausea (aayn) 75, 194
neck (unq) 207
nerves (ab) 69
jaundice (yaraqn) 71, 94 nerves, inamed (nufr al-aab) 320
jaundice, yellow (yaraqn afar) 4 nerves, swollen (taaqqud al-aab) 320
joints (mafil) 207 nose (anf ) 409, 412, 413, 414
juvenility, calamities of (s
al-fatya) nosebleed (ruf ) 411, 412, 413, 414
186 nostrils (minarn) 410, 412, 414

kidney stones (aan) 54, 99, 100, 101, obstruction (sudad) 69, 202, 225, 227
102, 225 oesophagus (mar
) 51
old age, advance of (tasarru a-aib) 31
lachrymation (dama) 248, 249, 253 organs, adjacent (nawin) 122
lichen (bahaq) 130 organs, contusion of (arba tub
lichen, black (bahaq aswad) 242, 325 al-a
) 309
lichen, white (bahaq abya) 335, 365
limb(s) (uw/a
) 307 pain (wa a) 309
liver, bad hot humoral mixture in (s
pain(s), colical (wa a al-qaulan /au 
miz rr f l-kabid) 201 qaulan ya) 75, 119, 152, 368
liver, hot (kabid rra) 113 pain, rectal (alam bi-maqada) 69
liver, humoral mixture in (miz palpitations (afaqn) 70, 74, 112
[al-]kabid) 94, 201 palpitations, black-bilious (afaqn
liver, obstruction of (sudad al-kabid) 18 saudw) 105
liver, pains in (au  al-kabid) 240 pannus (sabal) 266, 278
liver, sclerosis of (albat al-kabid) 14
liver, tumours of (waram al-kabid) 4
lumps, soft (dubailt) 340
mange ( arab) 242, 328, 329, 331, 332, 346
mange, acute ulcerating ( arab
mutaqarri dd) 346
pannus, inveterate (sabal atq) 264, 267
pannus, rheumy (arw as-sabal) 409
paralysis, facial (laqwa) 74, 128, 241,
405, 407, 408
paroxysms (adwr) 24
pelvic bones, pain in (wa a al-libain)
141
334 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

penis (qab) 285, 286, 377 sensations, aming (talahhub) 7

penis, ulcers in/of (qur al-qab) 298, sensitivity to physical pain (kar al-iss)
379 309
Persian re (nr fris) 322 shivering (n
) 8
perspiration (araq) 421, 423, 424 shoulders (katifn) 207
phlegm (balam) 69, 122, 139, 153 sight (baar) 248, 252
phlegm, those who are a
ected by sight, loss of (ulmat al-baar) 250, 276
(mubalamn) 69
phlegm, tough (balam al) 160, 203
phlegm, viscid (balam lazi ) 89
pimples (bar/bur) 261, 273
poison(s) (samm/summ) 125, 416
poisons, lethal (summ qattla) 111
poisons from reptiles (summ min
al-hawmm) 111
poisons from vermin (summ min
sight, weakness of (uf al-baar) 130,
251
skin, burning sensation on (la) 332
skin, desquamation of (waa) 324, 359
smallpox ( udar) 183
smallpox, traces of (r al- udar) 362
smells, foul (mm) 141
speckles (nama) 355
spleen, enlargement of (kubr a-il) 9
ad-dawbb) 111 spleen, indurated (il alib) 46
potency, sexual (bh) 104, 107, 141, 376 spleen, pains in (au  a-il) 240
powers, colicky (quwan qaulan ) 65 spleen, sclerosis of (albat a-il) 9,
pterygium (afara) 264 14, 19, 321, 342
ptosis (kumna) 266 spleen disease su
erers (maln) 45,
pubes (na) 286, 339 217
punch (wakz) 309 spot, albugineous (maui al-bay) 257
putridity, humoral (fasd al-miz ) 240 sputum, clotted and hard to cough up
(naf asir al-burz munaqid) 224
qualmishness (ay) 420 stages, early (ibtid
) 4, 263, 270, 297,
quartan (rib) 74 369
stings (la) 96
rectum, abbiness of (istir
al-maqada) stomach (maida) 31, 50, 51, 69, 77, 112,
386 122, 207, 214, 215, 235
rectum, prolapse of (burz al-maqada) stomach, bad hot humoral mixture in
386 (s
miz rr f l-maida) 201
redness (umra) 267 stomach, cold (maida brida) 139, 343
region, pubic (naw al-na) 288 stomach, coldness of (bard al-maida)
regurgitation (itilf ) 88 28, 38, 204
residue, viscid mucous (fal lazi stomach, empty (ulw al-maida) 340
lub) 87 stomach, hot (maida rra) 313
residues (ful) 24, 69 stomach, humoral mixture in (miz
residues, phlegmy (balim) 31 al-maida) 201
residues, viscid (ful lazi a) 170 stomach, inveterate tumour in (waram
retention (ur) 145 atq f l-maida) 41
rheumatism ([wa a al-]mafil) 309,
al-maida)
338, 380
saliva (m
) 361
scabies (safa) 297
scabies, chronic (safa muzmina) 42
scabies, dry (safa ybisa) 44, 327
scabies, moist (safa raba) 43, 326
sciatica (irq an-nas) 338, 369
scrofula (anzr) 356
stomach, laxity of (istir
106
stomach, moistness of (rubat
al-maida) 106
stomach, mouth of (fam al-maida) 339
stomach, pain in (wa a al-maida) 25
stomach, slippery (zalq al-maida) 50
stomach, soft (malsat al-maida) 50
stomach, tumours of (waram al-maida)
4
scrofula, severe (anzr aba) 305 stomach, weak (maida afa) 24
sensations, burning urinary (urqat stomachs, cold-moist (miad brida
al-baul) 20, 53 raba) 221
 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS 335

