Facility Name Street Address City State Zipcode

MN Hospital 1234 W. Main St Milwakee WI

Facility Type SIC Classification
Commercial
Contact Title E-Mail Address Phone Number Fax Number Industrial
Commercial
Institutional
Electricity Fuels
% of Total
Cost from Gas Fuel Oil #2 #2
Peak
Energy Peak Demand Demand Cost* Energy Cost* Energy Cost #6 Electric Sell Back Desired No
kWh kW Charges $ Therms $ Gallons $ Peak Electric Rates Apply Yes
Jan-03 640,495 1,079 35% $31,682 54,340 $41,434 Standby Demand Charge $1.50 $/kw/month
Feb-03 580,107 1,076 37% $29,567 45,840 $34,953 Electric Sell Back Price 1.500 /kWh
Mar-03 650,700 1,199 37% $33,223 44,290 $33,768 Cogen Fuel Cost $4.00 $/MMBTU
Apr-03 648,328 1,155 36% $32,718 31,540 $24,045 W/O Cogen Fuel Cost $6.40 $/MMBTU
May-02 716,199 1,311 37% $36,522 25,220 $11,144 Existing Boiler Efficiency 80 %
Jun-02 743,382 1,385 37% $38,165 25,950 $11,465
Jul-02 794,868 1,429 37% $40,059 28,980 $12,803
Aug-02 794,062 1,435 36% $40,516 31,020 $13,705
Sep-02 722,532 1,329 37% $36,461 23,030 $10,176
Oct-02 691,080 1,249 37% $35,103 26,700 $11,797
Nov-02 636,733 1,228 38% $32,895 34,330 $26,179
Dec-02 640,442 1,087 35% $31,425 50,040 $38,153
* Excludes Taxes 8,258,928 1246.833333333 37% $418,336 421,280 $269,622

Yes
No 1
 Baseline Report for MN Hospital

Baseline Electric Energy Usage

900,000 1,600

kW (Demand)
800,000 1,400
700,000
1,200
600,000
kWh

1,000
500,000
800
400,000
600
300,000
400
200,000

100,000 200

0 0
Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02
Monthly Electric Usage (kWh) Peak Electric Use (kW)

Baseline Electric & Thermal Load Profile

Recommended Generator Size
1,800

1,600

1,400

1,200
kW

1,000

800
715
600

400

200

0
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000
Electric Load Duration Hours Total Avg Thermal Load
Recommended Generating Capacity
 0 Electricity Fuels
0 Peak Gas 0 Fuel Oil #2
0 Energy Demand Cost* Energy Cost* Energy Cost
0 kWh kW $ Therms $ Gallons $
Jan-03 640,495 1,079 $31,682 54,340 $41,434 N/A N/A
Feb-03 580,107 1,076 $29,567 45,840 $34,953 N/A N/A
Mar-03 650,700 1,199 $33,223 44,290 $33,768 N/A N/A
Apr-03 648,328 1,155 $32,718 31,540 $24,045 N/A N/A
May-02 716,199 1,311 $36,522 25,220 $11,144 N/A N/A
Jun-02 743,382 1,385 $38,165 25,950 $11,465 N/A N/A
Jul-02 794,868 1,429 $40,059 28,980 $12,803 N/A N/A
Aug-02 794,062 1,435 $40,516 31,020 $13,705 N/A N/A
Sep-02 722,532 1,329 $36,461 23,030 $10,176 N/A N/A
Oct-02 691,080 1,249 $35,103 26,700 $11,797 N/A N/A
Nov-02 636,733 1,228 $32,895 34,330 $26,179 N/A N/A
Dec-02 640,442 1,087 $31,425 50,040 $38,153 N/A N/A
* Excludes Taxes 0.366831 418336 421280 269622 0
Thermal-to-Electric Ratio = 1.08 1 1=Commercial, 2=Institttional, 6000=Industrial
0.5
Recommended Prime Mover(s) 714.5
Gas Engine Recommended
Microturbine Estimated Hours of Electric Generators Absorption Chillers Desiccant
Gas Turbine (Simple Cycle) Recommended Operation 3,200 Hours/Year 846 Hours/Year 846 Hours/Year
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells

Select Prime Mover Gas Engine Paraitic Electric Use

Would backup generation have been
installed anyway?
Yes Costs Estimated* Known Estimated* Known Total kWh/Year

