Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
M
Obeys ..................................................... 6
Localized ................................................. 5
Withdraws ............................................. 4
Flexion response (decorticate) .............. 3
Extension response (decerebrate) ......... 2
Nil ........................................................... 1
V
Oriented ................................................. 5
Confused conversation ........................... 4
Inappropriate words .............................. 3
Incomprehensible sounds ....................... 2
Nil ........................................................... 1
ICH
SAH
Perbedaan SH & SNH
Gejala Stroke Hemoragik (SH) Stroke Non
ICH Subarrachnoid Hemoragik (SNH)
CLUE:
Trauma
Spontan (SH)hipertensi
Subarachnoid
Hemorrhage
CLUE:
Aneurisma, AVM
Thunderclap headache
Muntah, kaku kuduk
Meningeal irritation
Management Stroke Hemorrhagic
Antiplatelet
Menghambat agregasi platelet
ASPIRIN INITIAL DOSE (150-300mg) diberikan segera, kecuali pasien
mendapat terapi Trombolitik
Trombolitik
Melisiskan clot
Optimal bila diberikan pada onset < 3 jam
Trombolitik
Onset < 3 jam jika diberikan segera outcome lebih baik
Stroke onset = dari saat terakhir tampak normal
Jangan diberikan jika glukosa darah <50 mg%
Jangan diberikan jika tekanan darah >185/110
Risiko kecacatan 30% walaupun ~5% risiko ICH
simtomatik
< 3 jam 3 - 4.5 jam
Merupakan batas mutlak Jangan diberikan jika:
Usia > 80 tahun
Tidak ada batasan luas lesi
NIHSS > 25
Dapat diberikan pada pasien
DM, riwayat stroke
yg sebelumnya riwayat sebelumnya
penggunaan warfarin dan INR Riwayat pemakaian warfarin
< 1.7
EVIDENCE
Antitrombotik
Antihipertensi pada Stroke Iskemik Akut
Diberikan apabila TDS >220 atau TDD >120
Anticoagulation Therapy
Diberikan pada penderita stroke iskemik/TIA yang memiliki atrial
fibrilation/cardioembolic stroke
Cholesterol lowering
EVIDENCE
4
Seizure
Grand Mal
8
Antiepileptic Drugs
(PERDOSSI)
National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence. The diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults
and children in primary and secondary care. 2012.
Status Epilepticus
Suatu keadaan kejang atau serangan epilepsi yang
terus-menerus disertai kesadaran menurun
selama >30 menit; atau kejang beruntun tanpa
disertai pemulihan kesadaran yang sempurna
Meningitis Encephalitis
Demam Demam
Nyeri kepala
Penkes
Penkes
Kaku kuduk Kejang
Meningeal Sign
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Appearance Opening Leukosit Dominansi Protein Glucose
Pressure leukosit
NORMAL Clear <18 cmH2O 0-3 (-) 15-45 45-80
sel/mm3
Pyogenic Yellowish, PMN
bacterial turbid
Meningitis
Viral Clear N Limfosit N/ N/
Meningitis
Tuberculous Yellowish N Limfosit
Menigitis and viscous
(N/slightly
cloudy)
Fungal Yellowish Limfosit N/
Meningitis and viscous
(fibrin web)
14
Tremor
Parkinson Disease Stooped
posture
Mask face
Rigidity
Arm flexed at
elbows&wrists
Hips &
knees
slightly
Tremor flexed
Short snuffling
steps
Lewy Body
Lewy bodies are
concentric, eosinophilic
cytoplasmic inclusions
(SCI) with peripheral halos
and dense cores.
Characteristic of PD but
not pathognomonic
Inbalance between
Dopamine vs Acetylcholine
Agents that Increase Dopamine functions
A. Athetosis
Lesi pada PUTAMEN
Dyskinesia, gerakan-gerakan
menggeliat lambat
B. Ballismus
Lesi pada nucleus subthalamicus
Biasanya unilateral=Hemiballismus.
Gerakan involunter memukul /
mencambuk dan keras
C. Chorea
Lesi pada Striatum
Ballismus Parkinson Disease
C. Chorea Lesi Striatum
Chorea Huntington (=Huntingtons disease):
Atrofi pada striatum
Herediter autosomal dominan
Chorea progresif kronik dan kerusakan mental hingga dementia.