strength, lack of (uf qwa) 27 umbilicus (surra) 336, 339

strength, lacking (qwa afa) 39 urethra (ill) 288
sweat (araq) 329, 422 urinating blood (baul ad-dam) 13,
swelling(s) (waram/aurm) 309 16, 17
swellings, fully developed (aurm f urinating purulent matter (baul
l-muntah) 309 al-midda) 16, 20
swellings, growing (aurm mutazaiyida) urination (idrr) 72
309 urine (baul) 80
swellings, hot bloodshot (aurm rra urine, incontinence of (salas al-baul)
damawya) 309 137
swellings, recent (aurm mubtadi
a) 309 urine, suppression of (itibs al-baul)
377
teeth (asnn) 393, 397 urine, trickling (baul salis) 81
teeth, loose (arakat al-asnn) 396 uvula, dryness of (yubs al-lahawt) 208
tempers, hot (amz rra) 86, 224
tenesmus (tazaur) 298 vision, loss of (ulma) 249
tertian, alternation of (ar al-ibb) 26 vitiligo (bara) 126, 363
tetter (qb
/qawb) 242, 348 vitiligo, acute white (bara abya
thirst (aa) 1, 3, 7 ad) 303
throat, sore (unat al-an ara) 154 vomiting (qai
) 38, 48, 207, 215, 314,
tissue, eshy (lam) 384 415, 417, 418
tissue, soft (lam raw) 309 vomiting, torrential (qai
ar ) 174, 212
toothache (wa a al-asnn) 24, 397 vomiting, yellow-bilious (qai
afrw)
tremor (raa) 129, 225
tube, urinary (sabl al-mana) 377
tumour(s) (waram/aurm) 309, 377
tumours, gastric (aurm al-maida) 309
ll) 347
tumours, hot (aurm rra) 323
ll adasya) 352
tumours, hypogastric (aurm al-na)
309
tumours, laryngeal (aurm al-an ara)
70
tumours, uterine (aurm ar-raim) 378
ulcerations (ars) 175
ulcers (qur) 308, 309
ulcers, intestinal (qur al-am
420
vulva, ulcers of (qur al-far ) 298
warts (a
warts, lenticular (a
well-tempered (mutadil al-miz ) 401
wind, trapped (riy) 69
worms (dd) 66
worms, intestinal (ddn f l-ban) 336
worms, large (ddn kibr) 73
wound, blood from (dam min ira)
387, 391
) 381 yellow bile (afr
) 184, 415
ulcers, ophthalmic (qur [al-ain]) 261, yellow bile, those who are a
ected by
262, 268, 272, 273 (afrwyn) 69
ulcers, vesical (qur al-mana) 53 yellow-biliousness (marr afar) 419

b. ArabicEnglish
abdn body(ies) ain eye
abdn ulba constitutions, robust all brida disorders, cold
a limb(s) alam ache
aan damage alam bi-maqada pain, rectal
aat al-kalb al-kalib bite of rabid dog am bowels
adwr paroxysms am intestines
a fn eyelids amr balamya diseases, phlegmatic
ars ulcerations amr dda diseases, acute
al humours amr as-saud /saudwya diseases,
al ala humours, tenacious black-bilious
al raqqa humours, delicate amz rra mixtures, hot
336 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

amz rra tempers, hot baar sight

na pubes bsr haemorrhoids
anf nose ban belly
araq perspiration bar pimples
araq sweat baul urine
arw al-bawsr cramps, baul ad-dam urinating blood
haemorrhoidal baul al-midda urinating purulent
arw as-sabal pannus, rheumy matter
ab nerves
adq mouth, corners of
asn fever, those who are heated by
asnn teeth
r al- udar smallpox, traces of
r sd f l-wa h face, black marks on
aa thirst
au  al-ain eye, pains in
au  brida f l-a
bowels, cold bur blisters
pains in
au  al-kabid liver, pains in
au  qaulan ya pain(s), colical
au  a-il spleen, pains in
aurm swelling(s)
aurm tumour(s)
baul salis urine, trickling
bawsr haemorrhoids
bay (f l-ain) albugo
bay al albugo, felty
billat al-maida moisture, gastric
bua hoarseness
burda coldness
burz al-maqada rectum, prolapse of
bur pimples
dam min ira wound, blood from
dam min al-maqada bleeding, anal
dam a-aryn arteries, blood from
dama lachrymation
aurm al-na tumours, hypogastric arba tub al-a
organs,
aurm f l-muntah swellings, fully contusion of
developed ddn f l-ban worms, intestinal
aurm al-an ara tumours, laryngeal ddn kibr worms, large
aurm rra tumours, hot ihn mind
aurm rra damawya swellings, hot dim brain
bloodshot iyb diabetes
aurm al-maida tumours, gastric dubailt lumps, soft
aurm mubtadi
a swellings, recent dd worms
aurm mutazaiyida swellings, growing uf frailty
aurm ar-raim tumours, uterine
badan body(ies)
bh potency, sexual
bahaq lichen
bahaq abya lichen, white
bahaq aswad lichen, black
baar halitosis
balim residues, phlegmy
balam phlegm
balam al phlegm, tough
balam lazi phlegm, viscid
baqy l-ummayt fevers, remnants of
baqy r-ramad conjunctivitis,
remnants of
uf al-baar sight, weakness of
uf al-a bowels, weakness of
uf al-kabid debility, hepatic
uf al-maida debility, gastric
uf qwa strength, lack of
fal lazi lub residue, viscid mucous
fai ruba moisture, superuity of
fli hemiplegia
fam mouth
fam al-maida stomach, mouth of
fasd al-laun complexion, bad
fasd al-miz putridity, humoral
fatq hernia
ful residues
bara vitiligo ful lazi a residues, viscid
bara abya ad vitiligo, acute white futr feebleness
bard coldness
bard al-a
bowels, coldness of abha forehead
bard al- auf belly, coldness of abr bones, setting of
bard al-maida stomach, coldness of alabat al-marr biliousness,
brid al-miz cold-tempered predominance of
 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS
arab eruptions, scaly
arab mange
arab atq eruptions, inveterate scaly
arab al mange, scurfy
arab mutaqarri dd mange, acute
ulcerating
arab rab eruptions, moist scaly
arab rab mange, moist
arab ybis mange, dry
awa oaters
aayn nausea
ay qualmishness
ila al-a fn eyelids, swollen
im intercourse, sexual
udar smallpox
umd midda matter, coagulated
u
mi belching, acid urinary
337
umm r-rib fever, quartan
ummayt fever(s)
ummayt atqa fevers, inveterate
ummayt balamya fevers,
phlegmatic
ummayt air dda fevers, nonacute
ummayt awla balamya fevers,
long phlegmatic
ummayt awla saudwya fevers,
long black-bilious
umra erythema
umra redness
ur t abscesses
urqa f l-ain eye, burning
sensations in
urqat al-baul sensations, burning
ur a-ar hair, growth of
abb al-qar ukes ur retention
afaqn palpitations una f -adr chest, raucity in
afaqn al-qalb heart, palpitations of unat al-an ara throat, sore
afaqn saudw palpitations,
black-bilious ibrada chill
l condition ibtid
stages, early
alf back idrr urination
mm smells, foul ill urethra
anzr scrofula itibs al-baul urine, suppression of
anzr aba scrofula, severe itilf regurgitation
arakat al-asnn teeth, loose ilal al-arm disorders, uterine
arra heat ilal brida disorders, cold
arra f -adr chest, heat in in desire, sexual
arq an-nr burns inill al-ban belly, laxity of
arr al-a
bowels, heat of inill a-ab constitution, lax
rr al-miz hot-tempered inibb al-marr biliousness,
aan kidney stones downow of
aba measles irq an-nas sciatica
idda harshness ishl qadm diarrhoea, long-standing
if memory istifr evacuation
if a-ia health, preservation of istimr
digestion
ikka itch istinf al-afl faeces, discharge of
ikkat (al-ain) eye, itchiness of istir
al-a fn eyelids, relaxation of
ln f l-wa h face, moles on istir
al-lit gums, squashy
ilfa diarrhoea istir
al-maida stomach, laxity of
ilfa afrwya diarrhoea, istir
al-maqada rectum,
yellow-bilious abbiness of
il al humours, tenacious istisq
dropsy
hudb al-ain eyelashes istisq
luam dropsy, membranous
ura discolouration, bluish-green istisq
raqq dropsy, thin-watery
ulw al-maida stomach, empty istilq al-ban disorder, abdominal
umm fever(s) itiql cramp
umm l-ain fever, ophthalmic iy
fatigue
umm dda fever, acute
umm l-kabid fever, hepatic kabid rra liver, hot
umm l-lit gums, feverish kaimst rad
a chymes, bad
umm mutawila fever, prolonged kalaf freckles
338 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