If "Yes", indicated planned size 1,200 kWe Generator $1,200 per kWe $1,380,000 0.0 kWe 0 kWh
Recommended Generation 715 kWe Heat Recovery Unit* Included Included kWe 0 kWh
Chose Size (per Unit) 750 kWe Absorption Chiller $850 per RT $279,834 11.7 kWe 9,933 kWh
Chose Number of Units 2 Unit(s) Desiccant $5.50 per SCFM $0 8.0 kWe 6,768 kWh
Total Selected Capacity 1,500 kWe Installation* Included
Electric Efficiency 35 % Other kWe 0 kWh
Gross Heat Rate Exhaust (LHV) 6,337 BTU/kWhe Total $1,659,834 19.7 kWe 16,701 kWh
Recoverable Heat Rate (LHV) 4,436 BTU/kWhe
O&M Costs $0.0080 $/kWh/yr * Estimated Costs includes heat recovery unit and installation costs.
375

Include Absorption Chiller Yes

Will the Absorption ChillerDisplace an

Yes
Electric Chiller?
Size 391 RT
Thermal Input 6,653 MBTU/hr
O&M Costs $30 $/RT/yr
Electric Use 0.0300 kWe/RT
Electric Displaced 0.6000 kWe/RT

Select Desiccant Solid

Would a desicant have been installed
Yes
anyway?
Chose Size (per Unit) 10,000 SCFM Total Electric Displaced by Non-Electric Chillers
Chose Number of Units 1 Unit(s) 250 kWe 211,353 kWh
Total Selected Capacity 10,000 SCFM
Regeneration Requirements (200F) 450,000 BTU/hr
O&M Costs 0.075 /SCFM/yr
Latent Heat Removal Rate 300,000 BTU/hr
Electric Use 0.80 kW e per kSCFM

None Yes
Solid No
Liquid

450000 Solid & Com or Inst

0 Solid & Indus
0 Liquid & Com or Inst
0 Liquid & Ind
 SITE
MN Hospital
1234 W. Main St RESULTS 450,000

Milwakee WI
ASSUMPTIONS CHP RESULTS 400,000

Average Electric Cost 5.065 /kWh Prime Mover 350,000

Peak Averge Electric Cost 6.923 /kWh Total ECP Cost $1,660 $(1000)
Initial Electric Sell Back 1.500 /kWh Prime Mover Gas Engine 300,000

kW e
Supplemental Elect Cost 5.065 /kWh Parasitic Load 19.7 kW 250,000

Cogen Initial Fuel Cost 4.00 $/MMBTU Total Generation Capacity 1,500 kW
W/O Cogen Fuel Cost 6.40 $/MMBTU Electrical Output 4,800 MWh 200,000

Existing Boiler Efficiency 80.0 % Absorption Chiller Credit 211 MWh 150,000

Standby Demand Charge $1.50 $/kw/month Net Total Generation Effect 5,011 MWh
Standby Capacity Required 750 kW Elecectric Capacity Factor 37 % 100,000

O&M Charge $12,530 $/yr Gross Heat Rate (LHV) 9,751 BTU/kWh 50,000

Annual Electric Load 8,259 MWh Recoverable Heat 4,436 BTU/kWh

0
Annual Heat Load 30,493 MMBTU Thermal Loads May-02

TAT Thermal Loads (June, July, August)

PURPA (Assuming Gas or Liquid Fuel Fired) Absorption Chiller 5,629 MMBTU
Efficiency 57.7 % Desiccant 381 MMBTU
Qualified Facility Yes Total Thermal Load with TAT 36,502 MMBTU
Sell Back 0 kWh Thermal Capacity Factor 100 % 1,200
Sell Back Desired No Thermal Energy Output
From Generator 21,291 MMBTU
1,000
FINANCIAL RESULTS From Auxiliary Boiler 9,202 MMBTU
COSTS WITHOUT COGENERATION $(1000) Fuel Requirements:
Electricity Costs $418 For Generator (HHV) 51,731 MMBTU 800
Thermal Energy Costs $270 For Auxiliary Boiler (HHV) 12,713 MMBTU

kW
TOTAL $688
600
COSTS WITH COGENERATION $(1000) Generation Costs 4.31 /kWh
Supplemental Electric Purchase $164
400
Peak Electric Charge Adjustment ($153)
Fuel $258
Electricity Sold $0 200
O&M $13
Standby Charges $14
0
TOTAL $295 0

