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in Germany. Expressionism was a medium for the transition the progress of science and technology and the increasing role
from romanticism to other branches of art styles. After World of knowledge and expertise in the government, and in many
War I, expressionistic works of Germans were highly regarded developed countries, technocrats, regardless of their political
by Americans. During 1920-30s the quickly spreading of this beliefs, and class characters take the important and sensitive
approach in Mexico was significant. Mexican Revolution (1911- works into their own hands. Indeed, with advances in science
20) inspired a group of painters to seek a national way based on and technology, individuals political beliefs are overshadowed
local art. They wanted their art to be popular and come from the by their knowledge and expertise, and party (ies) that obtain a
people and the revolutionary spirit is manifested in public majority in the parliament, rule the government and in the state
buildings. They did their work as a means to carry their burden works and affairs that need expertise, use non-party members or
aspirations and ideals. Manifestation of the revolutionary and even the expert members of the opposition party7. We can say
popular spirit in public buildings and responsibility of the artist that technocracy theory is based on this principle that, according
to society is a point that is clearly evident in German to increasingly trend of Knowledge, the administrators of the
expressionist architecture4. governments should be scientists and experts as a powerful class
in modern society that are considered the most influential class
Expressionism history in relation with the architecture (and in modern societies after the capitalists.
civil construction): Wave of expressionistic movement in
painting extended to architecture field with some delay. The backgrounds of emerging technocracy
Nicholas Pevsner knows the expressionist architecture as an
attempt to satisfy the desire for individual expression and public The term technocracy was proposed in 1919 by William Henry
inclination to what is surprising and imaginative and finally Smith, American author8. In the 1930s followed by severe
escaping away from the truth to a mythical world. And the economic crisis in the world (1929-1933), a movement began by
importance of artistic imagination has been mentioned in the experts that following it in 1932, Technocracy Committee was
individual statement by Wentzl August Hebik as following clear formed at Columbia University, USA. Thismovement and the
statement: An idea can move a mountain. Imaginary term committee founded the basis of their works on Henry Gantt,
"expressionistic architecture" at the beginning was often used Howard Scott and Torstein Violin ideas5. Scott Howard
for German and Dutch artists. As Arnasonstated, the first propagated the term technocracy by writing his book The
certificates of advent of expressionistic attitudes in architecture engineers and the price system 8.
has likely been inclination towards the building greatness that
some examples of this approach can be seen in turbine-making Later, with the development and adoption of planned economy,
factory by Peter Behrens and Work bondteather by Van de technocratic ideas were common in many European countries.
Velde4.In 1920 Hans Hansen called expressionism the active This term was widely popularized in the 1960s in France and
and alive architecture for tomorrow (something that we can see the French considered it as the continuation of Saint-Simons
its signs of realization in the architecture of recent decades as theories, French social philosopher (1760-1825) who had
well). And finally in 1964, in Florence at a conference on predicted for the future a society in which the government will
expressionism, Bruno Zevi emphasized that expressionism has be ruled by scientists and engineers 9. Saint-Simon believed that
been a permanent feature of modern architecture. During the the formations and management of modern society should be
twentieth century, modernist space, along with advances in given to scientists and industrial experts, because lawyers,
technology provided the possibility of constructing large judges and the employees are inherently non-productive
buildings with visual and dramatic modes that many of them andparasite-like6. The authors such as Jean Monod believed that
were inspired by the ambitious and imaginative plans of real power of the elected representatives of people have been
expressionists of early century. given to technical experts, now a new kind of government has
started that is not democratic, nor bureaucratic, but it is
The concept of Technocracy technocratic8.
Technocracy consists of Greek word Tekno means technology The properties of technocrat
and method, and word Kratos means government, power and
the ruling. Technocracy term briefly means the ruling f A technocrat is an individual that has the leading leverage
technique and technicians, that is, the specialists. Therefore, influencing on power mechanisms in his/her hands. In broader
according to this view, the professionals and experts should hold sense, either in the public domain or in the private economy, if
the responsibility of political affairs, economy and s/he wishes, s/he can, without regard to the hierarchy of rules to
administration in various fields 5. In other words, the concept of achieve dual goals of independence and responsibility to
technocracy is the governance of experts and technicians that participate in the exercise of power, and of his involvement,
rely on mechanism, technical knowledge and technological determine the trends of the events, not just in their sectors, but
skills and these individuals, that is, engineers, scientists and also in addition to it, in the broad and extensive view and act
technocrats should lead economical and political activities according to his/her willing10. In general, the characteristics of a
6
.Technocracy is a new phenomenon that has been created with technocrat can be expressed as following: i. An advocate of
but Hi-tech considers the assembled structure and shows it, but 5. RahighAghsan, Ali, Encyclopedia in political science,
expressionistic style hides the assembled structure and shows Tehran: Farhang Saba, (2007)
the original structure. In fact, we can say, it seems that in Hi-
6. Agha Bakhshi, Ali, Dictionary of political sciences, Tehran:
tech architecture the model is Gothic architecture, but in
Iranian Scientific Information and Documentation Centre
expressionist architecture the model is theinternal spaces and
(1995)
interior painting of Gothic architecture.
7. Toloei, Mahmud,Jame political dictionary, Tehran: Bina,
References (1993)
8. Ashori, DariushPolitical Encyclopedia, Tehran: Morvarid
1. SeyedHosseini, Reza, Literary schools, Tehran: Negah
publication (1994)
publication, Volume II (2005)
9. Bailey, Jacques, Technocracy, (translated by SirusSaeedi,
2. Dad, Sima, Glossary of literary terms, Tehran: Morvarid
Tehran, Islamic Revolution Publications (1983)
publication, First Edition, (1992)
10. Ali Babaei, Gholam Reza, political dictionary, Tehran:
3. Mir Sadeghi (Zolghadr), Meymenat, HonarShaeri
Ashian Publications (2005)
Dictionary, Tehran: Mahnaz Book publication, third
edition, (2006) 11. Crick, Bernard, Defense of policy, (translated by
FarhadMoshtaghSefat) , Tehran: Ketab Roz (1999)
4. Mohammad Zadeh, Hamideh, Expressionism from painting
to architecture and urban construction, Mollian 12. Jodidio, Philip, Santiago Calatrava, (translated by
publications, First Edition,(1999) NaghmeNazarNia), Nashr-e-MeamariGhrn-e-Bist-o-yek
publication (1954)