B1.

1.1 Diet and Exercise

1) Name the four major nutrient groups, state why we need
each and examples
-Carbohydrate energy source- pasta, bread
-Fat energy, make hormones, insulation butter, cream
-Protein build new cells- meat
- Vitamins and Minerals- Growth. Replace damaged tissues and
cells- Vitamin D, Calcium

2) What does a healthy diet contain?

The right balance of different foods and the right amount of energy.
3) What can too much salt in our diet lead to
Increases blood pressure for about 30% of the population
4) Why do we need fibre?
To ensure food moves through our digestive systems efficiently.
5) Why do we need water?
It is essential to all body processes
6) What does processed food contain
High proportion of fat and/or salt.
7) What two nutrients do we need in small amounts to
maintain good health?
Vitamins
Minerals
8) How do you lose weight
You use more calories than you eat
9) How do you gain weight
You use fewer calories than eat
10) How can you lose calories
Exercise
11) Name 4 effects exercise has on your health
- Regular exercise keeps you healthy.
- It maintains a good metabolic rate.
- It requires energy so uses lots of calories.
- If they are not used up they are stored possibly as fat.

Metabolic Rate
12) Define metabolic rate?
Is the rate at which all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body
are carried out.
13) What is a major metabolic retain
Respiration which releases energy from the food we eat

14) State three things that affect metabolic rate:

- Activity Levels - More energy is needed.
- The ratio of fat to muscle in the body - Muscle cells use more energy
- Genes (inherited factors)
15) Which gender would normally have a higher rate?
Men because they are slightly bigger and have a large
proportion of muscle.
16) How does the temperature affect your metabolic rate?
The warmer it is the lower are metabolic rate- We use less energy
to keep our body temperature at 37oC

Cholesterol
17) What is cholesterol?
A fatty substance made in the liver and used in cell membranes.
18) How is it transported
By the blood
19) What affects the amount of cholesterol produced
It depends on diet and inherited factors.
20) What increases blood cholesterol rates
Saturated fats
21) High levels increase the risk of
Disease in heart and blood vessels.
22) What will help to reduce the blood cholesterol levels
Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats
23) Cholesterol is carried around the body by
Lipoprotein
24) Name the 2 types of lipoprotein
- Low density (LDLs)
- High density (HDLs).
25) Are HDLs good or bad and why?
Good as it carries cholesterol back to liver, helps prevent
cholesterol building up.
26) Are LDLs good or bad and why?
They are bad as they cause heart disease
Carry cholesterol to cells, high levels of LDLs cause fat to build up in
the artery.
27) Why should you balance these
To have a healthy heart
28) What improve the balance between LDLs and HDLs
Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats
29) Name two factors that influence blood cholesterol
levels?
Diet
Genes
30) Name three important things in the body cholesterol
are used for?
Cell membranes
Steroid hormones
Bile

31) Explain the link between cholesterol and heart

disease?
 If you have a high ratio of LDLs to HDLs you have an increased risk
of heart disease.
This encourages cholesterol to be deposited in the walls of coronary
arteries,
Blockage prevents glucose and oxygen reaching the heart muscle so
heart muscle cells cannot respire so die.
32) What are statins and cholesterol blockers used for?
Explain how each works.
Drugs that lower blood cholesterol.
Statins block enzyme in liver.
Cholesterol blockers reduce dietary absorption.
33) Why do people not like satins
They may encourage people to continue eating unhealthy foods rather
than following a healthy diet to reduce their cholesterol.
34) How can you change the fat intake in your diet to
reduce cholesterol?
Eat less saturated fats and more unsaturated

Malnourished
35) What is meant by the term malnutrition?
Happens when you eat the wrong amount of each type of nutrient.
Either too much or too little.
36) Why does a person become Malnourished?
Their diet is not balanced
37) Give two signs of malnourishment?
Overweight / underweight Deficiency disease
38) How is deficiency disease caused
Caused by a lack of vitamins or minerals
39) What are the Health problems that are connected with
malnourishment?
- Reduced resistance to infection the immune system does not
work correctly.
- Irregular periods in women.
40) How is deficiency disease caused
Caused by a lack of vitamins or minerals
41) What can a lack of vitamin c cause
Scurvy0- cause problems with skin, joints and gums
42) Name a source of:
Saturated fat: Meat, dairy, eggs
Unsaturated fat: olive oil, peanuts, corn oil, sunflower oil, oily
fish, margarine
43) What is the BMI equation?
BMI = mass in kg
(Height in m)

44) What do their results from the BMI say?

 Underweight <18
Normal 19-24
Overweight 25 - 29
Obese >30
45) What advice do you give to someone who is obese?
Eat less fat and sugar
Exercise more
46) What diseases are linked to obesity
- arthritis (worn joints)
- diabetes (high blood sugar)
- high blood pressure
- Heart disease.
47) What advice do you give to someone who is
underweight?
Increase calorie intake

48) What does starvation cause?

Thinness, wasting muscles, poor immune system & periods to stop.
49) 2 Advantages of Satin
- Can lower cholesterol to zero
- Good for people with high cholesterol due to genetics
50) 2 Disadvantages of Satin
- Need cholesterol to make hormones etc.
- Potentially fatal side effects
51) 2 Advantages of Cholesterol blockers
- Good for people with high cholesterol due to diet
- Less side effects than satins
52) 2 Disadvantages of Cholesterol blockers
- Can interact badly with other drugs.
- Can cause diarrhoea.