SAVINGS $393
 0
0

SIMPLE PAYBACK 4.22 Years

 CHP Electric Com paris ion of Gene ration to CHP Electric Load

450,000
2,500

400,000

2,000
350,000

300,000

kW e
1,500
kW e

250,000

200,000
1,000

150,000

500
100,000

50,000

0
0 0 744 1,488 2,208 2,928 3,672 4,416 5,136 5,856 6,600 7,272 8,016 8,760 9,132
May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 Hours

Electric Generated Electric Needed Average Electricity Generated Electric Load Profile Generation Installed

Average Dem and Profile Therm al Dem and vs CHP Generation Therm al

1,800
1,200

1,600

1,000
1,400

1,200
800
kW t
kW

1,000

600
800

600
400

400

200
200

0
0
0 372 1,080 1,788 2,532 3,276 4,020 4,764 5,508 6,240 6,960 7,680 8,400 8,760
0 744 1,488 2,208 2,928 3,672 4,416 5,136 5,856 6,600 7,272 8,016 8,760 Hours
Hours
Electric Generation Thermal (Estimated) Thermal Demand
Average Dem and Generator Capability
 0
0
0 372 1,080 1,788 2,532 3,276 4,020 4,764 5,508 6,240 6,960 7,680 8,400 8,760
0 744 1,488 2,208 2,928 3,672 4,416 5,136 5,856 6,600 7,272 8,016 8,760 Hours
Hours
Electric Generation Thermal (Estimated) Thermal Demand
Average Dem and Generator Capability
1
 Electric_Usage

Baseline Electric Energy Usage

900,000 1,600

800,000 1,400

kW (Demand)
700,000
1,200

600,000
1,000
kWh

500,000
800
400,000

600
300,000

400
200,000

100,000 200

0 0
Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02
Monthly Electric Usage (kWh) Peak Electric Use (kW)

Page 13
 Baseline Electric & Thermal Load Profile
Recommended Generator Size
1,800

1,600

1,400

1,200
kW

1,000

800
715
600

400

200

0
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000
Hours
Electric Load Duration Total Avg Thermal Load Recommended Generating Capacity
 CHP Electric

450,000

400,000

350,000

300,000
kWe

250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

0
May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03
Electric Generated Electric Needed
 Comparision of Generation to CHP Electric Load
2,500

2,000
kWe

1,500

1,000

500

0
0 744 1,488 2,208 2,928 3,672 4,416 5,136 5,856 6,600 7,272 8,016 8,760 9,132
Hours
Average Electricity Generated Electric Load Profile Generation Installed
 Peak Demand Profile

1,600

1,400

1,200

1,000
kW

800

600

400

200

0
0 744 1,488 2,208 2,928 3,672 4,416 5,136 5,856 6,600 7,272 8,016 8,760
Hours
Peak Demand Generator Capability
 Average Demand Profile

1,200

1,000

800
kW

600

400

200

0
0 744 1,488 2,208 2,928 3,672 4,416 5,136 5,856 6,600 7,272 8,016 8,760
Hours
Average Demand Generator Capability
 Thermal Demand vs CHP Generation Thermal
1,800

1,600

1,400

1,200
kWt

1,000

800

600

400

200

0
0 372 1,080 1,788 2,532 3,276 4,020 4,764 5,508 6,240 6,960 7,680 8,400 8,760
Hours
Electric Generation Thermal (Estimated) Thermal Demand
1
 Electricity Fuels
Gas
Peak Average Average Average
Energy Demand Demand Cost Energy Demand Demand Cost
Month Hour/Month kWh kW kW $ Therms BTU/h kW $
Jan-03 744 640,495 1,079 861 $31,682 54,340 7,303,763 2,140 $41,434
Feb-03 672 580,107 1,076 863 $29,567 45,840 6,821,429 1,999 $34,953
Mar-03 744 650,700 1,199 875 $33,223 44,290 5,952,957 1,744 $33,768
Apr-03 720 648,328 1,155 900 $32,718 31,540 4,380,556 1,284 $24,045
May-02 744 716,199 1,311 963 $36,522 25,220 3,389,785 993 $11,144
Jun-02 720 743,382 1,385 1,032 $38,165 25,950 3,604,167 1,056 $11,465
Jul-02 744 794,868 1,429 1,068 $40,059 28,980 3,895,161 1,141 $12,803
Aug-02 744 794,062 1,435 1,067 $40,516 31,020 4,169,355 1,222 $13,705
Sep-02 720 722,532 1,329 1,004 $36,461 23,030 3,198,611 937 $10,176
Oct-02 744 691,080 1,249 929 $35,103 26,700 3,588,710 1,052 $11,797
Nov-02 720 636,733 1,228 884 $32,895 34,330 4,768,056 1,397 $26,179
Dec-02 744 640,442 1,087 861 $31,425 50,040 6,725,806 1,971 $38,153
Total 8760 8,258,928 N/A N/A $418,336 421,280 N/A N/A $269,622
Average 730 688,244 1,247 942 $34,861 35,107 4,816,530 1,411 $22,469
Maximum 794,868 1,435 1,068 40,516 54,340 7,303,763 2,140 $41,434

