TOPIC PAGE

01 Introduction (BRIDGET TAN) 2

01.1 Introduction to Site 2
02 Site and Safety (AMOS TAN) 7
02.1 Site and Safety 7
02.2 Plants and Machinery 10
03 External Work (BENJAMIN CHENG) 16
03.1 Setting out and Earth Work 16
04 Foundation (NGE JIA CHEN) 21
04.1 Foundation - Reference 21
04.2 Foundation - On Site 23
05 Superstructure 26
05.1 Beam and Column (LEE CZEN SHING) 26
05.2 Slab (KHOR YEN MIN) 30
05.3 Wall (BRIDGET TAN) 34
05.4 Staircase (AIDA JUNITA) 43
06 Doors and Windows 47
06.1 Doors (AIDA JUNITA) 47
06.2 Windows (KHOR YEN MIN) 53
07 Roof (WONG ZHEN FAI) 57
07.1 Roof - Reference 57
07.2 Roof - On Site 59
08 Summary 64
08.1 References 64

1
 BRIDGET TAN SU TING

Ixora Residences is the fresh bloom of Bandar Seri Coalfields, the largest mixed development of self-sustaining
community living in Sungai Buloh.
The 1000-acre Bandar Sri Coalfields is home to a collection of freehold property developments, comprising of
exclusive residences brimming with bungalows, semi-detached homes, superlink homes and link homes, as well as
dedicated business hub with shop offices and commercial lots.
Features
Built-up area from 212 squaremeter / 2281 square feet
Low density, 11 units per acre
Distinct architectural styling
4 bedrooms with attached bathrooms
Approximately 12-feet high ceiling

SITE PLAN MASTER PLAN LAYOUT PLAN

2
 BRIDGET TAN SU TING

Project Team Information

Developer: KL-Kepong Country Homes Sdn Bhd

Architect: Architect N. Kang

Civil and Structural Engineer: KEMASEPAKAT Sdn Bhd

Mechanical and Electrical Engineer: Syterra Consult Sdn Bhd

Quantity Surveyor: Northcroft Lim Perunding Sdn Bhd

Contractor: CNH Construction (M) Sdn Bhd

3
 BRIDGET TAN SU TING

Architectural Drawings

TYPE 1

TYPE 2 4
 BRIDGET TAN SU TING

Kepayang Heights 2, Seremban, (under the developer GUH Properties) is a prestigious township with uniquely
designed residential units for modern day living. The 24-acre Kepayang Heights 2 is a home to a collection of
freehold property developments, comprising of exclusive residences brimming with bungalows, semi-detached and
terrace homes,
Features
Built-up area from 228 square meters / 2458 square feet
4 bedrooms with attached bathrooms
12-feet height high ceiling (approximately)

SITE PLAN LAYOUT PLAN

5
 BRIDGET TAN SU TING

Architectural Plans (Terrace Units)

6

The construction industry is among the most dangerous work sectors in the world. Construction sites create a risk
not only for the construction worker, but also for the surrounding public.
The Department of Occupational
Safety and Health (DOSH) is a
government body that lays down
the regulations to ensure the
safety and health of not just
workers but also the public.
The regulations are covered by
the Occupational Safety and
Health Act 1994 (Act 514), the
Factories and Machineries Act
1967 (Act 139) and all the
regulations made under.
The main contractor of a
worksite that employs 40 or
more persons has to establish
a Safety and Health Committee,
which reviews the conditions of
the site and keeps it under
regulation. Two important
persons in the committee are:
Safety and Health Officer
Any works of construction that
has a total contract price of
RM20,000,000 and over has to
employ a safety and health
officer to oversee the site.
Site Safety Supervisor
A part time position hired for
projects under RM20,000,000,
the supervisor must spend at
least 15 hours a week on site
supervision and promoting safe
conduct of work.
AMOS TAN CHI YI
Every developer and contractor
has to ensure that all workers
are properly informed of the
hazards, and also to develop a
safety and health manual, and
that adequate steps be taken to
develop and promote safety
and health programmes.
Architects, engineers and other
professionals also have a duty
not to include anything in a
design that would necessitate
the use of dangerous structural
procedures. Engineers should
take into account the safety
problems associated with the
subsequent maintenance of
plant where this would involve
hazards.
7
 AMOS TAN CHI YI

Every employer has the duty to ensure that each worker is wearing
their own personal protective equipment, which consists of:
HELMET
1. Helmet
2. Gloves SAFETY
3. Ear protection EAR GLASSES
PROTECTION
4. Safety shoes
5. Safety glasses
RESPIRATORY
6. Reflective clothing EQUIPMENT
7. Respiratory equipment
Safety Helmet REFLECTIVE
Safety helmets come in different colours, each denoting the CLOTHING
GLOVES
wearers occupation.

White Supervisor (engineer, architect, contractor, etc)

Yellow General worker LONG
Red Specialist worker (electrician, plumber, etc) TROUSERS

Green Safety officers

SAFETY SHOES
FIGURE 2.1.1: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT

8

Hoardings are a metal barricade
that protects the general public
from the works in progress.
The hoarding should not be less
than 1.8 metres in height and
continuous to the ground, and a
safety distance between the
hoarding and the worksite be
observed.
The entrances should be
discreet, and security to
maintained to prevent
unauthorized persons.
All construction sites must have
adequate signage.
The signage above must be
present, which lists the
municipal authority, name of the
project, the developer, architect,
civil & structural engineer,
mechanical & electrical engineer,
the supplier, contractor and the
referral number.
AMOS TAN CHI YI
An emergency response plan is
a set plan that identifies and
potential for accidents and
emergency situations, and
addresses them. It should:
1. Ensure necessary information,
internal communication and
coordination are provided to
protect people in the event of
an emergency
2. Provide information and
communication with relevant
authorities
3. Provide first aid, fire fighting
and evacuation
4. Provide relevant information
and training to all workers.
9
 AMOS TAN CHI YI

Plants and machinery are vital to the construction industry as they accelerate the construction process. Without
them, some works such as excavations and earthworks would take an exorbitantly long time and others like high-
rise construction would be downright impossible.