1.12 Microbes and disease

1) What is a pathogen?
Microorganism that causes disease.
2) How do individual pathogens develop resistance?
Sometimes a bacterium is produced that is slightly different to the
others. This is called a mutation. The mutation might result in the
 bacteria being resistant to existing antibiotics. When an antibiotic
is used, the non-resistant bacteria are killed but a small number
of resistant bacteria remain. The resistant bacteria survive and
reproduce; this is an example of natural selection.
3) What are bacteria?
- A single celled microorganism that has no nucleus (but circular
DNA that floats in cytoplasm). This causes disease by
reproducing and producing toxins.
- Reproduce rapidly; may make toxins but not all cause disease,
smaller than plant or animal cells
4) What is an example of bacteria?
Typhoid, cholera
5) What is the difference between bacteria and viruses?
Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and viruses are not cells
but bacteria are
6) What are viruses?
Viruses are pathogens. Need to reproduce inside other cells,
always damage cells
7) What do viruses produce and what do they do?
They produce toxins and they damage the cells in which they
reproduce, leading to illness
8) What is an example of a virus?
E.g. colds, measles
9) Explain how the following make you ill:
Bacteria: Reproduce rapidly and produce toxins
Viruses: reproduce inside cells and damage them
10) Explain how vaccination works:
- Small amount of dead or inactive pathogen injected infection
- Next time pathogen enters body white blood cells make
antibodies faster and in greater numbers
- Stimulates memory cells to form
11) Describe the action vaccinations on the body?
A vaccine contains a small amount of dead or weak forms of the
pathogen. The white blood cells produce antibodies to destroy the
pathogen. This makes the person immune to future infection by
the pathogen. The white blood cells will recognise the pathogen is
it gets into the body and will respond by quickly producing
antibodies.
12) What 3 diseases does MMR vaccine protect from?
- Measles
- Mumps
- Rubella

13) Explain how white blood cells protect you from disease.
- Ingest pathogens (phagocytosis) - Once inside the cell, the white
blood cell releases enzymes to digest and destroy it.
- Produce antibodies destroy specific bacteria or viruses
- Produce antitoxins neutralise toxins released by pathogens
14) Outline the experiments carried out by Ignaz
Semmelweiss and explain the contribution of these to
modern medicine.
Noted death rates on maternity wards much lower when
midwives delivered compared to doctors - realised doctors were
transferring disease from surgery Encouraged use of chloride of
lime to wash hands and kill bacteria - Death rates drastically fell
Shows importance of handwashing to prevent spread of infection
15) What impact did Semmelweiss research have?
He introduced hand washing into hospitals which reduced the
number of deaths.
16) How can the following drugs be used to treat disease?
Painkillers: relieve symptoms (dont kill pathogen)
Antibiotics: Kill bacteria
17) What are antibiotics?
Medicines that help cure diseases caused by bacteria. They kill
bacteria inside the body. E.g. Penicillin.
18) Why cant antibiotics be used to kill viruses?
Viruses replicate inside human cells so the antibiotic cant reach
them or would kill the human cell.
19) Why is overuse of antibiotics a problem?
Selects for antibiotic resistant bacteria to survive
These are hard to treat.
20) How can we reduce this problem?
Do not use antibiotics for minor infections
Reduce use in agriculture
21) Why are antibiotics used in farming?
- Help animals gain weight less energy spent overcoming
infection
- Increase profits prevent spread of infection
22) Explain how antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria.
- Bacteria mutate by chance
- Bacteria with mutation not killed by antibiotic
- These cells can survive to reproduce And pass the gene for
resistance to their offspring population of resistant bacteria
increases
23) What is a mutation?
Change in a gene
24) Why is mutation in pathogens problematic?
Creates new strains that people have no immunity to or are
resistant to antibiotics

25) How does immunity develop?

Once the white blood cells have destroyed a type of pathogen,
you are unlikely to develop the same disease again. This is
because the white blood cells will recognise the pathogen the
 next time it invades the body and produce the right antibodies to
kill the pathogen before it can cause illness.
26) What is a sterile culture?
Culture of only one type of microorganism.
27) Give 2 reasons it is important to keep cultures sterile.
- Other microbes would use up food resources
- Other microbes may produce dangerous toxins
28) List 4 precautions you must take when carrying out
aseptic technique to grow a sterile culture
1. Sterilise petri dish and culture medium before use
2. Sterilise inoculating loop by passing through a flame
3. Tape lid to prevent contamination from air
4. Work near a flame
29) What temperature should we incubate cultures at in
school and why?
- 25C to prevent growth of human pathogens.
30) How does this compare to industry?
Industry higher faster growth rate.
31) Why would higher temperature be used in industrial
situations?
Many microbes need high temperatures to grow
32) Why is it at this temperature?
Pathogens could accidently be present in the culture dishes, so
keeping the temperature at a maximum of 25C minimises health
risks from them, as they will grow much less at lower
temperatures
33) Why must petri dishes be sterilised before use?
To kill any unwanted microorganisms and prevent contamination.
34) When using inoculating loops to transfer bacteria what
must be done to avoid contamination?
It must be sterilised in a Bunsen burner flame
35) Why must petri dishes be taped shut?
To prevent contamination from airborne bacteria