karb anxiety miz al-maida stomach, humoral

kasr al-im wa-fas al-lam bones, mixture in
open fractures of mubalamn phlegm, those who are
katifn shoulders a ected by
kar al-iss sensitivity to physical msara melanoma, chorioid
pain muta akkil area, decayed
kubr a-il spleen, enlargement of mutadil al-miz well-tempered
kumna ptosis
naf atulence
la skin, burning sensation on naf al-maida atulence, gastric
la stings n
 shivering
lam tissue, eshy naf asir al-burz munaqid sputum,
lam raw tissue, soft clotted and hard to cough up
laqwa paralysis, facial naf ad-dam expectoration, bloody
laun complexion naf al-midda coughing up purulent
liya beard matter
lia gums naw al-na region, pubic
nakha breath, smell of
m eyewater nama speckles
m saliva nr fris Persian re
mabrdn marbn cold-moist nal arrowhead(s)
temper, those who have nr stula(e)
mafil joints natn al-ib armpits, smelly
mafil rheumatism nawin organs, adjacent
ma mi al-aab clusters, nervous nawr stula(e)
ma mi al-urq clusters, venous nazf (ad-dam) bleeding
ma gripes niqris gout
maida stomach nisyn forgetfulness
maida brida stomach, cold nufr al-aab nerves, inamed
maida afa stomach, weak nuqn a-ahwa appetite, loss of
maida rra stomach, hot nul arrowhead(s)
malsat al-maida stomach, soft
mlliy melancholia qab penis
ma q eye, inner corner of qai vomiting
marr afar yellow-biliousness qai ar vomiting, torrential
mar oesophagus qai afrw vomiting, yellow-bilious
marbn moist temper, those who have qalb heart
marbn mabrdn moist-cold qaml f l-liya beard, lice in
temper, those who have qamqm f l-liya beard, parasites in
maslln consumption su erers qarw s hydrocele, indurate
may ad-dam blood, increased qaulan colic
aux of qaulan yn colic su erers
mana bladder qawb tetter
maln spleen disease su erers qla bad aqqih hydrocele, burst
maui al-bay spot, albugineous qiym ad-dam haemorrhage
maui as-safa area, scabious qb tetter
miad brida raba stomachs, quddm front
cold-moist qur ulcers
midda matter, purulent qur (al-ain) ulcers, ophthalmic
minarn nostrils qur al-am ulcers, intestinal
mirra saud black bile qur al-far vulva, ulcers of
miz (al-)kabid liver, humoral qur f r-ri lain min qibal a-al feet,
mixture in frostbite on
 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS 339

qur f l-yadain min qibal a-al ar hair

hands, frostbite on araq choking
qur al-mana ulcers, vesical ar al-ibb tertian, alternation of
qur al-qab penis, ulcers in/of saud
black bile
qur ar-ra
s head, ulcers of saudwyn black bile, those who are
qur al-un ear, ulcers in a
ected by
qwa afa strength, lacking sayaln ad-dam hyperaemia
quwan qaulan  powers, colicky idda sul coughing, heavy
sill consumption
rabw asthma s
al-fatya juvenility, calamities of
ramad (al-ain) conjunctivitis s
al-ham indigestion
ramad atq conjunctivitis, inveterate s
miz rr f l-kabid liver, bad hot
ramad ad conjunctivitis, acute humoral mixture in
ramad rr conjunctivitis, hot s
miz rr f l-maida stomach, bad
ra
s head hot humoral mixture in
raa tremor sul cough(ing)
rib quartan sul muzmin cough, chronic
ri ln feet sul muzmin brid al al-mdda
r atus(es) coughing, cold tough-mattered
riqqat al-a bowels, softness of chronic
riy atus(es) sul qadm cough, long-standing
riy wind, trapped sul rab cough, moist
riy brida ux, cold sul ybis cough, dry
riy al-bawsr cramps, ud headache
haemorrhoidal ud brid balam headache, cold
ruf nosebleed phlegmatic
ruba moisture ud rr headache, hot
rubat al-a fn eyelids, moist sudad obstruction
rubat al-maida stomach, moistness of sudad al-kabid liver, obstruction of
su abrasion(s)
sabal pannus suhlat a-ab disposition, frail
sabal atq pannus, inveterate sulq blepharitis
sabl al-mana tube, urinary summ poison(s)
adr chest
safa scabies
safa muzmina scabies, chronic
safa raba scabies, moist
safa ybisa scabies, dry
summ min ad-dawbb poisons from
vermin
summ min al-hawmm poisons from
reptiles
summ qattla poisons, lethal
afr
yellow bile uqq ssures, anal
afrwyn yellow bile, those who are surra umbilicus
a
ected by
sahar insomnia a
ll warts
sa abrasion(s) a
ll adasya warts, lenticular
ahwa appetite am food
ahwat a-n geophagism taaqqud al-aab nerves, swollen
aib ageing ab disposition
sakta apoplexy ab nature
albat al-kabid liver, sclerosis of aba disposition, natural
albat a-il spleen, sclerosis of aba nature
salas al-baul urine, incontinence of tafassu wa-kasr fractures, open
samm poison(s) tafazzu fear
ar epilepsy tahabbu bloatedness
ar eyelashes talahhub sensations, aming
340 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