Most heavy duty plants employ
tracks instead of wheels for
mobility. Tracks give less ground
pressure, and thus stops the
plants from sinking into the soil
under its weight.
Wheels allow faster movement,
and can be used (with government
approval) on roads, but are not
suited for soft soil environments.
Generally heavy machines (over
10 tonnes) would employ tracks,
while lighter machines would
employ wheels.
Hydraulics take advantage of the Pneumatics use highly
fact that some liquids are compressed air to drive pistons.
incompressible, and they act as a Pneumatic plants such as
force multiplier, allowing it to move jackhammers and nail guns are
heavy loads. typically hand-held, and are often
Hydraulics plants such as pile not featured in heavier machinery.
This is due to the fact that gas is
drivers and excavators are more
compressible, and thus load
complex, but due to liquids non-
bearing capabilities are
absorbance of energy, it is capable
of moving higher loads and compromised.
providing higher forces to drive the
pistons of heavy duty plants.
Thus, they are commonly found in
heavy duty plants and machinery.

10
 AMOS TAN CHI YI

Excavators are used primarily in earthworks; they remove massive amounts of soil in a short period of time and are
used from digging trenches, holes, foundations to even driving piles and demolition work with appropriate
attachments to the boom.

BOOM CABIN

ENGINE/COUNTERWEIGHT

DIPPER TRACKS
BUCKET

Roller compactor plants are used to flatten and compress the earth using their weight as well as mechanical
vibrations to exert a large amount of force.

ENGINE CONTROL
PANEL

ROLLER
DRUM

11
 AMOS TAN CHI YI

Backhoes are excavating plants that combine a dozer blade at the front and a small excavating arm at the back.
Backhoe-loaders are general purpose machines, and can be outfitted with a variety of attachments to both ends of
the machine to suit the needs of the situation.
CABIN

DIESEL
ENGINE DOZER
BLADE

DRILL &
PNEUMATIC
HAMMER EXCAVATING
BUCKET LOADER
BOOM
STABILIZER
LEGS

TEETHED PALLETIZING SWING

BUCKET FORK BLADE

12
 AMOS TAN CHI YI

Pile drivers are machines that are used to drive piles into the earth during the construction of the foundation. There
are many types of pile drivers in use. The hydraulic hammer uses a hydraulic piston to hammer the pile repeatedly
until it reaches a suitable depth.

TOP SHEAVE

LEADER

HYDRAULIC
PILE DRIVER

BACK STAY

CABIN

ENGINE/
COUNTERWEIGHT

PILE

13
 AMOS TAN CHI YI

Mobile cranes can be moved around the site, and are used to hoist and lift objects using a hydraulic-powered crane
with a telescoping boom. They are easily set up and mobile, and require to be stationary with its outriggers deployed
while working to stabilize the plant.
COUNTERWEIGHT
JIB

HOIST
FLY JIB

HOOK BLOCK

CABIN

ENGINE

OUTRIGGER
3 TON 2.5 TON
CONCRETE CONCRETE
BUCKET BUCKET

14
 AMOS TAN CHI YI

Concrete mixer trucks are provided by the concrete supplier to ensure the concrete does not set prematurely while it
is being transported to the site. The rotating mixing drum (depending on the model) could hold 34 tonnes, or 10
cubic metres of concrete, and is kept spinning to ensure the concrete does not set.
MIXING
DRUM
CABIN
INLET/OUTLET

CONTROL
SYSTEM BRACKET
ROLLER SIDEGUARD

Skid loaders are small plants with lift arms and, depending on the attachment, used from excavating small amounts
of soil, to transporting heavy materials like bricks on pallets, to drilling holes and even creating trenches.

LOADER
BOOM CABIN

DIESEL
ENGINE BUCKET

15
 BENJAMIN CHENG JIA YEOW

Boundaries are set to

differentiate land between
different occupiers. Hoarding
and the Signage are one of
the preliminary infrastructures
of the site. Based on this
figure, the site boundary can
be seen in red.

16
 BENJAMIN CHENG JIA YEOW

Site clearance and earthworks are done to

ensure that all construction works be carried Slopes that are subject to
out smoothly in a conducive environment. This erosion from the runoff of
includes the clearance of trees, shrubs, rubbish surface water require some
and other rubbles from the site. Approximately means of stabilization. The
300mm of topsoil is removed to ensure that the principle mechanical means of
earth is suitable for foundation works, otherwise protecting an embankment
known as topsoil excavation. against erosion is the building of
a retaining wall.
Crib walls were used in the site
to hold back steep
FIGURE 3.1.6: CRIB WALL embankments.
Height in accordance Topsoil Granular fill
with manufacturers
requirements.
FIGURE 3.1.5: AFTER SITE CLEARANCE
There were other types of excavation done to Precast
clear the land before the setting out can begin. concrete
Some examples of excavation carried out are Excavated
face
earth excavation and rock excavation. This is
carried out to reconfigure the topography of the
site, also stabilizing slopes in certain areas.
Drainage

Concrete foundation

FIGURE 3.1.8: SKETCH OF CRIB WALL 17

FIGURE 3.1.7: EXCAVATIONS
 BENJAMIN CHENG JIA YEOW

Profile boards
Diagonal Main setting out lines
checks

Site
boundary
Base line

FIGURE 3.1.1: SETTING OUT FIGURE 3.1.2: SETTING OUT

The first task is to establish a base line from which
the whole building can be set out. After the base line
has been set out, the main lines of the building are
set out and marked with a picket. The setting out
lines act as a boundary of which the building must
not exceed.
Then, a check using a sitesquare is carried out to
ensure that right-angles and correct lengths have
been established (Figure 3.1.3).
Telescopes at right angles
When completed, wooden profile boards are set up
to locate the foundation trenches, foundations and
walls (Figure 3.1.4). They are required at all
trenches and wall intersections. The procedure of
earthworks and setting out is important as the final
dimensions of the building and the sizes of various
rooms depend on this operation.