1.2 Nerves and Hormones

1) What is a neurone?
A cell that transmits electrical nerve impulses, carrying information
from one part of the body to another.
2) What three neurones are involved in a reflect action?
Sensory, relay and motor neurones
Something Really Mental
3) What is the function of the sensory neuron?
Carry impulses from the receptor to the spinal cord.
4) What is the function of the relay neuron?
Carry impulses through the spinal cord and up to the brain and from
the brain back along the spinal cord.
5) What is the function of the motor neuron?
Takes impulses from the spinal cord to an effector.
6) What is a stimulus?
A change in environment
7) Name the 5 different sense organs
Eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin
8) What is the function of the receptor?
Cells that detect stimuli or changes in the environment. E.g. Eyes, ears,
tongue, nose, skin.
9) What can a stimulus be?
Light, sound, touch, pressure, pain, chemical or a change in position or
temperature
10) What do the receptor cells in the following organs respond
to?
Eyes: light - Tongue: taste
Ears: sound; changes in position - Nose: smell
Skin: touch, temperature, pressure, pain
11) What is the function of the effector?
Can be a muscle that is made to contract or a gland that secretes a
chemical for example a hormone.
12) What is the function of the synapse?
The junction of two nerve cells
13) What happens here?
The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals which diffuse across the
gap
These chemicals then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone
14) What are reflexes
They are automatic responses to certain stimuli they can reduce the
chance of being injured
15) Describe what happens in a reflex arc:
1. Named receptor detects the stimulus
2. Electrical impulse travels along sensory neurone to central nervous
system 3.Chemicals diffuse across a synapse to relay neurone
4. Chemicals diffuse across synapse to motor neurone
5. Impulse reaches effector which responds by contracting if it is a
muscle or secreting a substance if it is a gland

16) What is the function of the human nervous system?

To detect changes in the environment
To co-ordinate and control responses
17) What organs are involved controlling water
Lungs (breath); Skin (Sweat); Kidneys (urine)
18) What organs are involved controlling ion content
Skin (sweat) Kidneys (urine)
19) Name the two different areas of the nervous system
1. Central nervous system (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
This coordinates the response
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Consists of nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body (e.g.
the optic nerve and the sciatic nerve)
20) Whats the differences between nerves and hormones

Nerves hormones
Very fast action short action
Act for a short Act for a long time
time
Act on a precise Act on a more general
area area
Hormones
21) What is a hormone?
A chemical messenger
22) Where are hormones produced?
Glands
23) How do hormones travel around the body?
In the bloodstream

The menstrual cycle

24) what is the first stage of a menstrual cycle
Day 1 is when the bleeding starts
The uterus lining breaks down for about four days
25) what is the second stage of a menstrual cycle
the lining of the uterus build up again from day 4 to day 14,
into a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels, ready to receive
a fertilised egg.
26) what is the third stage of a menstrual cycle
An egg is released from the ovary at day 14
27) what is the fourth stage of a menstrual cycle
The wall is then maintained for about 14 days
If there is no fertilised egg that has landed on the uterus wall
by day 28, the spongy lining starts to break down again and
the whole cycle starts again

28) What is the three main hormones involved

FSH
 Oestrogen
LH
29) What produces FSH?
Pituitary gland
30) What does FSH cause
An egg to mature in one of the ovaries
31) What does FSH stimulate
The ovaries to produce oestrogen
32) What produces Oestrogen?
Ovaries
33) What does Oestrogen cause
Pituitary to produce LH
34) What does Oestrogen inhibit
The further release of FSH
35) What produces LH?
Pituitary gland
36) What does LH stimulate
The release of an egg at around the middle of the menstrual
cycle
37) What produces progesterone
Ovaries
38) What is the role of progesterone?
Maintains the uterus lining

Controlling fertility

39) Which 2 hormones are in the contraceptive pill?

Oestrogen and progesterone
40) How do oral contraceptives work?
They contain oestrogen to stop production of FSH and
progesterone to maintain uterus lining
41) What impact do the hormones in oral contraceptives have on
the hormones in the body?
The pill contains hormones that have the same effect on the
pituitary gland as oestrogen. These hormones stop the
pituitary gland making the hormone FSH. This means that
no eggs will mature in the ovaries.
42) How have birth control pills changed over time and why?
- The first pills had large amounts of oestrogen. These
resulted in women suffering significant side effects such
as the formation of blood clots. The pill now contains
much lower dosage of oestrogen.

43) 3 Advantages of contraceptive pill

- 99% effective
- Easy to take
- Reduces the risk of getting some types of cancer
44) 4 Disadvantages of contraceptive pill
- Side effects, headaches, nausea, irregular menstrual
bleeding and fluid retention
- Still a slight chance of getting pregnant
- Can forget.
- Doesnt protect against STDs
45) Which hormones will be included in fertility drugs?
FSH
46) What happens during in vitro fertilisation (IVF)?
The female is given injections of FSH to stimulate the
maturation of several eggs. Eggs are then collected just
before they are released from the ovary. The eggs are
fertilised with sperm outside the body and the fertilised
eggs are allowed to divide to form embryos. Some are
inserted into the womb.
47) 2 Advantages of IVF
- Allow people to have children
- Uses own sperm and eggs
48) 4 Disadvantages of IVF
- Multiple births - Painful
- Expensive - Low success rate

Plant Hormones
49) List three things that plants are sensitive to:
1)Light
2)Gravity
3)Water
50) What is the name of the hormone in plants?
Auxin
51) Where is the Auxin produced?
Stem and root tips
52) what is the auxins purpose when in the tip of the shoot

Causes cell growth.