am blood, menstrual wa a ar-ra s headache

tanau al-lit gums, blistered wa a al-umr gums, painful
taannu al-aab convulsions, wa a al-warkain ischia, pain in
nervous wa a a-ahr back, pain in
tasarru a-aib old age, advance of wa h face
tazaur tenesmus wakz punch
il alib spleen, indurated waram swelling(s)
iql al-lisn dumbness waram tumour(s)
waram atq f l-maida stomach,
uw limb(s) inveterate tumour in
ufnat al-lit gums, putrid waram al-kabid liver, tumours of
unq neck waram al-maida stomach, tumours of
usr detention waram raw f l-arf extremities, soft
usr al-baul detention, urinary tumours in
usr al-baul ischuria wasws delusions
usr an-nafas breathing, diculty in
yadn hands
waa skin, desquamation of yaraqn jaundice
wa a pain yaraqn afar jaundice, yellow
wa a al-n ears, pain in yubs dryness
wa a al-asnn toothache yubs al-lahawt uvula, dryness of
wa a al- auf belly, pain in
wa a al-libain pelvic bones, afara pterygium
pain in zar dysentery
wa a al-ira hip, pain in zalq al-maida stomach, slippery
wa a al-mafil rheumatism zukm catarrh
wa a al-maida stomach, pain in ulma vision, loss of
wa a al-qaulan pain(s), colical ulmat al-baar sight, loss of

3. Generic Drug Names

The symbol + before a number indicates that the corresponding drug name is men-
tioned in the context of this recipe.