Estimated Hours of Electric Generators Absorption Chillers

Operation 3,200 Hours/Year 846 Hours/Year
Fuels Thermal Load
Fuel Oil #2
Average Average Average Average
Energy Demand Demand Cost Energy Demand Demand
Gallons BTU kW $ BTU BTU/h kW
0 0 0 $0 3,933,180,952 5,286,534 1,549
0 0 0 $0 3,317,942,857 4,937,415 1,447
0 0 0 $0 3,205,752,381 4,308,807 1,263
0 0 0 $0 2,282,895,238 3,170,688 929
0 0 0 $0 1,825,447,619 2,453,559 719
0 0 0 $0 1,878,285,714 2,608,730 764
0 0 0 $0 2,097,600,000 2,819,355 826
0 0 0 $0 2,245,257,143 3,017,819 884
0 0 0 $0 1,666,933,333 2,315,185 678
0 0 0 $0 1,932,571,429 2,597,542 761
0 0 0 $0 2,484,838,095 3,451,164 1,011
0 0 0 $0 3,621,942,857 4,868,203 1,426
30,492,647,619 N/A N/A
0 $0 2,541,053,968 3,486,250 1,022
0 $0 3,933,180,952 5,286,534 1,549
#2
#6
 PeakElectric
Average kWe @ Hours > System Demand Follow
Energy Demand Demand Cumulative 2,192 Hours Capacity Capability
Month Hour/Month kWh kW kW Hours 849 0 Peak kW Avg kW
Maxium 1,435 1,068 0 715 1,435 1,068
Jul-02 Jan-02 794,868 1,429 1,068 744 N/A 0 715 1,429 1,068
Aug-02 Jan-02 794,062 1,435 1,067 1,488 N/A 0 715 1,435 1,067
Jun-02 Dec-01 743,382 1,385 1,032 2,208 849 0 715 1,385 1,032
Sep-02 Dec-01 722,532 1,329 1,004 2,928 N/A 0 715 1,329 1,004
May-02 Jan-02 716,199 1,311 963 3,672 N/A 0 715 1,311 963
Oct-02 Jan-02 691,080 1,249 929 4,416 N/A 0 715 1,249 929
Apr-03 Dec-01 648,328 1,155 900 5,136 N/A 0 715 1,155 900
Nov-02 Dec-01 636,733 1,228 884 5,856 N/A 0 715 1,228 884
Mar-03 Jan-02 650,700 1,199 875 6,600 N/A 0 715 1,199 875
Feb-03 Nov-01 580,107 1,076 863 7,272 N/A 0 715 1,076 863
Jan-03 Jan-02 640,495 1,079 861 8,016 N/A 0 715 1,079 861
Dec-02 Jan-02 640,442 1,087 861 8,760 N/A 0 715 1,087 861
Minimum 1,076 861 N/A 0 715
Total 8,760 8,258,928 942
 Total Thermal Use
Average
Average Demand Demand Cumulative
Month Hour/Month BTU/h kWt Hours
3,933,180,952 1,549 0
Jan-03 744 3,933,180,952 1,549 744 744
Feb-03 672 3,317,942,857 1,447 1,416 1,416
Dec-02 744 3,621,942,857 1,426 2,160 2,160
Mar-03 744 3,205,752,381 1,263 2,904 2,904
Nov-02 720 2,484,838,095 1,011 3,624 3,624
Apr-03 720 2,282,895,238 929 4,344 4,344
Aug-02 744 2,245,257,143 884 5,088 5,088
Jul-02 744 2,097,600,000 826 5,832 5,832
Jun-02 720 1,878,285,714 764 6,552 6,552
Oct-02 744 1,932,571,429 761 7,296 7,296
May-02 744 1,825,447,619 719 8,040 8,040
Sep-02 720 1,666,933,333 678 8,760 8,760
1,666,933,333 678 8,760
Total 8,760 30,492,647,619
 Electric Average
Peak kWe @ Hours > System
Energy Demand Demand Cumulative 3,200 Hours Capacity
Month Hour/Month kWh kW kW Hours 989 2,223
1,993 0
Jul-02 744 1,482,807 573 1,993 744 N/A 744
Aug-02 744 1,482,001 579 1,992 1,488 N/A 1,488
Jun-02 720 1,087,351 529 1,510 2,208 N/A 2,208
Sep-02 720 722,532 1,329 1,004 2,928 N/A 2,223
May-02 744 716,199 1,311 963 3,672 989 0
Oct-02 744 691,080 1,249 929 4,416 N/A 0
Apr-03 720 648,328 1,155 900 5,136 N/A 0