53) what is the auxins purpose when in the root tips
Cause cells to stop growth
54) shoots grow ____ light
Towards
55) When a shoot tip is exposed to light what do the auxins do?
The accumulate on the side thats in the shade than the side
thats in the light.
This concludes to the cells that are on the shaded side to grow
faster so the shoot bends toward the light.
56) shoots grow ____ gravity
Away from
57) What happens if a shoot is growing sideways
Gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin in the tip,
with more auxin on the lower side.
 This causes the lower side to grow faster, bending the shoot
upwards.
58) roots grow ____ gravity
Towards
59) What happens if a root is growing sideways
Gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin in the tip,
with more auxin on the lower side.
The extra auxin in the root inhibits growth
This means the cells on top elongate faster, bending the shoot
downwards
60) roots grow ____ moisture
Towards
61) What if there is an uneven amount of moisture on either
side of the root?
On the side with more moisture it produces more auxin.
That side then inhibits growth causing the root to bend in that
direction and towards the moisture.
62) What happens if the tip of a shoot is removed?
No auxin would be available and the shoot may stop growing
63) What is phototropism?
The response of plants to light, Stems grow towards the
light. This response to directional light is called
phototropism.
Plant stems are positively phototropic, that is they grow
towards the light stimulus.

64) What is geotropism?

The response of plants to gravity.
Stems are negatively gravitropic. They grow away from the
direction of the force of gravity.
Roots are positively gravitropic. They grow in the direction
of the force of gravity.
65) How can plant growth hormones be used in agriculture?
Selective weed killers, rooting powders and ripening fruit.
66) Explain how plant hormones can be used as Weed killer?
Give lots of auxin: plant grows out of control
67) Explain how plant hormones can be used as Rooting
hormones
Give a little auxin stimulates roots
68) How do auxins control growth of plant shoots in response to
light or gravity?
Stimulus causes auxin to distribute unevenly - build up on side
away from light / nearest gravity
Side with more auxin grows more
Plant bends
69) In the shoot of the plant what is the stimulus and what is
the response
Stimulus: Light, Gravity
Response: Positive phototropism Negative geotropism
70) In the root of the plant what is the stimulus and what is the
response
Stimulus: water, Gravity
Response: Positive hydrotropism Positive geotropism
1.3 The use and Abuse of Drugs
Drugs
1) What is a drug?
Chemical that alters the way the body works.
2) What are statins used for?
To lower the risk of heart and circulatory disease.
3) What does evidence show stations used for?
lower blood cholesterol and significantly lower the risk of heart
disease in diabetic patients
4) Who researched the statin drug?
By government scientists with no connection to the
manufacturers
5) How many patients did they test it on
6000
6) How did they test it
It compared 2 groups of patients those who had taken statins
and those who didnt. Other studies have been backed up by
these findings.
7) Athletes are banned from using drugs to enhance their
performance. What are the impacts of the following:
Stimulants- Liver cancer / cirrhosis etc. and they make reactions
faster
Anabolic Steroids - Increase muscle size
Analgesics- relive pain
8) Why are people against performance enhancing drugs
- Unfair that they have an advantage
- Athletes could not be fully informed about the risks
-
9) Why are people for performance enhancing drugs
- They have the right to make their own decisions with
knowing the risks
- Drug free sports arent fair anyway as they have different
coaches, equipment and training facilities.

Testing Medicinal Drugs

10) What is the first stage of testing drugs
- They are tested on human cells and tissues
11) What is the second stage of testing drugs and why
- Tested on live animals
- to see if it makes the effect you are looking for, to see if its toxic
and the best dosage
12) what is the 3rd stage
The clinical trials
13) Describe the three phases of clinical trials that drugs go
through
 Phase 1: low doses are tested on a small group of healthy people to
evaluate its safety and identify any side effects
Phase 2: tested on people who have the illness. This is when they find
the optimum dose the dose of drug that is most effective and has a
few side effects.
Phase 3: is to test how well the drug works and do a blind trial
14) What is meant by a blind trial?
Patients do not now who gets drug and who gets placebo
15) Why does the patient not know in the double blind trial?
So the patient does not feel automatically better because they think it
would just work
16) What is it meant by a Double blind trial?
Neither doctor nor patient knows who gets drug or placebo
17) Why does the doctor not know in the double blind trial?
They are not subconsciously influenced by their knowledge.
18) What is the advantage of blind trials?
Avoid bias
19) What would the placebo be if the real drug was:
A tablet? Sugar pill
An injection? Saline injection
20) What was Thalidomide originally?
A sleeping pill but then found to be a relieving morning sickness
21) What was the effect of Thalidomide?
It caused abnormal limb development in babies
22) Why did it do this?
As they didnt test the drug for morning sickness to know that it went
through the fetes
23) What did they do when they figured this out?
They banned the drug and started testing drugs rigorously.
24) What is it now used to treat?
Leprosy
Some types of cancer