abrasion (catapasm) +374, 394 Barmak (pastille) 31, +32

absinthe (oil) 287 basil (oil) 284
absinthe (pastille) 18, +227 bsilqn (collyrium) 250
Ab Ml (beverage) 213 bdellium-and-hump (liniment) 306
agrimony (pastille) 8 bishops (stomachic) 141
ailwus (pastille) 38 black (liniment) 294
almond (linctus) 154 blocker (powder) 386
aloe (infusion) 234, 235 bole (powder) 76
aloe (pill) 58 bone-setting (cataplasm) 311
amber (pastille) 15 brimfull hiccup (pastille) 37
amrsiy (electuary) +225
an r afura (beverage) 214 caltrop (oil) 288
apostles (liniment) 305 caper (pastille) 9
apple (beverage) 196 cardamom (stomachic) 152
apple (rob) 162 carob (stomachic) +50
asafoetida resin (electuary) 118 chebulic myrobalan (decoction) +241
ash-coloured (collyrium) 248 citron (beverage) 197, 198
ashes (enema) 377 coin of gold (beverage) 190
astringent quince (stomachic) +50, 134 cray
sh (powder) 82
 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS
cuminy (stomachic) 144
curcuma (electuary) +225
daiza (ophthalmic) 264
dark-coloured poppy (lohoch) 157
datish (stomachic) +75, 145
deliverer (catapasm) 260
dk bar dk (powder) 389
diyiln (liniment) 296
diyq (lohoch) 155
dodder (decoction) 242
dust-coloured (collyrium) 245
egg (oil) 281
fan n (stomachic) 138
fenugreek (lohoch) 177
g (beverage) 203
g (cataplasm) 321
g (decoction) +158, +159
g (lohoch) 173
fruit (beverage) 215
aisuwn date (rob) 167
galls (ophthalmic) 270
gourd (oil) 283
grape (lohoch) 156
Greek Filniy (electuary) +75, 119
Greek sealing bole (electuary) 111
gum-senegal (pastille) 13
haematite (catapasm) 278
haematite (liniment) 298
alq (perfume) +390
hammer-scale (stomachic) 133, 138
happy end (electuary) 110, 123
hiera (electuary) 69
hiera (pill) 57
hiera Hermes (electuary) +131
hiera picra (electuary) 56, +57, +63, +67,
+71, +75, +237, +408
hospital (decoction) 230
hospital backup (potion) 231
hypocistis (pastille) 22, +370
hyssop (decoction) +170, 224, 232, 233
hyssop (lohoch) 159
Indian tutty (collyrium) 271
iris (pastille) 19
irfal (electuary) 122
joints (pill) 60
kaukab (pastille) 24
kings (stomachic) 148
341
l mazdayn (pastille) 24
lac (pastille) 29, +302
large barberry (pastille) 4
large marking-nutty (electuary) 129
larger irfal (electuary) 107
lead (ophthalmic) 268
lemon (beverage) 187
light-coloured poppy (rob) 169
lignaloes (pastille) 28
liquorice rob (lohoch) 170
malky (collyrium) 258
maqliy (powder) 83, 84
mastic (oil) 282
meadow saron (pill) 59
mezereon (pastille) 27
mighty (collyrium) 249
minty (electuary) 109
minty pomegranate (beverage) +23,
+194, 200, +420
mountain alkekengi (pastille) 16
mouth (coolant) 392
mulberry (rob) 164
mrdna (rob) 174
mrdna only (rob) 175
musk (pill) 70
musk (stomachic) 149
myrtle (beverage) 199, 216
myrtle (coolant) 275
myrtle (oil) 280
myrtle (rob) +13, +50, 166
myrtle only (rob) +2
nard (ointment) 323
painters (coolant) 252
pandanus (beverage) 183
perfumer (ophthalmic) 273
Persian Filniy (electuary) +75, 120
pitch (liniment) 294
plum (lohoch) 61
polisher (collyrium) 246
pomegranate (beverage) +7, +10, 194,
+228, +229, +244
pomegranate (coolant) 252
pomegranate (rob) 176
pomegranate ower (pastille) 11, +50
pomegranate only (rob) 163
pomegranate seed (powder) 77
poppy (beverage) +229
poppy (pastille) 10
prime water (powder) +389, 390
prophets (liniment) 305
purgative powder (powder) 86
purgative quince (stomachic) 135
342 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS
quicklime (liniment) 295
quince (beverage) +39, 195
quince (rob) 161
quince only (rob) +76
qqy (pill) 65
raisin (electuary) 108
rmik (perfume) +411
red coral (pastille) 12
resin (pastille) 30
rhubarb (pastille) 14
ribes (beverage) 193
roots (decoction) 240
rose (beverage) 184
rose (coolant) 385
rose (pastille) 25, 26
rosy (collyrium) 261
ran
 (collyrium) 251
abyr (pill) 64
ahriyrn (electuary) +75
sandalwood (beverage) 192
seed (pill) 20, 72
seed (stomachic) 147
small barberry (pastille) 3
small marking-nutty (electuary) 130,
+131
smaller irfal (electuary) 106
soft lumps (cataplasm) 317
soft-rinded pomegranate (lohoch) 180
sour apple (rob) +50
sour citron (rob) 168
spikenard (pastille) 41
4. Botanical Index
a. EnglishLatin
absinthe: Artemisia absinthium
acorn: Quercus spp.
agaric: Polyporus ocinalis
agnus castus: Vitex agnus-castus
agrimony: Agrimonia eupatoria
alecost: Tanacetum balsamita
alhagi: Alhagi maurorum
alkekengi: Physalis alkekengi
almond: Prunus amygdalus
almond, bitter: Prunus amara
almond, sweet: Prunus dulcis
aloe: Aloe vera
ammoniacum: Dorema ammoniacum
anise: Pimpinella anisum
apple: Malus sylvestris
areca: Areca catechu
squill (beverage) 186, 202, 211
squill (pastille) +124
stalks (powder) 78
stomachic (pill) 62
sukk (perfume) +6, +127, +139, +210
Sulaims yellow (electuary) 105
sumach (pastille) 5
sunny (infusion) 244
srintn (dentifrice) 384
sweet musk (pill) 74
tabasheer (pastille) 1, 2
thread (suppository) 373
toenail (foot-wrap) 349
triangular (pastille) 21
twelver (collyrium) 276
uduntn (dentifrice) 385
unripe grape (coolant) 247
unripe grape (rob) +163
verdigris (liniment) 293
vinegar (liniment) 292
violet (oil) 290
violet (pastille) 33, 34
visnaga (stomachic) 151
walnut (rob) 165
white (catapasm) +260
winner (beverage) 188
winner (lohoch) 178
yellow (catapasm) 259, +260
artichoke [gum]: Cynara scolymus
asafoetida: Ferula assa-foetida
asarabacca: Asarum europaeum
Asiatic crowfoot: Ranunculus asiaticus
asparagus: Asparagus ocinalis
asphodel: Asphodelus spp.
babul: Acacia nilotica
babys breath: Gypsophila paniculata
balm: Commiphora opobalsamum
barberry: Berberis vulgaris
barley: Hordeum spp.
bay laurel: Laurus nobilis
bdellium: Balsamodendron spp.
bdellium africanum: Balsamodendron
africanum
 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS
bdellium mukul: Balsamodendron mukul
bean: Phaseolus spp.
beet: Beta vulgaris
ben: Moringa oleifera
Bengal quince: Aegle marmelos
birthwort: Aristolochia clematitis
birthwort, long: Aristolochia longa
birthwort, rolled: Aristolochia rotunda
borage: Borago ocinalis
boxthorn: Lycium barbarum
broad bean: Vicia faba
bryony, black: Tamus communis
bryony, red: Bryonia dioica
bryony, white: Bryonia alba
bull thistle: Cirsium vulgare
cabbage: Brassica oleracea
calamint: Calamintha sylvatica
caltrop: Tribulus terrestris
camphor: Cinnamomum camphora
canella: Canella winterana
caper: Capparis spinosa
caraway: Carum carvi
caraway, wild: Lagoecia cuminoides
cardamom: Elettaria cardamomum
carob: Ceratonia siliqua
carrot: Daucus carota
cassia: Cinnamomum cassia
castor oil plant: Ricinus communis
celery: Apium graveolens
centaury: Centaurium spp.
chamomile: Chamaemelum nobile
chickpea: Cicer arietinum
cinnamom: Cinnamomum zeylanicum
citron: Citrus medica
citronella: Cymbopogon nardus