Position of trench plumbed down

Tripod
Nails positioning
trench and walls Setting out lines
Plumb rod

Corner post Pointed posts

driven into
ground
FIGURE3.1.3 SITESQUARE. Figure 3.1.4: PROFILE BOARD 18

FIGURE 3.1.9: WASH TROUGH
FIGURE 3.1.9: DRIVE THROUGH SYSTEM
Any machineries leaving the
construction site are required to
undergo washing at the wash
trough. The washing includes
thorough washing from mud or
soil. This is to keep the public
road clean from the dirt from the
construction site.
There are 2 different types of
wash trough used in both sites
(Figure 3.1.9). Once construction
completed, the wash troughs will
be covered entirely by soil.
During excavations, signboards
and warning signs must be
placed at all existing entrances
to the work area.
In addition, proper illumination
must be provided during
darkness. The excavation site
also must be checked after
every rainstorm to ensure
landslides do not occur.
BENJAMIN CHENG JIA YEOW
The developer has the duty to
ensure every scaffold to be of
good construction, of suitable
material and adequate strength.
The scaffolds cannot be erected
or modified without the
supervision of a designated
person, called a Scaffold Erector.
The Scaffold Erector has to be
registered with DOSH, must
always adopt a safe system of
work.
Scaffolds must be inspected
during these times:
1. Before first use
2. After substantial alteration
3. After heavy rain, heavy wind
4. Regular intervals not
exceeding 7 days.
19

FIGURE 3.1.10: RUMAH KONGSI/WORKERS QUARTERS
Rumah Kongsi are the temporary accommodation
built by and for the foreign workers (Figure 3.1.10).
Their temporary quarters are made of plywood and
corrugated zinc sheets. They are also slightly raised
from the ground to prevent flooding and water entry
whenever there is heavy rain.
A typical Rumah Kongsi or workers quarters has
about 10 units, where each unit houses up to 3
workers.
BENJAMIN CHENG JIA YEOW
Site offices are used for meetings among consultants,
contractors, architects and engineers. It is a place that
keeps all data, documents and information about
every construction methods, work progresses and
material specifications.
The site office is also where visitors go to obtain
permission upon entering the site.
20
 NGE JIA CHEN

Foundation is part of a structural system that supports and anchors the superstructure of a building and transmit its
load directly to the earth. It is constructed partly or wholly below the surface of the ground.

A type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth very near the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or
a range of depths as does deep foundation.

Strip Footing Uniformly

Point Loads Wall constructed off
A strip of concrete, continuous below load Distributed
strip foundation
Load (UDL)
bearing wall in building to spread load.
Mass concrete
Placed centrally under the walls and used in
strip foundation
majority of buildings up to 4 storeys in height. formed at base of
excavated trench

Raft Footing Light loads Light loads & Point Hardstanding to

A reinforced concrete slab that covers the loads prevent erosion
whole area of a building and usually extends of soil & edge of
beyond it. raft foundation

Best suited for use on soft natural ground or fill

or on ground that is liable to subsidence to Raft foundation Concrete raft
Heavy uniform Heavy loads & Heavy supports walls and foundation reinforced
eliminate differential settlement. loads isolated point loads acts as a floor slab with steel mesh

Spread/ Pad Footing

Individual/ isolated foundations to support
column.
A generally rectangular prism of concrete,
larger in lateral dimensions than
the column or wall it
supports; used to distribute the load of a SQUARE FOOTING RECTANGULAR FOOTING CIRCULAR FOOTING
21
column or wall to the subgrade.
 NGE JIA CHEN

A type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth farther down from the surface than a shallow
foundation does, to a subsurface layer or a range of depths.

Piled Foundation Pile Cap

Columns extending into the ground.
Used in incompetent soil to transfer load to
competent load bearing soil or rock deeper
within earth.
Piles are generally driven closely together in group or
clusters that contain from two to twenty-five piles
each.
The load is distributed over the head of the piles in the
group by means of a reinforced cast in-situ concrete
pile cap.

R.C. COLUMN

FIVE THREE
PILE CAP SETS SETS

PRECAST STEEL SHELL R.C BORED CAST

R.C PILE H PILE PILE PILE PILE IN-SITU TWO FOUR
FOUR PILES SETS
PILE SETS

22
 NGE JIA CHEN

Columns of structural frame to a building

Individual pad foundation to support each column

Column reinforcement starter bars

or holding down bolts
8 x 8 R.C. Column

Footing Reinforcement, dia.

bars at 8 ctrs. each way use
D= 12 BRC A252 mesh for lightly
loaded columns

APPROVED FOUNDING MATERIAL FIGURE 4.2.1 : FOUNDATION - SITE 1

Finished Grade
4 to 6
4 Slab

8
1
6
2

L= L
Remove
landscape / top
1

soil prior to
1 excavation
8
PLAN COMPACTED FILL FIGURE 4.2.2 : FOUNDATION - SITE 2

23

Starts with pegging of the site with
correction position of foundation.
Excavation commences, down to
desired level. Softlift of footing with
allowance for thickness of lean
concrete.
Lay a layer of lean concrete to
prepare a clean and firm base for
footing.
Building the formwork.
Spacer blocks are placed before
reinforcements been laid. This is
meant to provide sufficient concrete
cover for the rebars.
Rebars were bent and tied to form a
basket in advanced before the
whole thing been lowered and
placed inside the formwork. Make
sure it sits properly on spacer
blocks to avoid touching the lean
concrete.
NGE JIA CHEN
Stump reinforcements are erected. Concrete will set and curing shall be
Length of rebars should be performed to avoid excessive lost of
extended beyond stump level and water during hardening. When the
act as starter bars for column concrete has gained sufficient
above. strength (usually 14 days),
formwork can be dismantled.
Provide addition ties to formwork, if
necessary.
Concreting commences. Dont
forget to compact the concrete
during process.
24
 NGE JIA CHEN

R.C. pile is The pile is

lifted and driven into the Four Piles
straighten ground using Foundation
to be drop hammer The concrete R.C. column Wall
hammered and hammered is then cut /
into the until it cannot crushed by a
ground. be driven into Pneumatic
the soil any hammer and
further / until a finished pile
certain depth. with
excavation for
Most commonly used pile cap.
pile in low- rise housing
projects.

Standard length of 6m,

9m and 12m.

