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8.15 8.30 Group work Discuss questions and prepare a talk of definitions
Question :10 to 18
8.30 8.45 Group wise presentation
8.45 10.00 Numerical modelling and formulation of finite difference equations
10.00 10.30 Break
10.30 11.00 Numerical modelling and formulation of finite difference equations
11.00 13.00 Exercises 2
13.00 14.00 Implementation of boundary conditions
14.00 16.00 Exercise 2
1
Questions
1. How is the saturated zone defined
2. What is an aquifer?
3. What is an aquitard?
4. What is an unconfined aquifer?
5. What is a confined aquifer?
6. What is a conceptual model?
7. How is specific storage defined ?
8. How is specific yield defined?
9. How is storage coefficient defined?
10. What is hydraulic conductivity?
11. What is the difference between hydraulic conductivity and permeability ?
12. What is transmissivity?
13. What is the typical range for hydraulic conductivity for sand?
14. What is the typical range for hydraulic conductivity for clay?
15. How is hydraulic head defined?
16. What is the Darcy velocity?
17. What is the pore water velocity?
18. Which two equations is joined in the governing equation for groundwater flow? 2
Mathematical basis for groundwater flow
The equation of continuity equation combined with the
Darcy equation
2h 2h 2h h
K x 2 K y 2 K z 2 R SS
x y z t
3
Numerical models
Finite difference modeller:
square cells
rectangular cells
4
Numerical models
Finite element models:
5
Numerical models
Spatial discretisation - consider:
Purpose of modelling
Variations in hydraulic head (Near well fields, rivers, faults, etc.)
Geological layers
Locations of well fields
Exchange with rivers
Computational resources
Discretisation in time - consider:
Purpose of modelling
Head/flow variation at boundaries
Timescale of involved processes
.
6
Description of Finite Difference equations for 3D groundwater flow
hi,j,k+1
hi,j+1,k
hi-1,j,k hi+1,j,k
dz
hi,j,k-1
dy
hi,j-1,k
dx
7
Description of Finite Difference equations for 3D groundwater flow
Equation of continuity:
in - out sto
t Q x Q x Q y Q y Q z Q z R sto
hin, j ,1k hin11, j ,k
hin11, j ,k hin, j ,1k
Q Kxi 12, j ,k yz Q Kxi 12 , j ,k yz
x x
x x
8
Description of Finite Difference equations for 3D groundwater flow
Effective conductivity on the cell edges :
2 2
Kxi 12 , j ,k , Kxi 12 , j ,k
1 1 1 1
Kxi 1, j ,k Kxi , j ,k Kxi 1, j ,k Kxi , j ,k
2 2
Kyi , j 12 ,k , Kyi , j 12 ,k
1 1 1 1
Kyi , j 1,k Kyi , j ,k Kyi , j 1,k Kyi , j ,k
dzi , j ,k 1 dzi , j ,k dzi , j ,k 1 dzi , j ,k
Kzi , j ,k 12 , Kzi , j ,k 12
dzi , j ,k 1 dzi , j ,k dzi , j ,k 1 dzi , j ,k
Kzi , j ,k 1 Kzi , j ,k Kzi , j ,k 1 Kzi , j ,k
Storage:
9
Description of Finite Difference equations for 3D groundwater flow
Equation of continuity and the Darcy equation
hin, j ,1k hin11, j , k hin11, j , k hin, j ,1k hin, j ,1k hin, j 11, k hin, j 11, k hin, j ,1k
Kx i 12 , j , k y z Kx i 12 , j , k y z Ky i , j 12 , k x z Ky i , j 12 , k x z
x x y y
hin, j ,1k hin, j ,1k 1 hin, j ,1k 1 hin, j ,1k hin, j ,1k hin, j , k
Kz i , j , k 12 x y Kz i , j , k 12 x y R S S x y z
z z t
y z n 1 y z n 1 x z n 1 x z n 1
Kx i 12 , j , k hi 1, j , k Kx i 12 , j , k hi 1, j , k Ky i , j 12 , k hi , j 1, k Ky i , j 12 , k hi , j 1, k
x x y y
x y n 1 x y n 1
Kz i , j , k 12 hi , j , k 1 Kz i , j , k 12 hi , j , k 1
z z
y z y z x z x z x y x y S S x y z n
Kx i 12 , j , k Kx i 12 , j , k Ky i , j 12 , k Ky i , j 12 , k Kz i , j , k 12 Kz i , j , k 12 hi , j ,
x x y y z z t
hin, j , k
R S S x y y
t
Ahin11, j , k Bhin11, j , k Ch in, j 11, k Dh in, j 11, k Ehin, j ,1k 1 Fhin, j ,1k 1 Gh in, j ,1k H
10
Description of Finite Difference equations for 1D groundwater flow
Equation of continuity and the Darcy equation
h in 1 h in11 h in11 h in 1 h in 1 h in
Kx i 1 2 y z Kx i 1 2 y z R S S x y z
x x t
xR h in 1 h in
h i
n 1
h n 1
i 1 Kx i 1
2
h n 1
i 1 h i
n 1
Kx i 1
2
y z
t
S S x x
Kx i 12 h Kx n 1
i 1
i 12 h n 1
i 1
Kx
i 12 Kx i 12
S S x x n 1
hi
t
x h in
R S x x
y z t
B1 C1 h1 D1
A2 B2 C2 h2 D2
A n 1 B n 1 C n 1 h n 1 D n 1
An B n hn Dn
12
h in11, j , k constant
Implementation of boundary conditions
Prescribed head or Dirichlets condition h in11, j , k h in, j ,1k h in11, j , k
x and / y z
xR h in, j 1 h in, j
h n 1
i , j ,k h n 1
i 1, j , k Kx i 1
2, j ,k
h n 1
i 1, j , k h n 1
i , j ,k Kx i 1
2, j ,k
y z
t
S S x x
Kx i 1
2, j ,k
h n 1
i 1, j , k
S x x
Kx i 1 2 , j , k Kx i 1 2 , j , k S
t
n 1
hi , j ,k
R
x
y z
h in, j , k
t
S x x Kx i 1 2 , j , k h in11, j , k
14
Boundary conditions
Prescribed flux or Neumanns condition h in11, j , k h in, j ,1k h in11, j , k
q i 1 2 ,j,k Kx i 1 2 , j , k y z constant
x
1D FD equations
Kx i 1
2, j ,k h n 1
i 1, j , k
Kx i 1 2 , j , k h in, j ,1k R
x
y z
h in, j , k
t
S x x q i 12 , j ,k
16
H in, j ,1k
q i*, j , k C i , j ,k
Boundary conditions h in, j ,1k h in11, j , k
h in11, j , k
Semipermeable or Cauchys condition
(Leakage between aquifers, surface water groundwater flow, etc.) q in,1 q in,1
j ,k j ,k
*
q i,j,k h in, j ,1k H in, j ,1k C i , j , k Surface water elevation
Leakage coefficient
1D FD equations
h in 1 h in11 h in11 h in 1 h in 1 h in
x
Kx i 1 2 y z
x
n 1
Kx i 1 2 y z R C h i H in 1
x y
t
S S x y z
xR n 1 x x h in 1 h in
h i
n 1
h n 1
i 1 Kx i 1
2
h n 1
i 1 h i
n 1
Kx i 1
2
y z
n 1
C hi H i
z
t
S S x x
Kx i 2 1 h
Kx n 1
i 1
i 2
1 h n 1
i 1
Kx i 2
1
Kx i 2
1 C
x x S S x x n 1
z
t
hi
x n 1 x x h in
R CH i S x x
y z z t
All known terms