clove: Syzygium aromaticum
cocculus: Anamirta cocculus
colocynth: Citrullus colocynthis
common ash: Fraxinus excelsior
coriander: Coriandrum sativum
cotton: Gossypium herbaceum
cubeb: Piper cubeba
cucumber: Cucumis sativus
cumin: Cuminum cyminum
cumin, black: Nigella sativa
curcuma: Curcuma spp.
currant: Vitis vinifera
cyclamen: Cyclamen purpurascens
cyperus: Cyperus rotundus
cypress: Cupressus sempervirens
Cyprian ladanum: Cistus cyprius
darnel: Lolium temulentum
date: Phoenix dactylifera
343
dill: Anethum graveolens
dodder: Cuscuta epithymum
dogs grass: Triticum caninum
dogs violet: Viola canina
dragons blood: Dracaena draco
dyers madder: Rubia tinctorum
elecampane: Inula helenium
embelia: Embelia ribes
emblic: Phyllanthus emblica
endive: Cichorium endivia
fennel: Foeniculum vulgare
fenugreek: Trigonella foenum-graecum
g: Ficus carica
ax dodder: Cuscuta epilinum
eawort: Plantago psyllium
forget-me-not: Myosotis scorpioides
frankincense: Boswellia spp.
French lavender: Lavandula stoechas
fumitory: Fumaria ocinalis
galbanum: Ferula galbaniua
galingale: Alpinia galanga
garden (pepper)cress: Lepidium sativum
gentian: Gentiana lutea
germander: Teucrium spp.
giant thistle: Onopordum acanthium
gillyower: Dianthus caryophyllus
ginger: Zingiber ocinale
globe thistle: Echinops ruthenicus
glossostemon [root]: Glossostemon
bruguieri
gourd: Lagenaria vulgaris
grains of paradise: Aframomum melegueta
grape: Vitis vinifera
grape ivy: Rhoicissus rhomboidea
great leopards bane: Doronicum
pardalianches
greater celandine: Chelidonium majus
Greek spikenard: Valeriana celtica
green-winged orchid: Orchis morio
ground pine: Ajuga chamaepitys
gum ammoniac: Dorema ammoniacum
gum-arabic: Acacia arabica
gum-senegal: Acacia senegal
harmala: Peganum harmala
hellebore: Helleborus spp.
hellebore, black: Helleborus niger
hellebore, white: Veratrum album
henbane: Hyoscyamus niger
henbane, white: Hyoscyamus albus
henna: Lawsonia inermis
hollyhock: Althaea rosea
344 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS
horehound, white: Marrubium vulgare
horn poppy: Glaucium avum
houseleek: Sempervivum tectorum
[ursn] apricot: Prunus armeniaca
hypocistis: Cytinus hypocistis
hyssop: Hyssopus ocinalis
[Indian] hazelnut: Corylus avellana
ron: Colchicum autumnale
Indian lignaloes: Aquilaria malaccensis
Indian musk melon: Cucumis melo sspp.
Indian spikenard: Valeriana jatamansi
indigo: Indigofera tinctoria
iris: Iris spp.
iris, sky-coloured: Iris persica
iris, white: Iris albicans
iris, wild white: Dietes grandiora
jasmine: Jasminum ocinale
jujube: Ziziphus jujuba
kamala: Mallotus philippinensis
kidney bean, red: Phaseolus vulgaris
knotgrass: Polygonum aviculare
ladanum: Cistus ladaniferus
larkspur: Delphinium spp.
laurel: Laurus malabathrum
leek: Allium porrum
lemon: Citrus limon
lemon balm: Melissa ocinalis
lemon grass: Cymbopogon citratus
lentil: Lens esculenta
lettuce: Lactuca sativa
lignaloes: Aquilaria agallocha
lilac: Syringa vulgaris
linseed: Linum usitatissimum
liquorice: Glycyrrhiza glabra
long pepper: Piper longum
lote: Ziziphus lotus
lovage: Levisticum ocinale
lucerne: Medicago sativa
lupine: Lupinus albus
lycium: Lycium spp.
mace: Myristica fragrans
madder: Rubia tinctorum
mahaleb: Prunus mahaleb
maidenhair: Adiantum capillus-veneris
male fern: Dryopteris
lix-mas parsnip: Pastinaca sativa
mandrake: Mandragora ocinarum
marjoram, wild white: Origanum vulgare
ssp. album
marking nut: Semecarpus anacardium
marshmallow: Althaea ocinalis
marshmallow, green: Althaea syriaca
sspp.
mastic: Pistacia lentiscus
meadow sa
melilot: Melilotus ocinalis
mezereon: Daphne mezereum
millet: Panicum miliaceum
mint: Mentha spp.
moon carrot: Seseli tortuosum
mountain mint: Clinopodium vulgare
mulberry: Morus spp.
mung bean: Vigna radiata
musk melon: Cucumis melo
mustard: Brassica nigra
mustard, white: Brassica alba
myrobalan: Terminalia spp.
myrobalan, beleric: Terminalia bellerica
myrobalan, chebulic: Terminalia chebula
myrrh: Commiphora myrrha
myrtle: Myrtus communis
Nabataean gum: Viscum album
narcissus: Narcissus spp.
nard: Nardostachys grandiora
nenuphar: Nymphaea spp.
nightshade: Solanum nigrum
nutmeg: Myristica fragrans
nux vomica: Strychnos nux-vomica
oleander: Nerium oleander
olibanum: Boswellia spp.
olive [oil]: Olea europaea sspp.
onion: Allium cepa
opium: Papaver somniferum
opopanax: Opopanax chironium
orache: Atriplex hortensis
orchil: Roccella tinctoria
Oriental tamarisk: Tamarix orientalis
paeony: Paeonia ocinalis
Palestinian melon: Cucumis melo sspp.
pandanus: Pandanus odoratissimus
papyrus: Cyperus papyrus
parsley: Petroselinum crispum
pear: Pyrus communis
Maqr sandalwood: Pterocarpus indicus pellitory: Anacyclus pyrethrum
marijuana: Cannabis sativa pennyroyal: Mentha pulegium
marjoram, sweet: Origanum majorana pepper, black: Piper nigrum
marjoram, wild: Origanum vulgare pepper, white: Piper nigrum
 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS
peppergrass: Lepidium campestre
Persian gum: Prunus amygdalo-persica
Persian rose: Rosa persica
pine: Pinus spp.
pistachio: Pistacia vera
plantain: Plantago major
plum: Prunus domestica
polypody: Polypodium vulgare
pomegranate: Punica granatum
poppy: Papaver spp.
poppy, dark-coloured: Papaver rhoeas
poppy, light-coloured: Papaver
somniferum
pumpkin: Cucurbita spp.
purging cassia: Cassia
stula storax: Styrax spp.
purslane: Portulaca oleracea
quince: Cydonia oblonga
radish: Raphanus sativus
raisin: Vitis vinifera
ramie: Boehmeria nivea
Raqqa melon: Cucumis melo sspp.
345
senna: Cassia senna
serpent melon: Cucumis exuosus
serpent melon, wild: Ecballium elaterium
service: Sorbus domestica
sesame: Sesamum indicum
small centaury: Centaurium minus
Socotra aloe: Aloe succotrina
sorrel: Rumex acetosa
sorrel, wild: Rumex acetosella
southernwood: Artemisia abrotanum
spignel: Meum athamanticum
spurge: Euphorbia resinifera
squill: Urginea maritima
stavesacre: Delphinium staphisagria
storax, liquid: Liquidambar orientalis
sumach: Rhus coriaria
sweet basil: Ocimum basilicum
sweet chestnut: Castanea sativa
sweet ag: Acorus calamus
tabasheer: Bambusa arundinacea
tamarind: Tamarindus indica
Rziq iris: Iris albicans
reed: Arundo phragmites
rhubarb: Rheum palmatum
ribes: Rheum ribes
rice: Oryza sativa sspp.
rocket: Eruca sativa
Roman nettle: Urtica pilulifera
rose: Rosa spp.
rose, red: Rosa gallica
rue: Ruta graveolens
rusty back fern: Asplenium ceterach
saower: Carthamus tinctorius
sa
ron: Crocus sativus
sagapenum: Ferula persica
salsify: Tragopogon porrifolius
salsola: Salsola soda
sandalwood: Santalum spp.
sandalwood, red: Pterocarpus santalinus
sandalwood, white: Santalum album
anf lignaloes: Aquilaria malaccensis
sarcocolla: Astragalus sarcocolla
savin: Juniperus sabina
