Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
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Calyx: all the sepals together form the calyx Staminate flower: flower bearing only male parts
Pistillate/Carpellate flower: flower bearing only female sex
Petal: located inside and above the sepals, often large parts
and colourful, sometimes scented, sometimes
producing nectar
Hermaphrodite flower: flower bearing both male and
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female sex parts
pistil
Unisexual -- flower is either staminate (male), or pistillate
generally, two types of flowers:
(or carpellate) (female)
an imperfect flower has either male or female
components, but not both (i.e. flowers can be
unisexual -- either male or female). Individual Plants
Hermaphrodite -- the plant has only hermaphrodite
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Objective 2: know why plant Increased global human population (shown here in billions of people) will lead
to increased demand for food, fiber and energy: improving plant genetics is one
tool
breeding is important and useful 10
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3
2
1
0
1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050
Adapted from http://www.census.gov/population/popclockworld.html
Plant
Breeding Plant breeding
has contributed
Targets to more than
50% of increased
USA crop
productivity
1. Yield during the last 30
years
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Source: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/
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Source: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/
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5. Ease of Management
Deployment of transgenic traits (e.g., transfer of
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herbicide resistant genes in commercial varieties)
Conservation Tillage
Source: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/
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Higher Yields:
Change in Maturity Duration:
Most of the breeding programmes aim at higher crop yield. This is achieved by
developing more efficient genotypes. E.g. Hybrid varieties of maize (Zeamays), Sorghum, It permits new crop rotations and often extends
(S.bicolar), bajara ( P. amercanum), etc. the crop area. Development of wheat varieties
suitable for late plating has permitted rice-
Improved Quality: wheat rotation. Thus breeding for early
The quality of plant produce determines its suitability for various uses. Therefore, quality is maturing crop varieties or varieties suitable for
an important aspect for plant breeders. Quality characters very from one crop to another, different dates of planting may be an
E.g. Grain size, colour, miling and baking qualities in wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) ; cooking important objective in many cases.
quality in rice ( Oryza sativa); malting quality in barley ( Hordeum vulgree) , size , colour,
and flavour of fruits, keeping quality of vegetables, protein content in cereals and Agronomic Characteristics:
legumes ; lysine content in cereals , methionine and tryptophan contents in pulses, etc.
Modification of agronomic characteristics, such
Disease and Insect Resistance: as, plant height, tillering, branching, erect or
trailing habit, etc is often desirable. For
Resistant varieties offer the cheapest and the most convenient method of disease and example, dwarfness in cereals in generally
insect management. In some cases, they offer the only feasible means of control, E.g. rusts associated with lodging resistance and fertilizer
in wheat. Resistant varieties not only increase production but also stabilise it. responsiveness.
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Nonshattering Characteristics:
Moisture Stress and Salt Tolerance: Class Activity :Write a short notes on following
Development of varieties for rainfed areas and
for saline soils would be helpful in increasing crop varieties planted in Malaysia.
crop production in India. The major proportion 34
(Ca 70%) of the cropped area in the country is
rainfed. The estimates of salt- affected (Saline)
sols in the country vary from 7 to 20 million
hectare, of which about 2.8 million hectares are 1. Durian musang king 7. Cempedak durian
alkaline soils. Most of these areas are spread in
the states of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and 2. Nanas Josapine 8. Jambu loha
Punjab.
3. Kelapa Mataq 9. Lada hitam
Elimination of Toxic Substances:
Some crops have toxic substances, which must 4. Betik sekaki semenggok
be eliminated to make them safe for
consumption. For example, khesari (Lathyruys
5. Limau bali/pamelo emas/aman/kuching
sativus) seeds have a neurotoxin, B-N-oxalyl- 6. Dokong 10. Cili kulai
alfa, Beta-diaminopropionic acid (BOAA) that
cause paralysis. Similarly, Brassica oil has cruic
acid, which is harmful to human health. Removal
of such toxic substances would increase the
nutritional value of these crops.
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Objective 3: know the basic principles of plant 1. Genetic causes (mode of inheritance)
breeding single genes
multiple genes
Importance of genetic variation and selection
2. Environmental
Refer to CLO1, CLO2
3. GxE: the interaction between the
genotype of the plant and the
environment in which it grows
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Genetic variation?
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Genetic variation: the basis for improvement
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How do we breed improved crop
cultivars?
Objective 4: know some basic plant
breeding methods and strategies
Refer to CLO 2 & 3
1.Inheritance of trait
Refer to CLO2
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Reproductive Behavior
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Self Cross pollinated Vegetative
pollinated reproduction
Biotechnology can be used to
improve crop cultivars?
Perfect
flower Monoecy Dioecy Self-incompatible No flowering/limited
flowering
3. Transgenic varieties
- Synthetic variety heterogeneous
- Pure line variety population (not a pure line) Clonal variety
- Hybrid variety Hybrid
Refer to CLO3
- Hybrid variety, if inbred
development is possible
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Key points
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