Asymmetric Bandpass Filter Using a Novel Microstrip Circuit PLL. Field, 1. C. Hunter, Member, IEEE, J. G. Gardiner Absiract—A method for iereasing the skirt selectivity on on side of a bandpass filter Is presented. One such application the receive iter of a PCN’ mobile terminal Am asymmetric ‘ymhesis method hasbeen use, realising ite transmission ros as ers coupling. A novel microstrip structure has been devised {o demonstrate the eeetrical design. Although the insertion Ys Ieasured was greater than that required for practical sy tem, the procedure described 5 applicable to compact dielectric resonator structures with potently lower les capably. 1. tytRopuerion THE requirements of microwave fiters become more Stringent, there i an ineteasing need 10 introduce asym- imetry in onder to increase the selectivity of one of the attenuation skits. One such application is the front-end #0- ‘vive filer of UK Personal Communication Network (PCN) tuansceiver unit. The DCS-1800 standard t© be adopted st 1.8 GHr is based upon the 900-MHz. GSM Pan-European igitl cellular system. The receive iter (passband 1808-1880 MHz) must provide >S0-dB isolation from the transmit signal (1710-1785 MHz) for full duplex, and >30 dB for time Avision duplex operation. Whilst the intended sir-iterface sandard does not require full duplex operation by filtering, service enancements may be achievable by providing this feature. This implies a greater selectivity requirement than the previous cellular systems. There are restrictions on insertion loss, cost, size and weight. Hence itis desirable to realize the mobile RF filer using an asymmetric frequency response to minimize the numberof resonant sections required 1, SYNTHESIS OF Asvwsteriic FiLteR A filter synthesis software package has been developed 10 produce a low-pass prototype with an asymmetric frequency response, based upon previous work applied 0 microwave waveguide filters described by Cameron {1} 2]. By placing a finite transmission zero on the splane imaginary axis a notch can be obained at «predetermined frequency inthe stop-band ofthe filter, A further package has been developed to transform to a bandpass lumped element circuit. The use of a synthesis method, rather than direct formulae (3), [4], permits greater Aexibility in the placing of zero postions ‘The transfer function S,() of a lossless reciprocal 2-port, [Mh degree Chebyshev network can be defined by (1), where Manos reciedDesenbe 31,1991 {rc ashore wih be Telsouncaions Resch Grp, Depmene sf Bete Engineering, Unies of Ban, Bru, Yorks, BOT ‘pp. TEE Log Nanber 920850, «the equripple Factor, is related tothe prescribed insertion oss ripple, a: ee Teer) vi0e—1, w ‘The characteristic function Fiy() for the general Cheby- shev function is given by: Fry(a) = cosh [Som ‘en an 74), (2) i ting the postin of te th ansmision ze inthe ompcn plac whee 6 = jo. Fora symmevie low ps ftetng uncon ll be waismision ze te tiny, rte} canbe expesiel st ganic of wo panama aby where 2 rats) = 2, Hy = T] (- en). 8 ‘The numerator, Py() can be generated using the recursive technique detailed in [1]. The denominator, Hy(), being Tormed from the tansmission zexo positions. ‘A transfer function with an even number of poles, N and N ~ 2 finite-ransmission zeros placed arbitrarily on the imaginary axis in the s-plane can be realized using a low- [pass prototype with diagonal and vertical cross-couplings ‘The network can be synthesised extracting each element by pre-multiplying by its inverse, as detailed in (2) The network can then be transformed to a narrow-band bandpass response. In the general case, the coupling values will be of mixed sign. Positive admittance inverters can be approximated by [] capacitor networks, and negative inverters by TT inductor circuits, To realize a practical layout the sign fof some of the couplings can be reversed, scaling each of usi-e20r9asia.0n © 1999 IEEECot o_ INCH Fg. 2. Asymmec mivosipe. the inverters adjoining @ node by -1. Shunt resonant elements ‘can be scaled to practical values by introducing impedance transformers into the inverters, JL, Microsreim FitreR ‘To test the operation of the synthesis method a novel form of microstrip filter employing semi-lumped elements has been devised. Although the quality factor (Q) attainable is much lower than that require for a practical duplexer the electrical design could be applied to dielectric resonator structures with potentially low-loss capability ‘A sixth-arder 