Nov-02 720 636,733 1,228 884 5,856 N/A 0
Mar-03 744 650,700 1,199 875 6,600 N/A 0
Feb-03 672 580,107 1,076 863 7,272 N/A 0
Jan-03 744 640,495 1,079 861 8,016 N/A 0
Dec-02 744 640,442 1,087 861 8,760 N/A 0
861 9,132 N/A 0
Total 8,760 8,258,928 1,136
 Electric Generation Electricity Electric Generation Thermal
(Estimated) (Estimated)
Generated Average Average
Energy Power Electric Sold Energy Output Cumulative
Month Hour/Month kWhe kW e kWhe kWht kW t Hours Electric Capacity Factor
548 712 0 36.5% No Sell Back
Jan-03 744 407,671 548 0 529,848 712 372
Feb-03 672 368,219 548 0 478,573 712 1,080 0
Mar-03 744 407,671 548 0 529,848 712 1,788
May-02 744 407,671 548 0 529,848 712 2,532
Jul-02 744 407,671 548 0 529,848 712 3,276 PURPA
Aug-02 744 407,671 548 0 529,848 712 4,020 (Assuming Gas or Liquid Fuel Fired)
Dec-02 744 407,671 548 0 529,848 712 4,764 Efficiency 57.7 %
Oct-02 744 407,671 548 0 529,848 712 5,508 Qualified Facility Yes
Apr-03 720 394,521 548 0 512,756 712 6,240 Sell Back 0 kWh Yes
Jun-02 720 394,521 548 0 512,756 712 6,960 Sell Back Desired No No
Sep-02 720 394,521 548 0 512,756 712 7,680 No
Nov-02 720 394,521 548 0 512,756 712 8,400
548 712 8,760
Total 8,760 4,800,000 0 6,238,537 712
Average 730 400,000 548 0 519,878 712
 Total Thermal Use
Including TAT Average Hours > System
Load Demand Cumulative Capacity
Month Hour/Month BTU kWt Hours Err:508
5,768,543,543 0
Aug-02 744 5,768,543,543 2,272 372 0 Thermal
Jul-02 744 5,620,886,400 2,214 1,116 0 Capacity Factor
Jun-02 720 5,287,917,714 2,152 1,848 ### 100%
Jan-03 744 3,933,180,952 1,549 2,580 2,112
Feb-03 672 3,317,942,857 1,447 3,288 3,288
Dec-02 744 3,621,942,857 1,426 3,996 3,996
Mar-03 744 3,205,752,381 1,263 4,740 4,740
Nov-02 720 2,484,838,095 1,011 5,472 5,472
Apr-03 720 2,282,895,238 929 6,192 6,192
Oct-02 744 1,932,571,429 761 6,924 6,924
May-02 744 1,825,447,619 719 7,668 7,668
Sep-02 720 1,666,933,333 678 8,400 8,400
1,666,933,333 678 8,760 8,760
Total 8,760 40,948,852,419
 Phosphoric Acid
Units Gas Engine Microturbine Gas Turbine (Simple Cycle)
Fuel Cells**
Size Range kWe 70 300 500 30 500 500 1000 10
Efficiency % (LHV) 31% 34% 35% 27% 27% 27% 28% 40%
Gross Heat Exhaust (LHV) BTU/kWh 7,594 6,623 6,337 9,225 9,225 9,225 8,774 5,118
Estimated Recoverable CHP Heat % 55% 65% 70% 60% 65% 55% 60% 55%
CHP Recoverable Heat (LHV) BTU/kWh 4,177 4,305 4,436 5,535 5,996 5,074 5,264 2,815
Installed Cost With Heat Recovery* $/kWe $1,800 $1,500 $1,200 $2,000 $1,700 $1,100 $900 $4,500
O&M Costs $/kWh $0.015 $0.012 $0.008 $0.010 $0.009 $0.009 $0.006 $0.015
* Costs can vary significantly due to interconnection and other siting requirements.
** Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC) are being produced commercially for electric generation. Solid Acid (SO) Fuel Cells and Molten Carbonate (MC) may be future players in applications >200 kWe.

