from Christopherson,

2001
3. How Rocks Deform

An undeformed sample
Under conditions representative of the
shallow crust, the marble is brittle.

An undeformed sample
 Under conditions representative of
the deeper crust, marble is ductile.

An undeformed sample
 min

max

inter

Differential Stress

Uniform Stress
 Development of dierent textures in
rocks of the same composi7on
dierent stresses

Granite, consisting of
quartz, feldspar, and mica
(the dark mineral) will
crystallized under a uniform
stress and mica grains will
be randomly oriented.

Whereas, under a
differential stress. Major as
well as Minor grains will be
oriented parallel to one
another and perpendicular
to the maximum stress
direction, giving the rock a
distinct foliation
Granite Granite-Gneiss
Rocks Under Stresses

( )

(e)
FAULTS
A fracture in rock along which blocks of rock slip
past each other is know as fault

Faults mainly occur as a zone called Fault Zone

Surface along which the block of rock slip is called

Fault Plane

Surface expression in form of elevated cli

exposed at the surface due to faul?ng is known as
Fault Scarp
 Naming faults
Faults that we see in the field or on surface are named and
classified on the basis of
The dip of the fault plane
The direction
The sense of offset or movement

We determine these components to establish

The direction of displacement
Sense of displacement
The amount or magnitude of displacement
 These all parameters are related with the
Slip : Is the actual relative displacement

On the basis of sense of slip the faults are

categorized as

Strike-slip faults

Dip slip faults

Parts of Faults
(Dip)
H= Heave: is the horizontal
component of the dip Hade
separation. It gives the
amount of land shifted
sideways

T= Throw: is the vertical

component of the dip
separation. It gives the Fault Plane
amount of vertical
displacement.

Hade: is the angle of a fault plane w.r.t. vertical

Dip: is the angle of a fault plane w.r.t. horizontal