FIGURE 4.2.3 : R.C. PILE FIGURE 4.2.4 : SETS OF PILE READY TO BE CUT. FIGURE 4.2.5: PILE CAPS FORMWORKS DONE
USING PLYWOOD.
25
 LEE CZEN SHING

Beams are rigid structural members designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting
elements. The non concurrent pattern of forces subjects a beam to bend and deflect. Thus, it has to be resisted by
the internal strength of the material

Timber Joist Hollow Steel Tubing

Timber Box Beam Castellated Beam

Universal Beam

Concrete is then poured into wooden formwork and It is then set to dry.
26
 LEE CZEN SHING

Beam to Column Connection

Rebar is incorporated into concrete
It provides extra tensile strength which in return creates tension
Comprises of either single rebar or double rebar COLUMN REINFORCEMENT

Divided into precast concrete and cast in-situ concrete

COLUMN REINFORCEMENT

BEAM REINFORCEMENT
CONCRETE BEAM
REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN

STARTER BAR
FORM WORK
REBAR CAGE
COLUMN

STEP 1: Rebar beam is STEP 2: Rebar steel is STEP 3: Form work is then STEP 4: Finally, concrete is
assembled on site, then added as it good at added around the rebars. then poured into form
which is also known as reducing tension force work and left to dry
cast in-situ. 27
 LEE CZEN SHING

Columns is a supporting pillar and a structural element which transfers the load of the structure and its live load
through to the foundation and into the hard strata. Failure occurs when direct stress from axial load exceeds the
compressive strength of the material available in the cross section. On the other hand, an eccentric load can
produce bending and results in an uneven stress distribution in the section.
KERN AREA BUCKLING

SHAFT

BASE

Form work (Wooden plank)

It is a structure, usually temporary
Contains poured concrete to mould it to the required dimensions
and support it until it is able to support itself

28
 LEE CZEN SHING

STARTER BAR REINFORCED FORMWORK

BAR CAGE
STUMP
REBAR

FORMWORK

STUMP

STEP 1: Grid lines are STEP 2: Layout work is STEP 3: Starter bar is STEP 4: Wooden planks
drawn to dimensions then carried out installed then followed by are then placed as the
(to determine where the rebar cage form work
columns would be
placed).

PLACEMENT OF COLUMNS FIGURE 5.11: CONSTRUCTION PROCESS - SITE 1 FIGURE 5.1.2: CONSTRUCTION PROCESS - SITE 2

29
 KHOR YEN MIN

Slab is a horizontal plane in a building structure. It provides space as floor and cover as ceiling of a building. Slabs
are plate structures that are reinforced to span either one or both directions of a structural bay.

One-Way Slab Two-Way Waffle Slab

Has an even thickness Reinforced by ribs in two
Reinforced in one direction directions
Cast integrally with parallel Able to carry heavier loads and
supporting beams has longer span than flat slabs

One-Way Joist Slab Two-Way Flat Slab

Cast integrally with a series of A flat plate thickened at its
closely spaced joists column support
Supported by parallel sets of beams Increase shear strength and
More suitable for heavy loads and moment-resisting capacity
longer spans compared to
One-Way Slab

Two-Way Flat Plate Two-Way Slab and Beams

Has an even thickness Has an even thickness
Reinforced in two/more directions Reinforced in two directions
Supported by columns without Cast integrally with supporting
beams or girders beams and columns on all four
Commonly used in apartment sides of square bays
and hotel construction Suitable for medium spans and
heavy loads
30
 KHOR YEN MIN

One-Way Slab (Site 1 and Site 2) Two-Way Slab and Beam (Site 2)

Ratio of longer
Ratio of longer side It is suitable for side to shorter
to shorter side is light and moderate side is less than 2 Main tension
reinforcement bars
more than 2 load or close to 1 span both
directions, parallel
to the length and
the width of the
panel

Main tension
reinforcement bars in
one single direction
Load will be transferred
to only two opposing
beam or load bearing wall
in both site buildings
It is effective for Load will be
medium spans and
it will support the transferred to four
load of master support beams at all
bedroom above it. four sides of nearly
square bays.

FIGURE 5.2.1: DINING AREA - SITE FIGURE 5.2.2: LIVING AREA - SITE FIGURE 5.2.3: PORCH - SITE 2
1 2
31
 KHOR YEN MIN

PLYWOOD

LEDGER

STEP 1: Props are erected to
support ledgers which will support
the formwork for beams.
STEP 3: Pieces of plywood will be
decked on the bearers.
STEP 5: Cleaning process will be
done to remove small particles
(dust, stone, sand) in the
formwork. Then, concrete will be
poured.

BEARER BRC
MESH

REINFORCED
CONCRETE
SLAB
STEP 2: Props are then erected to STEP 4: Then, BRC mesh are STEP 6: After curing of 14 days,
support the ledgers for slab placed accordingly to its place in the formwork will be removed.
formworks. Bearers are then the formwork.
supported by the ledgers.
32
 KHOR YEN MIN

Material Specifications
Formwork : Plywood
Concrete Grade : 25 N/mm
Material Density : 24.0 kN/mm3
Reinforcement : BRC mesh (size : 2.2 x 2.4)
FIGURE 1: SITE 1 WOODEN FORMWORK FIGURE 2: SITE 2 WOODEN FORMWORK

33
 BRIDGET TAN SU TING

A wall is a structure that defines an area, carries a load, or provides shelter or security. Walls are the vertical
constructions of a building that enclose, separate, and protect its interior spaces. They may be load bearing
structures of homogeneous or composite construction designed to support imposed loads from floors and roofs, or
consist of a framework of columns and beams with non-structural panels attached to or filling in between them.

Some of the functions of wall include:

To provide protection from weather;
To separate interior spaces;
To support upper floors and roofs together with their superimposed loads;
To provide adequate thermal and sound insulation;
For aesthetics and privacy

Wall Classification
In terms of their function, all walls are either load bearing or non-load bearing walls.

Common types of walls in construction are:- CONCRETE WALL

1. Concrete Walls
MASONRY
2. Retaining Walls WALL
3. Masonry Walls (Site 1 and Site 2)
4. Dry Walls REINFORCED
UNREINFORCED
5. Glass Walls NON-LOAD
BEARING WALLS
6. Curtain Wall System
34
 BRIDGET TAN SU TING

Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry
can also refer to the units themselves.

