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Fluid statics
turbulent flow
What is a fluid? Lecture 6
Density
Pressure
Dr Julia Bryant
Fluid pressure and depth
Pascals principle
Buoyancy
Archimedes principle
Fluid dynamics
web notes:
Reynolds number Fluidslect6.pdf
Equation of continuity
Bernoullis principle
Viscosity and turbulent flow viscosity.pdf
Poiseuilles equation
http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/teach_res/jp/fluids/wfluids.htm
1
Why do some liquids
splash more?
2
Why do cars need different oils in hot
and cold countries?
Z Assumptions
X L! A viscous fluid"
stationary wall"
5
A useful model plate moves with speed v!
Z
Viscous fluid will flow"
X L! Q: Direction?
Q: Highest speeds?
Q: Lowest speeds?
stationary wall"
6
A useful model:
plate moves with speed v!
Newtonian fluids
water, most gases vx = v!
high speed"
Z
linear
L! velocity
X
vx! gradient"
d
low speed"
(F/A) = (v / L)
stationary wall"
8
(F/A) = (v / L)
= (F / A)(L / v)
coefficient of viscosity (Greek letter eta).
The greater the coefficient of viscosity , the
greater the force required to move the plate at
a velocity v.
10
Viscosity
SI unit is (N.m-2)(m).(m-1.s) Pa.s
A common unit is the poise P (1 Pa.s = 10 P)
Fluid (mPa.s)
water (0 C) 1.8
water (20 C) 1.0
water (100 C) 0.3
Glycerine (20 C) 1490 = (F / A)(L / v)
white blood (37 C) ~4
blood plasma (37 ) ~1.5
engine oil (AE10) ~ 200
air 0.018 DEMO
Beer 1.32 - 2.20 (av. 1.57)
Viscosity is very temperature dependent.
Viscosity of a liquid decreases with increasing
temperature.
Viscosity of a gas increases with increasing
11
temperature.
Why can't you simply remove dust just by
blowing across a surface?
12
Boundary layer
When a fluid moves over a surface, there is a thin layer of the
fluid near the surface which is nearly at rest. This thin layer is
called the boundary layer.
13
Flow through a pipe"
2R! p1"
p2" Q = dV/dt!
p = p1 - p2"
Assumptions 16
We can guess that:
2R!
p"
Q = dV/dt!
L!
19
Volume Flow rate
Q = dV = p R4"
dt! 8 L!
22
Turbulence
Until now we have discussed laminar flow. When the motion
becomes too violent, eddies and vortices occur. We call this
turbulent motion.
23
Turbulence dissipates energy.
Turbulence
A transition from laminar flow to
turbulent flow occurs very suddenly
as the flow rate increases. Fast flow
increases the chance of turbulence.
24
Turbulence
.
When the flow becomes turbulent
there is a decrease in the volume flow
rate.
25
Turbulence
Turbulent flow occurs
when there are abrupt
changes in boundary
surfaces. The flow of blood
through a normal artery is
laminar. However, when
irregularities occur the flow
becomes turbulent. The
noise generated by the
turbulent flow can be heard
with a stethoscope.
26
REYNOLDS NUMBER
Re = v L /
density of fluid
v average flow velocity over the cross
section of the pipe
L characteristic dimension
As a rule of thumb, for a flowing fluid
Re = v L /
Re = (103)(5)(10) / (10-3)
= 103 kg.m-3
Re = 5x107
v = 5 m.s-1
L = 10 m
= 10-3 Pa.s 29
Blood circulation
Re = v L /
= 103 kg.m-3
v = 0.2 m.s-1
Re = 2000
on the boundary of turbulent flow 30
Bacterium
Re = v L /
= 103 kg.m-3
v = 30x10-6 m.s-1
L = 1 m
= 10-3 Pa.s
Re = (103)(30x10-6)(1x10-6) / (10-3)
Re = 3x10-5
31
A large artery in a dog has an inner radius of 4.0010-3 m. Blood flows
through the artery at the rate of 1.0010-6 m3.s-1. The blood has a
viscosity of 2.08410-3 Pa.s and a density of 1.06103 kg.m-3.
Calculate:
(i) The average blood velocity in the artery.
(ii) The pressure drop in a 0.100 m segment of the artery.
(iii) The Reynolds number for the blood flow.
32
Solution
(i) The average blood velocity in the artery. radius R = 4.0010-3 m
Equation of continuity: Q = A v
Q = 1.0010-6 m3.s-1
A = R2 = (4.0010-3)2 blood = 2.08410-3 Pa.s
= 5.0310-5 m2
v = Q / A = 1.0010-6 / 5.0310-5 m.s-1 blood = 1.06010-3 kg.m-3
= 1.9910-2 m.s-1
P = 8 L Q / ( R4)
P = (8)(2.08410-3)(0.1)(1.0010-6) / {()(4.0010-3)4} Pa
P = 2.07 Pa
(v) Discuss: The pressure drop along the segment of the artery.
Viscosity internal friction energy dissipated as thermal energy "
pressure drop along artery"
(vi) Discuss: The significance of the value of the Reynolds number "
Cohesive forces
between molecules
layers of fluid slide past
each other generating
frictional forces
energy dissipated (like Parabolic velocity
rubbing hands together) profile