Recreational Drugs
25) What is addiction?
If some drugs are used a lot, the body builds up a tolerance to them.
This means that you must use more of the drug to get the same effect.
Your body will become dependent on the drug which means the person
will find it difficult to manage without the drug.
26) What is withdrawal?
When a person tries to stop taking a drug that they are addicted to,
they suffer withdrawal symptoms such as feeling sick and headaches.
More severe symptoms include tremors and fits.
27) What are the 2 types of illegal drugs and say examples
Soft (cannabis)
Hard (heroin, ecstasy)
28) What can cannabis, heroin and ecstasy drugs cause?
Heart and circulatory system problems
29) Name 2 reasons why people use recreational drugs?
 Relaxation, stress relief, enjoyment
Background influences
30) Why cannabis may lead to hard drug use
Effects of cannabis creates the desire to try harder drugs
Brings people into contact with drug dealers
People would take drugs generally, so they would also try
other drugs

31) 3 reasons why smoking is bad for you

Tobacco smoke cause Lung cancer
Causes disease on the Heart, blood vessels and lungs
Nicotine is addictive
32) 4 reasons why alcohol is bad for you
Affects the nervous system slows the bodys reactions
Impaired judgement, poor co-ordination, unconsciousness
Liver disease, brain damage
Addictive
33) Name 4 reasons why people want smoking and alcohol to be
illegal
- It has a bigger impact on people than illegal drugs in the
uk
- NHS spends a lot of money treating people with lung
disease caused by smoking
- NHS spends a lot of money treating people because of
alcohol but not as much for crime and the economy (lost
working days etc.)
- Causes sorrow for people around them
34) Why is the overall impact of legal drugs on society greater
than illegal drugs?
More people use legal drugs
35) 2 Advantages of Cannabis
- Can be medicinal: glaucoma / MS / Cancer
- Relaxant
36) 3 Disadvantages of Cannabis
- Strong evidence suggesting causes mental illness
- Expensive
- May lead to use of more dangerous drugs
 1.4 Interdependence and Adaptation
Adaptations
1) What is an adaptation?
A characteristic that helps an organism to survive in its
environment.
2) Specify how Antarctic animals have adapted to their
environment and explain how they help with survival:

adaptations How they help Specific animal

Thick layers of Acts as an energy No specific animal
blubber for source when food
insulation is scarce
Greasy fur which Prevents cooling No specific animal
sheds waters due to
evaporation
Have a rounded minimize heat No specific animal
shape small loss
surface area to
volume ratio
Small ears / nose minimize heat Polar bear
loss
white - Help avoid Polar Bear
camouflage predators or
sneak up on prey
Thick fur Keep body heat in No specific animal
3) Explain how climate change may lead to a short-haired arctic
fox being more likely to survive than a long haired one.
- Temperature is increasing
- Short haired fox able to lose heat better so less likely to
overheat
- Short haired fox more likely to survive and pass genes on
4) Specify how desert animals have adapted to their
environment and explain how they help with survival:

adaptations How they help Specific animal

Produce small Loose less water No specific animal
amounts of
concentrated
urine.
Make very little Camels can tolerate big
sweat changes in body temp
Kangaroo rats live in burrows
underground so they can keep
cool
large surface area increases heat No specific animal
to volume ratio loss
Large ears more heat loss Desert fox
Sandy colour - Help avoid Desert fox
camouflage predators or
sneak up on
prey
Thin layers of body increases heat Camels keep nearly all their fat
fat and a thin coat loss in their lumps

5) How are desert animals adapted to cope with very cold

nights?
Burrows - insulation
6) How is the cactus adapted to survive in the desert?
- roots widespread collect water from a large area
- Roots deep collect water because surface likely to dry
out quickly
- No leaves reduce surface area from which water can be
lost
Stem able to swell store water
7) How is Artic Plants adapted to survive?
- Small, growing close to the ground and very close
together to avoid the wind and conserve heat.
- Some possess a light, fuzzy covering to insulate the buds
so they can grow.
- Dark colours of blue and purple to absorb the heat from
the sunlight even during the winter months.
- Because of the cold and short growing seasons, arctic
plants grow very slowly.
- Some grow for ten years before they produce any buds
for reproduction.
8) Name three adaptations of prey that deter predators?
Thorns / poisons / warning colours
9) What is an extremophile?
An organism that is adapted to an extreme condition of the
environment.
10) Bacteria can be adapted to survive in extreme
conditions. Explain how
Tolerate: High salt concentration, High temperature, and
High pressure
11) Explain how climate change may lead to a short-haired
arctic fox being more likely to survive than a long haired
one.
 Temperature is increasing Short haired fox able to lose heat
better so less likely to overheat Short haired fox more likely
to survive and pass genes on
Competition and Environmental Change
12) What do plants compete for?
Water
Space
Light
Nutrients
13) What do animals compete for?
Food
Territory
Mates
Water
14) How can human activity affect the distribution of
organisms?
- Destroy an animals food source or habitat building,
chemicals, farming
- Introduction of new competing species
- Global warming
Measuring Environmental Change
15) Give some examples of non-living changes in an
environment
Temperature, rainfall, water pollution.
16) Give some examples of living changes in an
environment
Disease, predators/prey, change in number of competitors.
17) Name the three pieces of equipment and state what
they measure
Maximum-minimum thermometer temperature
Rainfall gauge rainfall in set time period

18) What is a pollution indicator?