Characteristics
Load bearing or non- load bearing
One of the most common materials for wall construction in Malaysia
Durable
Good sound insulation, fire insulation and thermal insulation
Offers great flexibility in form and appearance

Common Types of Masonry

1. Bricks (heat-hardened clay units)
Clay bricks (Site A)
Cement bricks (Site A and Site B)
2. Concrete/cement blocks (chemically hardened units)

35
 BRIDGET TAN SU TING

Brick is one of the most popular exterior materials - it is beautiful and provides a solid,
well-made structure. A brick is a unit of material used in masonry construction by skilled
masons using mortar. Bricks come in many sizes, but usually in a width and weight
suitable to grasp in one hand while holding a trowel in the other.

Common Types of Bricks Brick Data

1. Clay brick (Site A)
FROG STRETCHER
2. Smooth surface FACE

3. Sand cement brick (Site A and Site B)

4. Autoclaved aerated concrete block HEADER
FACE

FIGURE 1: CLAY BRICK - SITE 1 FIGURE 2: SAND CEMENT BRICK FIGURE 3: SAND CEMENT BRICK
SITE 1 - SITE B

Usually reddish in colour Grey in colour

Formed by pressing in moulds Formed by machine, hand or pressing in moulds
Dried and fried in high temperature Require plastering and rendering after construction
Cheaper than clay brick

36
 BRIDGET TAN SU TING

FIGURE 1: RUNNING BOND SITE 1

Running bond, commonly used for cavity and veneer walls, is composed of overlapping stretchers.

FIGURE 2: FLEMISH BOND SITE 2

Flemish bond has alternating headers and stretchers in each course, each header being centred
above and below a stretcher. Flare headers with darker ends are often exposed in patterned
brickwork.

37
 BRIDGET TAN SU TING

STEP 1: The outline of a STEP 2: Queen closers STEP 3: Alternate STEP 4: The facework is
wall is drawn to scale, are inserted next to the headers and stretchers continued to the back
normally starting at a quoin header and they are drawn on the front faces. If the wall is one-
right-angled corner, on are continued until they faces in the case of and-a-half or two-and-
alternate courses and intersect the back line of Flemish bond, and a-half-bricks thick and
the quoin header is the wall produced. headers on one face stretchers appear on
drawn in opposite and stretchers on the one face, then headers
directions on each other with English bond. will occur on the other
course. The exposed header side of the wall in the
and stretcher faces of same course.
the quoin header
determine the nature of
the faces of the other
bricks.

38
 BRIDGET TAN SU TING

Flush Concave Weathered Struck

mortar joint joint mortar joint mortar joint

FLUSH MORTAR JOINT (SITE 1 AND 2)

Raked Weeping Properly V-joint

mortar joint mortar joint prepared
joint

Improperly Improperly Beaded

prepared prepared mortar joint
joint too joint
shallow furrow
should be
eliminated
39
 BRIDGET TAN SU TING

STEP 1: Reference STEP 2: Bricks are STEP 3: Cement mortar STEP 4: Bricks are
strings are placed to positioned accordingly are applied on the placed firmly.
indicate brick wall following the reference header and stretcher.
construction. strings.

STEP 5: The bricks are STEP 6: Normal-sized STEP 7: Queen-sized STEP 8: Pegs are used
hit to improve bonding bricks are hammered bricks are cut to ensure the right angle
between bricks. and cut into queen- accordingly to the and spirit level for
sized bricks (half of the structural arrangement correct levelling.
normal size) with a of the brick bonding.
chisel.
40
 BRIDGET TAN SU TING

Step 1 : Construction
bricks are applied

Step 2 : Plastering -
bricks are plastered
over.

Step 3 : Coating -
skim coat is applied
for a smoother
surface.

Step 4 : Finishing -
desired colour paints
are applied for
aesthetic purposes.
41
 BRIDGET TAN SU TING

ANGLE BEAD CEMENT

PIT Pits are used to mark
Metal angle beads are the thickness of
used for precise wall plastering for even
angles. layering.

PLASTER
REFERENCE STRING PLASTIC
MESH
Plaster plastic mesh
Strings are nailed on are used to avoid dry
the brick walls for even cracks on the brick
plastering work. surfaces.

EXPANDED STEEL
WIRE MESH

Few final courses of

Expanded steel wire bricks are slanted to fill
mesh are placed in in the gap between the
between the bricks to bricks and slab for a
strengthen the hold of better hold of the
the brick wall ground beam that will
construction. be placed.

42
 AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE

Stairs provide means for access and moving from one level to another, which makes it an important link in the overall
circulation scheme of a building. Staircase does not always affect the exterior form of a building, but they influence the
internal organization of spaces and the pattern of the structural system.

Nosing Handrail
The exposed edge of a tread, Protecting member usually parallel
usually projecting with a square, to the string and spanning between
rounded or splayed edge newels
Tread
The horizontal surface of a step Riser
on which the foot is placed The vertical member
between two consecutive
treads Baluster
Strings
The vertical infill member
The members receiving the ends of between a string and handrail
steps, which are generally housed to the
string and secured by wedges, called
wall or outer strings according to their
position Newel
Post forming the junction of
flights of stairs with landings or
Going carrying the lower end of strings
The horizontal distance between two
consecutive risers or, the horizontal
dimensions from front to back of a tread
less any overlap with the next tread above
Pitch line
A line connecting the nosings of
Rise all treads in any one flight
The vertical height between two
Step
consecutive treads
Riser plus tread

43
 AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE

STRAIGHT-RUN STAIR QUARTER-TURN STAIR HALF LANDING STAIR

WINDING STAIR CIRCULAR STAIR SPIRAL STAIR

44
 AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE

Both Site 1 and Site 2 used half-landing concrete staircase in their construction.

Concrete stairs are designed as inclined, one-way reinforced slab with steps formed on the upper surface.
They require careful analysis of load, span and support conditions.

The following are the basic requirements for the construction of simple
reinforced concrete stairs:

Concrete mix usually specified as 1:1.5:3/3-10 mm aggregate (25-30

N/mm2)
Minimum cover of concrete over reinforcement 15mm or bar diameter,
to give a 1-hour fire resistance
Waist thickness between 100-2500 mm (depending on stair type)
Mild steel or high yield steel bars as reinforcement

FIGURE 5.4.1: SECTION OF CONCRETE STAIRCASE

SHEAR KEY
NOSING BARS STEEL DOWELS

HORIZONTAL BARS EXTEND

INTO SIDE WALL
STEEL
REINFORCEMENT
BEAM FOR SUPPORT

FIGURE 5.4.2: LONGITUDINAL SECTION

OF CONCRETE STAIRCASE 45
 AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE

STEP 1: Formwork of staircase is STEP 3: After the steel

set without riser board. Wooden 3 reinforcement is placed, stringer
stakes are added as bracing, and riser board is then nailed into
every 300mm. formwork so the riser and thread
4 can be formed after pouring the
2 concrete.