savory: Satureja spp.
saxifrage: Saxifraga spp.
scammony: Convolvulus scammonia
sea alecost: Saussurea lappa
sea lavender: Limonium spp.
sea lavender, red: Limonium vulgare
sea lavender, white: Centaurea behen
sebesten: Cordia sebestena
tarfa: Tamarix gallica
terebinth: Pistacia terebinthus
thyme, wild: Thymus serpyllum
tragacanth: Astragalus tragacantha
turmeric: Curcuma longa
turpentine: Pistacia terebinthus
turpeth: Operculina turpethum
usnea: Alectoria usneoides
valerian: Valeriana ocinalis
vetch: Vicia sativa
vine: Vitis vinifera
violet: Viola odorata
visnaga: Ammi visnaga
wall germander: Teucrium chamaedrys
wallower: Erysimum spp.
wallower, red: Erysimum perofskianum
wallower, white: Erysimum cheiri
walnut: Juglans regia
water ag: Iris pseudacorus
water moss: Lemna minor
watermint: Mentha aquatica
wheat: Triticum spp.
willow: Salix spp.
wormwood: Artemisia armeniaca
yercum [sugar]: Calotropis gigantea
zerumbet: Zingiber zerumbet
346 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS
b. LatinEnglish
Acacia arabica gum-arabic
Acacia nilotica babul
Acacia senegal gum-senegal
Acorus calamus sweet ag
Adiantum capillus-veneris maidenhair
Aegle marmelos Bengal quince
Aframomum melegueta grains of
paradise
Agrimonia eupatoria agrimony
Ajuga chamaepitys ground pine
Alectoria usneoides usnea
Alhagi maurorum alhagi
Allium cepa onion
Allium porrum leek
Aloe succotrina Socotra aloe
Aloe vera aloe
Alpinia galanga galingale
stula purging cassia
Althaea ocinalis marshmallow
Althaea rosea hollyhock
Althaea syriaca sspp. marshmallow,
green
Ammi visnaga visnaga
Anacyclus pyrethrum pellitory
Anamirta cocculus cocculus
Anethum graveolens dill
Apium graveolens celery
Aquilaria agallocha lignaloes
Aquilaria malaccensis Indian lignaloes
Aquilaria malaccensis anf lignaloes
Areca catechu areca
Aristolochia clematitis birthwort
Aristolochia longa birthwort, long
Aristolochia rotunda birthwort, rolled
Artemisia abrotanum southernwood
Artemisia absinthium absinthe
Artemisia armeniaca wormwood
Arundo phragmites reed
Asarum europaeum asarabacca
ron
Asparagus ocinalis asparagus
Asphodelus spp. asphodel
Asplenium ceterach rusty back fern
Astragalus sarcocolla sarcocolla
Astragalus tragacantha tragacanth
Atriplex hortensis orache
ron
Balsamodendron spp. bdellium
Balsamodendron africanum bdellium
africanum
Balsamodendron mukul bdellium mukul
Bambusa arundinacea tabasheer
Berberis vulgaris barberry
Beta vulgaris beet
Boehmeria nivea ramie
Borago ocinalis borage
Boswellia spp. frankincense
Boswellia spp. olibanum
Brassica alba mustard, white
Brassica nigra mustard
Brassica oleracea cabbage
Bryonia alba bryony, white
Bryonia dioica bryony, red
Calamintha sylvatica calamint
Calotropis gigantea yercum [sugar]
Canella winterana canella
Cannabis sativa marijuana
Capparis spinosa caper
Carthamus tinctorius saower
Carum carvi caraway
Cassia
Cassia senna senna
Castanea sativa sweet chestnut
Centaurea behen sea lavender, white
Centaurium spp. centaury
Centaurium minus small centaury
Ceratonia siliqua carob
Chamaemelum nobile chamomile
Chelidonium majus greater celandine
Cicer arietinum chickpea
Cichorium endivia endive
Cinnamomum camphora camphor
Cinnamomum cassia cassia
Cinnamomum zeylanicum cinnamom
Cirsium vulgare bull thistle
Cistus cyprius Cyprian ladanum
Cistus ladaniferus ladanum
Citrullus colocynthis colocynth
Citrus limon lemon
Citrus medica citron
Clinopodium vulgare mountain mint
Colchicum autumnale meadow sa
Commiphora myrrha myrrh
Commiphora opobalsamum balm
Convolvulus scammonia scammony
Cordia sebestena sebesten
Coriandrum sativum coriander
Corylus avellana [Indian] hazelnut
Crocus sativus sa
Cucumis exuosus serpent melon
Cucumis melo musk melon
Cucumis melo sspp. Indian musk melon
Cucumis melo sspp. Palestinian melon
Cucumis melo sspp. Raqqa melon
Cucumis sativus cucumber
Cucurbita spp. pumpkin
Cuminum cyminum cumin
 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS
Cupressus sempervirens cypress
Curcuma spp. curcuma
Curcuma longa turmeric
Cuscuta epilinum ax dodder
Cuscuta epithymum dodder
Cyclamen purpurascens cyclamen
Cydonia oblonga quince
Cymbopogon citratus lemon grass
Cymbopogon nardus citronella
347
Hordeum spp. barley
Hyoscyamus albus henbane, white
Hyoscyamus niger henbane
Hyssopus ocinalis hyssop
Indigofera tinctoria indigo
Inula helenium elecampane
Iris spp. iris
Iris albicans iris, white
Cynara scolymus artichoke [gum]
Cyperus papyrus papyrus
Cyperus rotundus cyperus
Cytinus hypocistis hypocistis
Daphne mezereum mezereon
Daucus carota carrot
Delphinium spp. larkspur
Delphinium staphisagria stavesacre
Dianthus caryophyllus gillyower
Dietes grandiora iris, wild white
Dorema ammoniacum ammoniacum
Dorema ammoniacum gum ammoniac
Doronicum pardalianches great
leopards bane
Dracaena draco dragons blood
Dryopteris
lix-mas male fern Lens esculenta lentil
Ecballium elaterium serpent melon, wild
Echinops ruthenicus globe thistle
Elettaria cardamomum cardamom
Embelia ribes embelia
Eruca sativa rocket
Erysimum spp. wallower
Erysimum cheiri wallower, white
Erysimum perofskianum wallower, red
Euphorbia resinifera spurge
Ferula assa-foetida asafoetida
Ferula galbaniua galbanum
Ferula persica sagapenum
Ficus carica g
Foeniculum vulgare fennel
Fraxinus excelsior common ash
Fumaria ocinalis fumitory
Gentiana lutea gentian
Glaucium avum horn poppy
Glossostemon bruguieri glossostemon
[root]
Glycyrrhiza glabra liquorice
Gossypium herbaceum cotton
Gypsophila paniculata babys breath
Helleborus spp. hellebore
Helleborus niger hellebore, black
Iris albicans Rziq iris
Iris persica iris, sky-coloured
Iris pseudacorus water ag
Jasminum ocinale jasmine
Juglans regia walnut
Juniperus sabina savin
Lactuca sativa lettuce
Lagenaria vulgaris gourd
Lagoecia cuminoides caraway, wild
Laurus malabathrum laurel
Laurus nobilis bay laurel
Lavandula stoechas French lavender
Lawsonia inermis henna
Lemna minor water moss
Lepidium campestre peppergrass
Lepidium sativum garden (pepper)cress
Levisticum ocinale lovage
Limonium spp. sea lavender
Limonium vulgare sea lavender, red
Linum usitatissimum linseed
Liquidambar orientalis storax, liquid
Lolium temulentum darnel
Lupinus albus lupine
Lycium spp. lycium
Lycium barbarum boxthorn
Mallotus philippinensis kamala
Malus sylvestris apple
Mandragora ocinarum mandrake
Marrubium vulgare horehound, white
Medicago sativa lucerne
Melilotus ocinalis melilot
Melissa ocinalis lemon balm
Mentha spp. mint
Mentha aquatica watermint
Mentha pulegium pennyroyal
Meum athamanticum spignel
Moringa oleifera ben
Morus spp. mulberry
Myosotis scorpioides forget-me-not
Myristica fragrans mace
Myristica fragrans nutmeg
Myrtus communis myrtle
348 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