Living organism that shows the level of pollution in an area
through changes in its distribution or abundance.
19) Describe how lichens can be used as air pollution
indicators
Some can only grow where there is no pollution while others
are tolerant of different kinds of air pollution. Surveys of
lichens can show quickly and easily how polluted the air has
become since the lichens started growing.
20) Describe how Aquatic invertebrates can be used as a
water pollution indicators
Concentration of dissolved oxygen: certain species can
tolerate very low O2
21) Describe how invertebrate animals can be used as
water pollution indicators
 The oxygen concentration is lower in polluted water. The
numbers of different species in the water indicates how
polluted it is.
Mayfly nymphs cant tolerate low oxygen levels and so a
reduce number of these indicates that the water is polluted.
Bloodworms can tolerate low oxygen levels and so will still
be found in polluted water.
22) Give examples of non-living indicators that
demonstrate environmental changes
Satellites used to measure the temperature of the sea
surface and amount of snow cover. Weather stations to tell
us the atmospheric temperature at different locations.
Dissolved oxygen meters which measure the concentration
of dissolved oxygen in water.

1.5 Energy and Biomass in Food Chains

Biomass in food chains
1) What is biomass?
The total mass of living material
2) What is a producer? Give 2 groups of organisms that are
producers.
Organism that makes its own food
Green plants
Algae
3) Why does the amount of biomass decrease at each stage of a
food chain?
 CO2 is lost in respiration
Parts of an organism may be inedible
Biomass is lost in faeces and urine
Some organisms die and are eaten by microbes instead
4) How does carbon dioxide in the atmosphere become part of a
plant or algas biomass?
Photosynthesis converts it into glucose which can then be turned into
other carbohydrates, fats and proteins
5) How does carbon in a plant become part of an animals
biomass?
Animals eat the plants carbon becomes part of fats and proteins.
Pyramid of biomass
6) Work out the empty boxes

Organism numbe Mass of individual Biomass of

r population
Fox 200 400
Rabbit 200 800
Grass 50 50

7) In the pyramid of biomass below which animal is which bar and

what number is next to them?

Top: fox 400

Middle: rabbit 800
Bottom: grass 2500
8) What is the role of each animal
Fox secondary consumer
Rabbit primary consumer
Grass producer

9) In the pyramid of number below which animal is which bar and

what number is next to them?

Top: fox 2
Middle: rabbit 200
Bottom: grass 50
10) Draw a food chain for a rabbit, grass, fox
Grass rabbit fox
11) What do the arrows represent?
The transfer of energy
12) How can the efficiency of food production be improved?
By reducing the number of stages in food chains.
 Energy
13) Describe the energy transfer that takes place during
photosynthesis.
Light energy from sun converted to chemical energy in plant / algal
cells
14) What is the original source of energy for most food chains?
The sun
15) What process do plants use to collect energy from the sun?
Photosynthesis
16) Energy is lost to the surroundings along a food chain.
Explain how.
Heat energy released in respiration - Used in movement
Faeces and urine - Organism dies and energy
passes to microbes
Used in repair processes
17) Why is the amount of energy contained in the biomass of
organisms reduced at each stage of the food chain?
Energy is lost to the environment at each stage of a food chain e.g.
respiration, heat, faeces and urine.
18) Why do people go to a vegetarian diet?
Less energy is lost along the food chain between the producer and the
human
19) How can going to a vegetarian diet be useful?
Necessary if people in developing countries are to sustain their
population growth.
20) The efficiency of food production can also be improved by
restricting energy loss from food animals by:
Limiting their movement.
Controlling the temperature of their surroundings
21) What are ethical concerns of this
Animals movement is limited. - They do not live in their natural
environment
They suffer pain and discomfort.
22) Why are heat losses greater in birds and mammals than in
reptiles and insects?
Birds and mammals are warm blooded so have greater respiratory
rates to release heat to keep them warm. Reptiles and insects are cold
blooded so keep warm by basking in the sun.
1.6 Waste Materials from Plants and Animals
1) What is decay?
The digestion or rotting of complex organic substances to simpler
ones by microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria.
2) What is the importance of the decay process?
Allows nutrient to be recycled releases substances that plants
need to grow.
3) Name two groups of organism that break down dead organic
matter. Microorganisms , Detrivores
4) What do living things remove
Materials from the environment for growth and other processes
 5) How are they returned to the environment?
Either in waste materials or when living things die and decay.
6) Why do materials decay
Because they are broken down (digested) by microorganisms
(decomposers).
7) What conditions cause decay to occur fastest?
Warm, aerobic and moist conditions
8) When are microorganisms more active
When there is plenty of oxygen.

9) What should happen in a stable community?