Manifes umur 30-an (makin tua makin parah)
Chorea Sydenham :
Cross reaction (autoimmune) post infeksi streptococcus
Vascular Chorea
Metabolic Chorea
1) Bradykinesia: perlambatan
gerakan volunter
2) Hypokinesia: berkurangnya
gerakan yang normalnya terjadi
Chorea
Tics Disorder
Dystonia
kontraksi otot yang terus menerus menyebabkan
gerakan berputar dan berulang atau menyebabkan
sikap tubuh yang abnormal
Tremor
Physiological Tremor
Pathological Tremor
Movement Disorder
Ataxia
Akathisia
Clue: unlike bacterial, progression of cryptococcal meningitis occurs slowly (few days-weeks)
24
CEREBRUM
Parestesia
Hipestesia
Hyperestesia
CLUE:
a. meningea media
Temporoparietal
Biconvex (=lenticular)
Lucid Interval
Pterion
A. Meningea media
CLUE:
Bridging vein
Semilunar (konkaf)
Bisa terjadi kronis
Subarachnoid
Hemorrhage
CLUE:
Aneurisma, AVM
Thunderclap headache
Muntah, kaku kuduk
Meningeal irritation
VERTIGO: Perifer vs Sentral
PERIFER SENTRAL
Serangan +++ (berat) +
Hilang timbul Kontinyu
Mual muntah ++ -/+
NYSTAGMUS
Arah Horizontal Vertikal (patognomonik)
Rotatoar Rotatoar
Lama <2 min >2 min
Periode laten 2-20 (+) (-)
Fatigue (+) (-)
TES KESEIMBANGAN
Romberg test
- mata terbuka Normal Abnormal
- mata tertutup Abnormal Abnormal
Finger to finger test Normal Abnormal
DIX-HALLPIKE MANEUVER
96
EPLEY
97
Reclined head hanging 45 degree turn
98
Rotate 45 degrees contralateral
99
Head and body rotated to 135 degrees from supine
100
Keep head turn and to sitting
Turn forward chin down 20 degrees
101
102
SEMONT
103
BRANDT & DAROFF EXCERCISES
104
Medikamentosa
Calcium Channel Blocker
Mengurangi aktivitas ekstatori SSP dengan menekan pelepasan
glutamat, meningkatkan aktivitas NMDA sepcific channel, dan
bekerja langsung sebagai depressor labirin. Bisa untuk vertigo
perifer dan sentral.
Antihistamin
Efek antikolinergik dan merangsan inhibitory-monoaminergik,
dengan akibat inhibisi n. Vestibularis
Histaminik
Inhibisi neuron polisinaptik pada n.vestibularis lateralis
Golongan Dosis Oral Antiemetik Sedasi Mukosa Gejala
Kering Ekstrapiramidal
Ca Channel Blocker
Flunarizin
(untuk vertigo sentral 5-10 mg (1x1) + + - +
dan perifer)
Antihistamin
Difenhifrinat 50 mg (3x1) + + + -
Antikolinergik
Atropin 0,4 mg (3x1) + - +++ -
Skopolamin 0,6 mg (3x1) + + +++ -
Monoaminergik
Afetamin 5-10mg(3x1) + - + +
Efedrin 25mg (3x1) + - + -
Histaminik
Betahistin 8mg (3x1) + + - +
Benzodiazepin
Diazepam 2-5mg (3x1) + +++ - -
Antiepileptik
Karbamazepin 200mg - + - -
Fenitoin 100mg - - - -
Barany Chair Test Romberg Test
Hernia Nucleus Pulposus :
95 % HNP terjadi pada level
L4/L5 atau L5/S1.
LBP Examination
n. medianus n. ulnaris
n. radialis
Lesi N. 46
Ulnaris
2. GuyonTunnel
Syndrome
Elbow flexion test (3 min @ 120 flexion
reproduces symptoms)
Wartenbergs Sign
Ulnar abduction of 5th digit due to intrinsic
weakness and unopposed abduction by
extensor digiti minimi (because of its slightly
ulnar insertion)
FROMMENT
SIGN
Cant adduct thumb
(ulnar nerve)
intrinsic muscles
Flexes thumb IP joint
instead (median
nerve)
CARPAL TUNNEL
SYNDROME
The most common focal
peripheral neuropathy, results
from compression of the
median nerve at the wrist.
Clinical Features:
Pain
Numbness
Tingling
Symptoms are usually worse at
night and can awaken patients
from sleep.
To relieve the symptoms, patients
often flick their wrist as if
shaking down a thermometer
(flick sign).
A nerve conduction study (NCS) is a medical
diagnostic test commonly used to evaluate the
function, especially the ability of electrical
conduction, of the motor and sensory
nerves of the human body.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Phalens maneuver (fleksi tangan secara maksimal dalam 60 detik
timbul gejala CTS +)
Tinels sign (posisi tangan sedikit dorsofleksi perkusi carpal tunnel
parestesia atau nyeri pada daerah distribusi nervus medianus +)
Tinels sign
Phalens maneuver
Trigeminal Neuralgia
paroxysmal attacks of severe,
short, sharp, stabbing pain
affecting one or more divisions of
the trigeminal nerve
Precipitated by : chewing,
speaking, washing the face,
tooth-brushing, cold winds, or
touching a specific trigger spot
(e.g. Upper lip or gum)
Etiology :
Many remains unexplained
Compression of the nerve root
by tumors of the cerebellopontine
angle
Demyelination
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Investigation :
CT/MRI to exclude a cerebello-pontine angle lesion
Management :
Carbamazepine (600-1600mg/day)
Nerve block
Trigeminal ganglion/root injection with alcohol/phenol
Microvascular decompression
Radiofrequency thermocoagulation
Migrain
Migrain
Cluster Headache
Tetanus Di Sesi Interna Tropmed ;)
CP
Toxoplasmosis Ensefalitis
CNS Toxoplasma Infection
Nuc. Gracilis
ALS Decussatio
Leminiscorum
Nuc. Cuneatus
VT 6
SG
Temperature
Pain Proprioception
SMALL FIBERS Tactile LARGE FIBERS
ALS
Fungsi sensoris: Nyeri, suhu
DCML
Fungsi sensoris: Propriosepsi,
posisi, taktil, tekanan, vibrasi