STEP 2: Steel reinforcement bars STEP 4: The concrete is poured

are placed in the formwork. from top and gradually flow to
spread evenly to the bottom, and
1 left to dry for 3 to 4 days. The
concrete is left to cure for 30 days
so the staining will occur properly.

FIGURE 5.4.3: COMPLETED

FIGURE 5.4.2: THE FORMWORK OF CONCRETE
CONCRETE STAIRCASE
STAIRCASE
46
 AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE

Doors and doorways provide access from outside into the interior of a building as well as passage between interior
spaces. Doorways should be large enough for ease of movement and to accommodate moving of furnishings and
equipment. All doors should be evaluated for their ease of operation, durability under anticipated frequency of use,
security provisions as well as light, ventilation and view they may offer.

Rough opening
The wall opening into which a
doorframe is fitted

Head
Stop The uppermost member of a doorframe
The projecting part of a
doorframe against which a door
closes
Jamb
Refers to either of the two side
members of a doorframe
Saddle
A raised piece of flooring between the jambs of
a doorway, to which a door fits closely so as to Casing
prevent binding when opened. The trim that finishes the joint
between a doorframe and its
rough opening

Threshold
The sill of a doorway, covering
the joint between two flooring
materials or providing weather
protection at an exterior door

47
 AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE

There are several types of doors available for use in construction in terms of operation and design, as listed below:

Swinging Surface Sliding

Exterior and interior use
Door turns on hinges about a side jamb
Requires space around doorway for door swing
Most convenient operation for entry and passage
Most effective door type for thermal and acoustic
insulation and for weather resistance
Exterior and interior use
Provides access through full width of doorway
Door is surface-hung on exposed overhead track
No operating space required but difficult to
weatherproof

Pocket Sliding
Interior use
Door slides on an overhead track into and out of a
Bypass Sliding recess within the width of the wall
Exterior and interior use
Door slides on overhead track and along
guides/track
Requires no operating space but difficult to seal
against weather and sound Folding
Offers access only through 50% of doorway width Interior use
Used on exterior as sliding glass doors and in Hinged door panels fold flat against one another
interiors for visual screening when opened 48
 AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE

There are several types of doors available for use in construction in terms of operation and design, as listed below:

FLUSH GLASS VISION NARROW LIGHT FULL-LOUVERED VISION/LOUVERED

A door frame is attached to the opening in which a door is to be fitted. It provides a surround for the door and is the
member to which a door is fixed or hung. Frames should be securely fixed to the wall in which they sit, using frame
fixings for masonry and screws for timber.

MASONRY WALLS WOOD STUD WALLS STEEL STUD WALLS

49
 AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE

Site 1 had a variety of doors used throughout its construction. The following are the types of doors used:
Main Entrance Painted solid timber door with architrave and timber frame
Bedrooms, bathrooms and store room Painted waterproofed timber flush door with metal frame
Others Clear glass sliding door with aluminium frame & aluminium louvred door with aluminium frame (shoerack)

Site 2 used timber flush door with zinculum frame.

FIGURE 6.1.1: TIMBER DOOR WITH FIGURE 6.1.2: GLASS SLIDING DOOR - SITE 1 FIGURE 6.1.3: ALUMINIUM LOUVRED
TIMBER FRAME - SITE 1 DOOR WITH ALUMINIUM FRAME

50
 AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE

Both Site 1 and Site 2 used metal door frame.

Site 1 used double repeated aluminium door frame where as Site 2 used single repeated zinculum frame.

FIGURE 6.1.4: ALUMINIUM DOOR FRAME - SITE 1 FIGURE 6.1.5: ZINCULUM DOOR FRAME - SITE 2

STANDARD DOUBLE-RABBET FRAME SINGLE RABBET FRAME

51

STEP 1: Location of the doors is
measured and marked. A few
layers of bricks are then placed
beside the markings.
STEP 4: For timber door frame,
wall is plastered and main frame is
installed. For aluminium door
frame, mortar is filled in the space
between the gap and masonry wall
before the wall is plastered.
STEP 2: The door frame is slotted
into the marked position. The jamb
of the door is nailed into the
masonry wall for support. Bricks
are then continued to be laid.
STEP 5: Shims are placed on the
hinges side to form a continuous
gap in between. The hinge is then
nailed into the side door jamb.
AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE
STEP 3: Pre-cast concrete lintel is
bind with mortar and placed on
top of the door head. Lintel is
constructed so that no excessive
vertical force is exerted on the
door frame.
STEP 6: Casing (architrave) is
installed to ensure cracks and
flaws in the joining is hidden.
52
 KHOR YEN MIN

Windows are openings in the wall or roof of a building that is fitted with glass or other transparent material in a frame
to admit light or air and allow people to see out.
Awning & Hopper
JAMB
Ventilation : 100%
FRAME Consists of operating sashes that
swing outward on hinges attached to
HINGE
the top of their frame.
Sliding
HANDLE
GLASS Ventilation : 50%
UNIT Consists two or more sashes which
WINDOW at least one slides along horizontal
RESPONSE BAR
PLATE grooves or tracks

BOLT Double-Hung
Ventilation : 50%
Consists of two vertically sliding
Window Terminology sashes which each in separate
grooves or tracks.
Fixed Jolousie
Ventilation : 0% Ventilation : 100%
Consists of a frame and Consists of horizontal glass or wood
stationary sash louvers that is slanted in a fixed angle
in a common frame.
Casement
Ventilation : 100% Pivoting
Consists of operating Ventilation : 100%
sashes that are side-hinged Consists of sashes that rotate 90 or
and usually swing outwards. 180 about a vertical or horizontal
axis at or near their centers. 53
 KHOR YEN MIN

Sliding Window Awning & Hopper + Fixed

Location : Kitchen Location: Bathroom Location: Bathroom

Type of frame: Natural Anodized Aluminium Type of frame: Natural
Ventilation: 50% Anodized Aluminium
Consists four sashes which allows them to slide Ventilation: 100% Ventilation: 0%
along horizontal grooves. Consists of an operating
Clear glass is used to allow user to see outside and sash that swing outward
to allow natural light in. on hinges attached to
Casement Window the top of their frame.
Upper window
Frosted glass is used as
privacy purposes but
allows natural light in.
Type of frame: Natural
Anodized Aluminium.
Consists of a frame
and stationary sash.
Act as privacy.
Lower window
Frosted glass is used
as privacy purposes
but allows natural light in.