The processes which remove materials are balanced by processes
which return materials. The materials are constantly cycled

B1.6.2 the Carbon Cycle

10) Describe the carbon cycle

a) Carbon dioxide is removed from the environment by green plants by
Photosynthesis. The carbon from carbon dioxide is used to make
carbohydrates, proteins and fats to make up the body of plants.
Plants release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere by respiration.
Plants are eaten by animals.
b) Animals release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere by respiration.
c) When plants and animals die some animals and detritus feeders
feed on their bodies. These organisms release carbon to the air
when they respire.
 d) Carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere from wood and fossil
fuels by combustion.
11) How can humans affect the natural balance of the
carbon cycle?
Combustion of fossil fuels releases CO2
12) Explain how the material in a fox is returned to the
environment to be used by plants.
Fox respires releases CO2 for use in photosynthesis
Fox dies broken down by microorganisms
Decomposers respire to release CO2 for use in photosynthesis
Nutrients also released into the soil absorbed by plant roots

1.7 Genetic Variation and Control

1) What is a gene?
Small section of DNA in a chromosome. Many of our characteristics
are controlled by genes.
2) How are genes passed on?
By gametes
3) What is a gamete?
A sex cell (e.g. sperm and eggs)
4) Define variation
Differences between living organisms
5) Cause of variation?
Sexual reproduction - leads to variety in the offspring
Asexual reproduction - no variation in the offspring
 6) Individuals within a species vary due to the Genetic factors
Meiosis all gametes created by one person are genetically
different.
Random fertilisation
Mutations
7) Individuals within a species vary due to the Environmental
factors
- Nutrition
- Chemicals
- Temperature
- Light
- Physical forces
8) What is a genetic cause of variation?
Hair colour, eye colour, skin colour.
9) What is an environmental cause of variation?
Muscle strength, accent.
10) Put the following words in order from smallest to
larges to describe how genetic material is organised.
Chromosome, Nucleus, Cell, Gene -> Chromosome - > Nucleus ->
Cell
11) What two factors can affect the characteristics of an
organism?
Genes and Environment
12) Why do plants and animals share characteristics with
their parents?
They inherit genes passed on when their parents gametes fuse.

1.7.2 Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
1) What is sexual reproduction?
When a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to produce a fertilised cell.
Two parents are involved. Produces variation in the offspring.
2) How many chromosomes are there in one gamete
23 Half the number of chromosomes in a normal cell
3) Why does the offspring inherit features from both parents?
It receives a mixture of chromosomes from its mum and dad (and its
chromosomes that decide how you turn out
Asexual Reproduction
4) What is asexual reproduction?
Only one parent involved. All the offspring are genetically identical
and are called clones.
5) What is the scientific name for an organism produced by
asexual reproduction? Clone
6) Examples of Asexual reproduction
- Bacteria or yeast cells use binary fission
- Plants can use runners, bulbs or vegetative propagation.
- Humans can create plant clones using cuttings and tissue
cultures.
 - Some invertebrate animals like starfish, worms and hydra.
- Humans can clone other animals, e.g. Dolly the sheep.
7) Why do organisms produced by sexual reproduction show
greater variation than those formed by asexual
reproduction?
Sexual reproduction involves the mixing of genes from two parents;
asexual genes are inherited from one parent only
8)

Sexual Asexual
reproduction reproduction
Number of 2 1
parents
Is there mixing of yes No
genes
Are gametes yes No
involved
Increases yes No
variation

Cloning techniques
Describe the following cloning techniques:
9) Tissue culture
Cells are taken from the tip of a shoot and placed on a jelly that
contains nutrients and a chemical that helps the cells to divide.
They make a small ball of cells called a callus. The callus can be split
to make new calluses. Each callus is then put on a jelly that contains
different chemicals to encourage roots and shoots to form. When
the new plants are large enough, they are planted into compost.
Tissue culture makes it easier to grow thousands of new plants from
one original one.
10) Embryo Transplant
An egg is fertilised with a sperm in a lab. When it has divided to
make 4 or 8 cells, before they start to specialise, the cells are
separated to start making new embryos. These are transplanted into
the womb of host mothers where they grow until they are ready to
be born.
11) Adult Cell Cloning
The nucleus of an unfertilised egg cell I removed and replaced with
the nucleus of a body cell from an adult animal. The egg cell can
then be given an electric shock so that it starts to divide like a
normal embryo. The embryo will contain the same genetic
information as the adult body cell.

12) How was dolly the sheep created by adult cell cloning?
 - Nucleus removed from unfertilised egg cell
- Nucleus from an adult body cell inserted into unfertilised egg cell
- Electric shock given to stimulate the cell to divide.
- Ball of cells implanted into surrogate
13) Why is an organism produced by adult cell cloning
considered a clone?
Has genetic information from one parent only.
14) Explain how an embryo transplant can be used to clone
a cow.
Cells are taken from a growing embryo before they become
specialised each cell transplanted into a surrogate mother
15) Name 2 concerns about cloning
- People do not want human babies to be cloned.
- It produces lots of genetically identical individuals; they may
struggle to survive if there is a change in the environment.

16) What is genetic engineering?