0.1-dB insertion loss ripple function with two transmission zeros close to the transmit band-edge (low- pass valves —j1.51,—j1.81) was found to provide >60-6B. Sop-band attenuation. After transforming from low-pass the bandpass circuit shown in Fig. 1 was obtained, Shunt inductor values of approximately 4 nlf and inductive cross couplings have been used to yield a practical layout “The microstrip filter, shown in Fig. 2, was constructed using an unshielded Duriod substrate relative peemitivity «= 2.55. ‘A relatively thick substrate (0.060 inch) was used to maxi- Imize the attainable Q. Resonators have been realized using clectrically short length of low-impedance line to form shunt capacitors, with a high-impedance short circuited stub joined at Function to form shunt inductors. Approximate dimensions ‘were calculated using formulae given by Edwards (5]. More exact values were determined by optimizing dimensions using aan RF CAD system, taking discontinuities into account, using the resonant frequency (ap) and susceptance slope parameter (by = 1/lupLn)) [6] calculated from the lumped element ‘model. Capacitive couplings (~ 0.03 ~0.06 pF) were realized using gaps between the 1ow-impedance lines. The dimensions for the series capacitors were obtained by converting the microstrip gap CAD model to its equivalent [J-iruit from the simulated Yiparameter measurements. Lumped element trimmer capacitors were used 10 realize the relatively high values (= 0.3 pF) fr the input and output capacitances. High- series inductance values (© 250— 1100 nH) were required for negative couplings. The series inductance (Ly) of a quarter wavelength high-impedance (Z,) line ean be calculated from (S] (Zoi = 18902, Lye = 11.5 ni), To decrease the coupling the line can be tapped close to the ground point ‘on the distributed shunt inductor. The sbunt inductor acts 35 1 polental divider increasing the effective series inductance as seen at the input of the resonator. The position of the inductive couplings were optimized using a [}-section model consisting of lapped highimpedance line and adjoining shun resonators To minimize the eflect of additional coupling between the parallel shunt inductor lines (which was not ‘included in the simulation) the distance betwoen resonators was maximized by using relatively small inductor values (= 4 fall) and large capacitor values (~ 1.4 — 1.9 pF). As the high- ‘impedance inductive lines are more lossy’ than the capacitive sections, this will maximize the atainable resonator Q. The ‘complete filter was simulated using the dimensions determined for each section. The postion of the tap points were adjusted to optimize the transmission zero postions. IV, Resutrs ‘The measured performance of the iter is shown in Fig, 3. A center frequency of 1720 MHz was measured that is slihily lower than the design value of 1842.5 MHz. This may bbe accounted for by additional stray inductance at the ground connection points and inaccuracies of the etching process. midband insertion loss of 64 dB, and 3B bandwidth of 62 MH were measured. A stopband attenuation of 40 dB wasachieved atthe transmission zero positions of 1705 MHz and 1720 MH V. Conctusion [An asymmetric synthesis technique has been applied to bandpass filters to improve the skitt selectivity on one sie of the passband. This approach permits greater flexibility in placing transmission zeros. The use of a novel microsteip structure has demonstrated the validity of introducing cross couplings to realize stopband transmission zeros. Due to the low-Q of the microstrip structure the mid-band insertion loss (6-448) andthe attenuation achieved athe stopband notch (40 {JB} were not adequate forthe mobile radio terminal. However, the design approach is currently being applied to 2 dielectric resonator structure t realize a compact 1oW-loss filter. REFERENCES [11 R. 3. Camron “Fast geen of Chebyiov er prtrpes with symmetry rset! tasmision 205" ESA J, wo 820 e895, 1982, 2) SGererl pype setvorksyatss mebuds for micowene ‘hem £94, Vm. 2p. 193-206, 1982. 1b] R Ley, “kere wih single nonin aes a eo inagary fropeaties” EEE Trane Mcrae Poy Tech vol MEI, 2 Sopp 172381, Age 176, (4) T Romana and KGa, "Ateoutn pol type ssi lr fr Skee, n IEEE Whiaor Technol Con, Orland, FL, Ny 180, pp 68 131 FC: bands, Founda for Misr Cet Desin Chichester: Wiley, 1981, pp 21-218, (61 G Le Mtoe Young, aE MT. Jones lore Fite Impedance Matching Neots, and Coupling Sars Dean ‘Asch Howse, 1990, pp. 30-11