Narcissus spp. narcissus Prunus dulcis almond, sweet

Nardostachys grandiora nard Prunus mahaleb mahaleb
Nerium oleander oleander
Nigella sativa cumin, black
Nymphaea spp. nenuphar
Ocimum basilicum sweet basil
Olea europaea sspp. olive [oil]
Onopordum acanthium giant thistle
Operculina turpethum turpeth
Opopanax chironium opopanax
Orchis morio green-winged orchid
Origanum majorana marjoram, sweet
Origanum vulgare marjoram, wild
Origanum vulgare ssp. album marjoram,
wild white
Oryza sativa sspp. rice
Paeonia ocinalis paeony
Pandanus odoratissimus pandanus
Panicum miliaceum millet
Papaver spp. poppy
Papaver rhoeas poppy, dark-coloured
Papaver somniferum opium
Papaver somniferum poppy,
light-coloured
Pastinaca sativa parsnip
Peganum harmala harmala
Petroselinum crispum parsley
Phaseolus spp. bean
Phaseolus vulgaris kidney bean, red
Phoenix dactylifera date
Phyllanthus emblica emblic
Physalis alkekengi alkekengi
Pimpinella anisum anise
Pinus spp. pine
Piper cubeba cubeb
Piper longum long pepper
Piper nigrum pepper, black
Piper nigrum pepper, white
Pistacia lentiscus mastic
Pistacia terebinthus terebinth
Pistacia terebinthus turpentine
Pistacia vera pistachio
Plantago major plantain
Plantago psyllium eawort
Polygonum aviculare knotgrass
Polypodium vulgare polypody
Polyporus ocinalis agaric
Portulaca oleracea purslane
Prunus amara almond, bitter
Prunus amygdalo-persica Persian gum
Prunus amygdalus almond
Prunus armeniaca [ursn] apricot
Prunus domestica plum
Pterocarpus indicus Maqr
sandalwood
Pterocarpus santalinus sandalwood, red
Punica granatum pomegranate
Pyrus communis pear
Quercus spp. acorn
Ranunculus asiaticus Asiatic crowfoot
Raphanus sativus radish
Rheum palmatum rhubarb
Rheum ribes ribes
Rhoicissus rhomboidea grape ivy
Rhus coriaria sumach
Ricinus communis castor oil plant
Roccella tinctoria orchil
Rosa spp. rose
Rosa gallica rose, red
Rosa persica Persian rose
Rubia tinctorum dyers madder
Rubia tinctorum madder
Rumex acetosa sorrel
Rumex acetosella sorrel, wild
Ruta graveolens rue
Salix spp. willow
Salsola soda salsola
Santalum spp. sandalwood
Santalum album sandalwood, white
Satureja spp. savory
Saussurea lappa sea alecost
Saxifraga spp. saxifrage
Semecarpus anacardium marking nut
Sempervivum tectorum houseleek
Sesamum indicum sesame
Seseli tortuosum moon carrot
Solanum nigrum nightshade
Sorbus domestica service
Strychnos nux-vomica nux vomica
Styrax spp. storax
Syringa vulgaris lilac
Syzygium aromaticum clove
Tamarindus indica tamarind
Tamarix gallica tarfa
Tamarix orientalis Oriental tamarisk
Tamus communis bryony, black
Tanacetum balsamita alecost
Terminalia spp. myrobalan
Terminalia bellerica myrobalan, beleric
Terminalia chebula myrobalan, chebulic
Teucrium spp. germander
Teucrium chamaedrys wall germander
 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS
Thymus serpyllum thyme, wild
Tragopogon porrifolius salsify
Tribulus terrestris caltrop
Trigonella foenum-graecum fenugreek
Triticum spp. wheat
Triticum caninum dogs grass
Urginea maritima squill
Urtica pilulifera Roman nettle
Valeriana celtica Greek spikenard
Valeriana jatamansi Indian spikenard
Valeriana ocinalis valerian
Veratrum album hellebore, white
Vicia faba broad bean
349
Vicia sativa vetch
Vigna radiata mung bean
Viola canina dogs violet
Viola odorata violet
Viscum album Nabataean gum
Vitex agnus-castus agnus castus
Vitis vinifera currant
Vitis vinifera grape
Vitis vinifera raisin
Vitis vinifera vine
Zingiber ocinale ginger
Zingiber zerumbet zerumbet
Ziziphus jujuba jujube
Ziziphus lotus lote