Location: Bedrooms
Type of frame: Natural Anodized Aluminium
Ventilation: 100%
Consists of three operating sashes that are side
hinged which swing outwards.
Clear glass is used to allow user to see outside and
to allow natural light in.
54
 KHOR YEN MIN

Both site uses precast concrete lintel which are placed

above the window openings. Lintel is used as a
support beam and transfers the load to the wall either PRECAST
CONCRETE
side of the window. This can prevent the framework of LINTEL
the window from bending due to the weight of the
wall, floor and roof produce above the window DEFORMED
opening. REBAR

BRICK WALL

Cross-Section of Precast Concrete Lintel

FIGURE 6.2.1: WINDOW FIGURE 6.2.2: WINDOW

OPENINGS - SITE 1 OPENINGS - SITE 2
LINTEL

Precast Concrete Lintel on Site 1

FIGURE 6.2.3: WOODEN FIGURE 6.2.4: DEFORMED FIGURE 6.2.5: MAKING OF LINTELS FIGURE 6.2.6: PRECAST
FORMWORK - SITE 1 REBARS FOR LINTEL - SITE 1 BY A WORKER - SITE 1 CONCRETE LINTEL - SITE 1
55
 KHOR YEN MIN

STEP 1 Framework STEP 3 Drill a hole by STEP 5 Place and

is placed on the using the framework install the window
window opening hole as reference. carefully.

STEP 2 Check () STEP 4 - Place a STEP 6 Finish the
framework and wall window frame screw wall with sealant
into the hole.

Material Specifications
Formwork : Plywood
Framework :
Site 1 - Natural Anodized
Aluminium
Site 2 Zinculum (Aluminium
coated with zinc)

FIGURE 6.2.7: NATURAL FIGURE 6.2.8: ZINCULUM

ANODIZED ALUMINIUM FRAMEWORK - SITE 2
FRAMEWORK - SITE 1
56

There are several significant functions of a roof structure and it can be categorised into 4 main purposes:
1. Climate Barrier
The primary purpose of a roof is to prevent the weather
from entering interior spaces of a building/Structure. it
is also responsible for keeping the warm/cool air in
(depending on local climate). These 2 factors would
significantly improve user comfort and allow them to
carry out regular activities in a comfortable manner.
EXTERNAL CLIMATE
2. Strength & Stability
Another purpose of a roof is to have load-bearing
abilities. The roof must be able to support weight of
roof covering and structure and still be able to resist
the wind forces and applied load of snow. The roof
structure should be built as light as possible without
sacrificing safety and efficiency to keep imposed loads
on the supporting walls to a minimum. This is to
minimise the economic means to construct the roof
structure.
WIND FORCE + SNOW LOAD
WALLS IMPOSED LOAD
WONG ZHEN FAI
3. Fire Protection
Another significant function of roof is to prevent fire
from spreading to and from adjacent or adjoined
structures. The roof would need to have fire resistant
properties to ensure user safety and to prevent the fire
from affecting the structures integrity.
EXTERNAL FIRE
INTERNAL FIRE
4. Aesthetics
Different roof types and coverings can greatly affect
the appearance of the structure. There are various
colours and textures as elements for the design of roof
covering which would increase user appeal towards
the finished structure. The slope of the roof also
significantly affect the aesthetics.
DIFFERENT ROOF TYPE & COVERING
57
 WONG ZHEN FAI

There are numerous roof types and coverings available. Shown and illustrated below are the roof types and
coverings that are popularly used:

HIP ROOF GABLE ROOF DORMER ROOF GULL WNG ROOF

Poor ventilation Weak during extreme winds Requires careful construction Shaped like a gull
Stable during extreme Allows placement of window Improper construction would
winds for natural light lead to leaks and expensive
repairs

FLAT ROOF MONO-PITCHED ROOF MANSARD ROOF GAMBREL ROOF

Cost-efficient Single-sloped roof Allows maximum use of Allows wider buildings

Requires less materials the attic Shorter rafters
Stronger than pitched roofs Also known as French roof
Roof space can be used

58
 WONG ZHEN FAI

Our chosen site was Kepayang Heights 2 developed by GUH Properties located in Seremban. The roof type of the
houses are mono-pitched roofs and flat roofs.

What is a Mono-pitched roof?

Mono-pitched roofs are roofs with only one sloping surface. They
are usually not attached to any other parts of the roof.
It is also known as a pent roof, shed roof, lean-to roof or skillion
roof.

Advantages
This type of roof is gaining its popularity in homes nowadays
because of its modern aesthetics. Installation of the mono-
pitched roof is relatively simple compared to other types of roofs
because it only has one slope. Therefore, the construction cost is
usually lower.

OVERHANG

PITCH

RISE

RUN

59
 WONG ZHEN FAI

12 45 HIGH-PITCHED ROOF

11 42.5

10 40

9 37

8 33.75

7 30.5 MEDIUM-PITCHED ROOF

6 26.5

5 22.5

4 18.5 LOW-PITCHED ROOF

3 14

2 9.5

1 4.5 FLAT ROOF

PITCH DEGREE
12 INCHES
ROOF SLOPE ON SITE: 2/12

Slope is used to prevent accumulation of water

which would increase load-bearing weight.
60
 WONG ZHEN FAI

Material Used: Steel

A support brace is installed on the top plate of the wall bracing.

A ridge beam is added to the support brace. Struts are then

added to the ridge beam to create a higher end for the slope.

Rafters are added to the structure to allow roof covering to be

placed on later. After that, the outrigger and purlin will then be
attached to the structure.

The trusses are then added to increase the strength of the mono
birds mouth pitched roof.