Credit for Planned Installed Backup $/kWe $350

Absorption Cooling - Single Affect, Indirect Fired

Refrigeration Tons RT 10 55 100 200 300 500 1000 2000
Installed Cost (1) $/RT $1,650 $1,360 $1,075 $990 $850 $680 $620 $500
O & M Costs $/RT-yr $80 $55 $30 $40 $30 $20 $20 $20
Thermal Input MBTU/hr-RT 19 18 17 17 17 17 17 17
Electric Use kWe/RT 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
Electric Displaced kWe/RT 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
(1) Installed cost includes cooling tower, cooling tower pumps, and gas connection.
Credit for Displacced Electric Chillers $/kWe $135

Desiccants - Solid
Parameter Units Industrial Commercial
Flow Rate SCFM 600 4,500 20,000 40,000 2,000 7,000 12,000
Installed Cost $/SCFM $20.40 $9.20 $5.60 $4.40 $7.50 $5.50 $4.30
O&M Costs /SCFM/yr 0.255 0.120 0.075 0.060 0.090 0.075 0.060
Regeneration Requirements (200F) BTU/hr per SCFM 55 55 55 55 45 45 45
Latent Heat Removal BTU/hr per SCFM 35 35 35 35 30 30 30
Electric Use kWh per 1000 SCFM 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.8

Desiccants - Liquid
Parameter Units Industrial Commercial
Flow Rate SCFM 3,000 7,500 84,000 10,000 50,000 84,000
Installed Cost $/SCFM $18.00 $9.78 $5.04 $6.90 $5.63 $4.95
O&M Costs /SCFM/yr 0.375 0.213 0.113 0.150 0.125 0.113
Regeneration Requirements (200F) BTU/hr per SCFM 45 45 45 35 35 35
Latent Heat Removal BTU/hr per SCFM 30 30 30 30 30 30
Electric Use kWh per 1000 SCFM 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
 RULES OF THUMB
Absorption Chillers
Steam Requirements COP
Single Effect = 18 lbm/h/RT (@ 15 psig) 0.6
Double Effect = 11 lbm/h/RT (@125 psig) 0.9
Triple Effect = 8 lbm/h/RT (@ 125 psig) Not yet commercial
Average Electric Offset = 0.6 kWe/RT

Rate at which fuel is added to the exhaust of the prime

mover to increase the thermal output to met the thermal
Auxiliary Firing Rate: demands of the facility (BTU/h)
Electrical output of the prime mover (kWe)

Capacity Factor: Based on equipment output vs. capacity

Electric Avg. kW output (for period)
=
(> 70% Desirable) System kW capacity
Thermal Avg. BTU output (for period)
=
(>80% Desirable) System capacity in BTUs
Steam Avg. lbm/h output (for period)
=
(>80% Desirable) System capacity in lbm/h

Emissions (lbs/MWh) NG Reciprocating Engines Gas Turbines

Generating Size 100 - 2,000 kWe 1,000 - 50,000 kWe
NOx 12 -7.6 4.5 - 3.0
CO 7.8 - 5.0 1.2 - 0.8
VOM 1.6 -1.0 0.030 - 0.020
CO2 Unknown 600

Heating Values of Fuels

(Typical) Units LHV HHV
Natural Gas BTU/CF 950 1,050
#2 Fuel Oil BTU/Gallon 130,000 138,300
#6 Fuel Oil BTU/Gallon 143,000 150,500
Propane BTU/Gallon 84,650 92,000
Sewage/Landfill BTU/CF 350 380
Coal - Bituminous BTU/lbm 13,600 14,100

Gas Turbines
Steam Output
5 to 6 lbm/h/kW e
(300 - 600 psig)
Absorption Chiller
0.28 to 0.33 RT/kW e
(Single Effect)
Heat Recovery from Exhaust Q = MFRe x Cp x (Te - Ts)
Where: Q = Heat Recovered
MFRe = Mass Flow Rate Exhaust Gas
Cp = Heat Capacity 0.25
Te = Temperature of Exhaust
Ts = Temperature of Stack
 Fuel Input (LHV ) (BTU)
Gross Heat Rate =
Power Output (kWhe)

Heating Values:
Higher Heating Value (HHV) = Total energy from combustion process
Lower Heating Value (LHV) = Assumes heat of condensation cannot be recovered
LHV is used for majority of calculations.