The process of taking genes from one organism and putting them
into cells of another so that the cells include the characteristic of the
new gene.
17) What is the process of genetically engineering?
- Cut out the insulin gene from the DNA of a human cell using
an enzyme.
- Remove a ring of DNA (a plasmid) from a bacterium and open
it up using the same enzyme.
- Insert the insulin gene into the plasmid using another enzyme.
- Enable a bacterium to take up the altered plasmid.
- Put the bacterium in a fermenter, and it multiplies many
times.
- Each new bacterium contains the plasmid with the insulin
gene.
- The bacteria produce insulin which can be extracted.
18) What could they use this method for
E.g. the human insulin gene can be inserted into bacteria to
produce human insulin
19) Name 4 concerns about genetic engineering
- There may be long-term, unpredicted effects of consuming GM
plants.
- Genes for pesticide resistance may spread form GM plants to
their wild relatives, creating pesticide resistant weeds.
- People may want to manipulate the genes of their future
children.
- Vegetarians may consume genes from animals if plants are
genetically modified.
20) What is meant by the term genetically modified
(GM)?
An organism that has been genetically engineered.
21) Examples of GM in food production
- GM soya
- GM tomatoes
- Enzymes used to make vegetarian cheese
22) Examples of GM in medicine
- Vaccine production
- Production of Factor VIII for haemophiliacs
- Example in detail: Insulin production for diabetics
23) Why are some people opposed to the genetic
modification of organisms?
- Damage to modified organism
- May lead to a smaller gene pool
- May upset natural balance of the ecosystem.
- May harm the health of humans who eat GM organisms
24) 3 Ways genes can be transferred into animals and
plants
- GM crops have had their genes modified, e.g. to make them
resistant to viruses, insects or herbicides
- Sheep have been genetically engineered to produce
substances, like drugs, in their milk that can be used to treat
human diseases.
- Genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis are caused by faulty
genes. Scientists are trying to treat these disorders by
inserting working genes into sufferers. This is called gene
therapy
25) Give examples of GM crops
Herbicide resistant crops
26) What are the concerns and pros associated with GM
crops?

Pros
Increase the yield of a crop,
making more food
GM crops could be engineered to
contain nutrients that people
that are living in developing
countries are lacking
Growing in other countries
without any problems
Cons
Affect the number of weeds,
flowers, insects that live around
the crops. Reducing farmland
biodiversity.
Not convinced GM is safe,
worried they will get allergies
The transplanted genes may get
out into the natural environment.

27) Describe two ways in which you can clone a plant.

Cuttings: cut leaf from adult plant bud, dip in rooting powder and
plant in compost Tissue culture: take a small group of cells form an
adult plant and grow on sterile agar
28) Describe how you would use a plant to produce human
growth hormone?
Enzymes used to cut gene out of human chromosome other
enzymes used to insert gene into plant chromosome Plant cell
divides and makes hormone#
 29) List some reasons for genetically modifying a plant
- Herbicide resistant
- Insect resistant
- Produce novel protein
- Increase yield

1.8 Evolution
Theories on evolution
1) What is the name of the theory of evolution proposed by
Charles Darwin?
Natural selection
2) What was the principle behind Darwin's theory of evolution?
All species evolved from simpler life forms that first developed more
than 3 billion years ago
3) Give three reasons why Darwin's theory of evolution was
only gradually accepted:
- Challenged religion idea that god made all living organisms
- Insufficient evidence at time
- Mechanism of inheritance not discovered until 50 years later
4) Explain Lamarcks theory of evolution.
- Variation between organisms within a species is due to changes
acquired during their lifetime
- These acquired characteristics (not genes) are passed on.
5) What was wrong with Lamarcks theory
- Changes in the body do not change the genes.
- It is the other way round: Changes in genes (through mutations)
can cause changes in the body
6) Describe the process of natural selection
There is variation between the individuals of a species and in the
offspring they produce. Characteristics are passed from one
generation to the next. The individuals that are best adapted to the
environment are the ones that survive and produce more offspring
in the next generation.

Mutations
7) What is a mutation
A change of organisms DNA
8) How can mutation be beneficial?
By producing a characteristic, that may give the organism a better
chance of surviving and reproducing
 9) If the new characteristic is useful what happens?
There may be more rapid change in a species through natural
selection.
10) How do mutations occur?
- Errors occur when the DNA is replicated prior to cell division:
- Errors may occur when chromosomes are separated during cell
division:
11) What do mutations do?
Genes control the synthesis of proteins. Therefore a change in a
gene or a new sequence of genes can result in different proteins
being synthesised. Different proteins can change a characteristic.
12) Explain how a mutant gene that allows a group of
people who live in the Philippines to develop gills could
result in all humans being able to breathe under water in 100
years time
- Global warming causes flooding so less land
- Mutant gene = can live in water so more like to survive
- More likely to pass genes on
- Offspring more likely to survive
- Eventually everyone has gills
13) Cane toads were first introduced into Australia in 1935.
The toads contain toxins and most species of Australian
snake die after eating the toad. The cane toad toxin does not
affect all snakes the same way. Longer snakes are less
affected by toad toxin. Scientists investigated how red-
bellied black snakes had changed in the 70 years since cane
toads were introduced into their area. They found that red-
bellied black snakes had become longer by around 35%.
Suggest an explanation for the change in the body length of
the red bellied black snakes since the introduction of the
cane toads.
- longer snake less susceptible to toxin or longer snake survives
- survivors reproduce
- gene passed to next generation (allow characteristic passed to
next generation)
- mutation
Evolutionary tree

14)Use the evolutionary tree

diagram on the left to answer the
following questions:
a) Which group of
organisms are most
closely related to Birds?
Dinosaurs
B) Are fish or mammals more
closely related to dinosaurs?
Mammals