61
 WONG ZHEN FAI

STEP 1: No tiles are used for the roof

covering. Zinculum is used because
of its durability and strength. It is also
thermal efficient which is suitable for
METAL DECK
(ZINCULUM) the warm local climate.

STEP 2: After that, RockWool is

layered because of its ability to
provide thermal and sound protection
for the roof. Since it is made from
ROCKWOOL stone, it also acts as a fire barrier.

STEP 3: Aluminium foil is then placed

because it reflects thermal radiation
very well and emits very little heat.
ALUMINIUM FOIL

STEP 4: Steel trusses and rafters act

as the base for the roof covering.

STEEL
RAFTERS

62
 WONG ZHEN FAI

PURLIN

RAFTER
FASCIA BOARD

OUTRIGGER
TOP PLATE

WALL BRACING

63
SITE AND SAFETY
Department of Occupational Safety and Health. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2015, from http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php?lang=en
Safety Handbook for Construction Site Workers. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2015, from http://www.labour.gov.hk/eng/public/os/D/ConstrutionSite.pdf

PLANTS AND MACHINERY

Pascal's Principle and Hydraulics. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2015, from http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/WindTunnel/Activities/Pascals_principle.html
Mobile cranes. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2015, from http://www.liebherr.com/AT/en-GB/default_at.wfw/measure-nonMetric
Nice, K. (n.d.). How Caterpillar Skid Steer Loaders & Multi Terrain Loaders Work. Retrieved October 19, 2015, fromhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-
equipment/skid-steer.htm
Crawler Excavators. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2015, from http://www.constructionequipment.com/crawler-excavators
Brain, M., & Harris, T. (n.d.). Backhoes. Retrieved October 19, 2015, from http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/backhoe-loader.htm
Concrete Mixers. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2015, from http://www.mcneiluscompanies.com/Concrete-Mixers/concrete-mixers.html

EXTERNAL WORK & SETTING OUT AND EARTH WORK

Ching, F. (2008). Building construction illustrated. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
Chudley, R. (1973). Construction technology. London: Longman.
Elkink, A. (2010). Retaining walls | BRANZ Build. BRANZ Build. Retrieved 10 October 2015, from http://www.buildmagazine.org.nz/articles/show/retaining-walls/
Varghese, P. (2007). Building construction. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India.

FOUNDATION
Barkauskas, F. (2002). Foundations. In Concrete construction manual (Detail ed., p. 168). Munich, Berlin: Birkhauser.
Deep Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_foundation
Don's Works. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2015, from http://cgetechnology.blogspot.my/2011/12/simple-method-statement.html
Foundations. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2015, from http://www.concretecentre.com/technical_information/building_solutions/foundations.aspx

SUPERSTRUCTURE
BEAM AND COLUMN
Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.
Hvard Vasshaug,. 'Concrete Reinforcement'. N.p., 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2015.
Reinforcing.com.au,. 'Reinforcing - Bar'. N.p., 2015. Web. 20 Oct. 2015.

SLAB
Cheah, D. (2012, January 25). Don's Works. Retrieved October 15, 2015, from http://cgetechnology.blogspot.my/2012/01/method-statement-casting-of-first-floor.html
Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2008). 4.05 - Concrete Slabs. In Building construction illustrated (4rd ed., p. 106). New York: Wiley.
Parker, H., & Ambrose, J. (1991). Simplified design of concrete structures (6th ed.). New York: Wiley.
Neufert, E. (2012). Floor Slabs. In Neufert Architects' data (Fourth ed., p. 80). Oxford: Blackwell Science.
Building Contruction I. (2015, July 13). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/jernjack/building-contruction-i-
50453012?ref=https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/key/4WmlXborUMw318
BCON Report. (2014, December 13). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/eugenepeng52/bcon-report-
42669612?ref=http://jsernphua.blogspot.my/2014/12/building-construction-1a-site-analysis.html
64
WALL
Brick Construction. (2005) (1st ed., pp. 1-19). North Carolina. Retrieved from http://www.pinehallbrick.com/userfiles/constructionguide_000.pdf
Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated. New York: Wiley.
DIY,. (2013). All About Ceiling and Wall Construction. Retrieved 18 September 2015, from http://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/rooms-and-spaces/walls-and-ceilings/all-
about-ceiling-and-wall-construction
Mishra, G. (2014). WALLS- TYPES, FEATURES AND DESIGN CONCEPT. The Constructor. Retrieved 18 September 2015, from
http://theconstructor.org/building/buildings/walls-types-features-and-design-concept/819/
Seeley, I. (1995). Building technology. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan.

STAIRCASE & DOORS

Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated. New York: Wiley.
Chudley, R., Greeno, R., Hurst, M., Topliss, S. (2011). Construction technology. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Chudley, R., Greeno, R. (2004). Advanced construction technology. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Neufert, E. (2012). Neufert Architects' data. Oxford: Blackwell Science.

WINDOWS
The Purpose Of A Lintel Over A Window Is To? (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from http://home-garden.blurtit.com/808962/the-purpose-of-a-lintel-over-a-window-is-to
Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2008). 8.22 - Window Elements. In Building construction illustrated (4th ed., p. 293). New York: Wiley.
Parker, H., & Ambrose, J. (1991). Simplified design of concrete structures (6th ed.). New York: Wiley.
Neufert, E. (2012). Glass. In Neufert Architects' data (Fourth ed., p. 104). Oxford: Blackwell Science.
Neufert, E. (2012). Windows. In Neufert Architects' data (Fourth ed., p. 96). Oxford: Blackwell Science.
Building Contruction I. (2015, July 13). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/jernjack/building-contruction-i-
50453012?ref=https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/key/4WmlXborUMw318
BCON Report. (2014, December 13). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/eugenepeng52/bcon-report-
42669612?ref=http://jsernphua.blogspot.my/2014/12/building-construction-1a-site-analysis.html

ROOFS
Roof Styles. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2015, from http://www.roofapedia.com/Roof-Info-Centre/1/Roof-Styles.aspx
(n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2015, from http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/mono-pitched roof
Parker Roofing. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2015, from http://parkerroofing.net/what-is-a-mono-pitched-roof/
The Product Types Ontology: Class Definition for "Mono-pitched roof" (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2015, from http://www.productontology.org/id/Mono-pitched_roof
Roof system types. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2015, from http://www.everybodyneedsaroof.com/roof-system-types

65