Determines the discount rate necessary for a zero net present value of the cash flow
Internal Rate of Return (IRR): beginning with the negative cash in the zero year and extending through 10 years following
the beginning of operation.

Load Factor: Based on site load data

Avg. kW (for period)
Electric =
Peak kW (for period)
Avg. BTUs (for period)
Thermal =
Peak BTUs (for period)

Operational Hours Consideration:

Commercial/Institutional
Building Occupancy
9 Hours/Day ~ 2400 Hours/Year
Peak Demand ~ 3200 Hours/Year
Absorption Chillers
3 Months ~ 850 Hours/Year
(Based on operating only during peak summer demand hours)

Industrial
2 Shifts ~ 4200 Hours/Year
3 Shifts ~ 6300 Hours/Year
Continuous = 8760 Hours/Year

PURPA Minimum Qualifying Facility (QF):

QF Efficiency = (kWe x 3412.8) + 1/2(Useful Thermal Energy)
Fuel Input (BTU/h in LHV)
> 42.5% or
45% if < 15% Thermal Recovery

Reciprocating Engines
Steam Output
4 to 5 lbm/h/kW e
(15 - 30 psig)
Absorption Chiller (Single
0.22 to 0.28 RT/kW e
Effect)

Energy recovered from the thermal output from the prime

mover that is used to provide the useful thermal output to
Recoverable Heat Rate: meet the thermal demands of the facility (BTU/h)
Electrical output of the engine (kWe)
(adjusted for availability)

Steam Rates lbm/h steam lbm steam

= or
(Industrial Steam Turbines) kW e out (power) kWhe out (energy)
 Monthly charge in $/kWe by the local power company for the right to buy purchase
Standby Charge: capacity and energy on an as required basis to backup the prime mover for any
unscheduled outages or scheduled maintenance.

Thermal Coincidence: Recoverable heat that can provide useful thermal output
Total recoverable heat from the prime mover
(adjusted for availability)

Avg. BTUs
Thermal/Power Ratio =
Avg. kW x 3412 BTUs/kW

Guidelines for Estimating Hours

Peak Energy: 3,382 Hours/Year 9a - 10p
Peak Demand: 2,343 Hours/Year 9a - 6p
Summer Peak Energy: 846 Hours/Year 9a - 10p
Summer Peak Demand: 586 Hours/Year 9a - 6p
2 Shifts: 4,165 Hours/Year 16 Hours (Weekdays)
3 Shifts: 6,248 Hours/Year 24 Hours (Weekdays)
Continous: 8,760 Hours/Year "24/7/365"
 LHV/HHV
0.905
0.940
0.950
0.920
0.921
0.965

BTU/h
lbm/h
BTU/lbm-F
F
F
t value of the cash flow
ng through 10 years following
right to buy purchase
ime mover for any

16 Hours (Weekdays)
24 Hours (Weekdays)
 CONVERSIONS
Electrical to Thermal
Energy 1 kWh = 3,412.8 BTUs
1 BTU = 778 ft-lbs

Rate of Energy = Power 1 kW = 3,412.8 BTU/h

1 hp = 2,545 BTU/h

Fuel Oil #2 1 Gallon = 130000 BTUs LHV

Fuel Oil #6 1 Gallon = 143000 BTUs LHV

Heating Values - LHV/HHV

Natural Gas = 0.905
#2 Fuel Oil = 0.940
#6 Fuel Oil = 0.950
Propane = 0.920
Sewage/Landfill = 0.921
Coal = 0.965 Bituminous

Natural Gas 1 therm = 100,000 BTUs

Refrigeration Tons 1 RT = 12,000 BTUs/h

1 RT-h = 12,000 BTUs

Steam to Thermal
Energy 1 lbm steam* = 1,000 BTUs

Rate of Energy = Power lbm stm/h* = 1,000 BTU/h

* Use actual enthalpy values from steam tables at given pressure and temperature for more accuracy!