Page | 1

A PROJECT REPORT ON

MARGINAL COSTING WITH DECISION MAKING

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIRMENT FOR

MASTER OF COMMERCE (M. COM.)

ACCOUNTANCY GROUP

SEMESTER-II

IN THE SUBJECT

ADVANCED COST ACCOUNTING

TO

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

BY

SAMPADA DEEPAK SHELAR

ROLL NO. 15A121

2015-2016

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROF. GANESH BHOSALE

CHETANAS

H. S. COLLEGE OF COMMERCE & ECONOMICS,

SMT KUSUMTAI CHAUDHARI COLLEGE OF ARTS

BANDRA (EAST), MUMBAI-400051

 Page | 2

CERTIFICATE

I, GANESH BHOSALE hereby certify that Sampada Deepak Shelar, Roll No.

15A121 of M. Com. Semester-II of Chetanas M. Com Center, has sucessfully

completed project on Marginal Costing With Decision Making in the subject

Advanced

Cost Accounting for the Academic year 2015 2016

______________________ _____________________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

_____________________ ______________________

Coordinator Principal
 Page | 3

DECLARATION

I, Sampada Deepak Shelar student of Master of Commerce (M.

Com.)Accountancy

Group Semester II, Roll No. 15A121 of Chetanas H. S. College of Commerce

&

Economics & Smt. K. C. College of Arts,(CHETANAS M. COM. CENTER)

Bandra(East), Mumbai 400 051,Hereby declare that I have completed the project

Marginal Costing With Decision Making in the subject Advanced Cost Accounting
for

the Academic Year 2015 2016

___________________________________

Sampada Deepak Shelar

Date: 2nd March, 2016

 Page | 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this juncture, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to

those who have helped me directly or indirectly during this project.

My sincere thanks to Prof. Ganesh Bhosale for his whole hearted

support, constructive advice and practical guidance. I would also like

to thank the college library for the reference material and

information used.

______________________________

Sampada Deepak Shelar

 Page | 5

INDEX
SR. NO TOPIC PAGE.NO

1 INTRODUCTION TO MARGINAL COSTING 6

2 FEATURES OF MARGINAL COSTING 9

3 10
ADVANTAGES & DISAVANTAGES OF MARGINAL COSTING

4 BREAK EVEN ANAYSIS 12

5 MARGINAL COSTING AND DECESSION MAKING 16

6 ASCERTAINING MISSING FIGURES 20

7 23
MARGINAL COSTING PRO-FORMA

8 PROBLEM AND SOLUTION 24

 Page | 6

9 CONCLUSION 27

10 BIBLOGRAPHY 28

INTRODUCTION TO MARGINAL COSTING

The costs that vary with a decision should only be included in decision analysis. For many
decisions that involve relatively small variations from existing practice and/or are for
relatively limited periods of time, fixed costs are not relevant to the decision. This is
because either fixed costs tend to be impossible to alter in the short term or managers are
reluctant to alter them in the short term. Marginal costing distinguishes between fixed costs
and variable costs as convention ally classified. The marginal cost of a product is its
variable cost. This is normally taken to be; direct labor, direct material, direct expenses
and the variable part of overheads.

Like Marginal costing or job costing, Marginal costing is not a distinct method of
ascertainment of cost but is a technique which applies existing methods in a particular
manner so that the relationship between profit & the volume of output can be clearly
brought out. Marginal costing ascertains marginal or variable costs & the effect on profit, of
the changes in volume or type of output, by differentiating between variable costs & fixed
costs. To any type of costing such as historical, standard, Marginal or job; the Marginal
costing technique may be applied.

Under the Marginal of Marginal costing, from the cost components, fixed costs are
excluded. The difference which arises between the variable costs incurred for activities &
 Page | 7

the revenue earned from those activities is defined as the gross margin or contribution. It
may relate to total sales or may relate to one unit.

For the business as a whole, Contribution earned by specific products or group of products,
are added so as to calculate the pool of total contribution. The fixed costs of the business
are paid from this pool & then the part of the total contribution which remains becomes
the profit of the business as a whole.

A typical format for Marginal costing statement is as below:

Product types or departments A B C Total

Sales Revenue X X X X
Less Variable cost of production X X X X
Contribution X X X X
Less: Fixed Costs X
Total Profit X

Under Marginal costing, for the calculation of profits for individual products or
departments, no attempt is made- only calculation of individual Contribution is done. The
fixed cost does not allocated to or gets absorbed by the individual products or departments.
Thus, accounting techniques relating to the treatment of fixed costs will not influence the
decisions which are based on Marginal costing system.

Examples of typical problems which require executive decisions are:

At a lower price should a particular order be accepted or declined?

Should purchase of a particular component be made from an outside supplier or

manufactured within the factory?
 Page | 8

Concentration should be given on which products?

By which profit-mix, profit will be maximized?

What should be the effect on the business when an existing department is being
closed or a new department is being opened?

To make up for wage rise, what should be the additional volume of business?

MEANING OF MARGINAL COSTING

It is the amount by which total cost increases when one extra unit is produced, or the
amount of cost which can be avoided by producing one unit less.Accordingly, marginal cost
may also be defined as the variable cost incurred due toa specific activity. It is concerned
with variable costs, because fixed costs bydefinition do not change with the volume
produced.

DEFINATION OF MARGINAL COSTING

The Official C.I.M.A Costs of the Terminology defines Marginal costing as, Theaccounting
system in which variable costs are changed to costs units and fixed period are written off in full against the
aggregate contribution. Its special value isin decision-makingAccordingly, Marginal cost =
Variable cost = Direct material + Direct labor +Direct expenses + Variable overheads.

Marginal costing is formally defined as:the accounting system in which variable costs are
charged to cost units and the fixed costs of the period are written-off in full against the
aggregate contribution. Its special value is in decisionmaking.The term contribution
mentioned in the formal definition is the term given to the difference between Sales and
 Page | 9

Marginal cost. ThusM A R G I N A L C O S T = VAR I A B L E

C O S T D I R E C T L A B O U R +DIRECT MATERIAL+DIRECT
EXPENSE+VARIABLE OVERHEADSCONTRIBUTION SALES - MARGINAL
COST.The term marginal cost sometimes refers to the marginal cost per unit and sometimes
to the totalmarginal costs of a department or batch or operation.

FEATURES OF MARGINAL COSTING

Classification of costs into fixed costs & variable costs is done under Marginal
costing system. Also semi-fixed or semi-variable cots get further classified into
fixed & variable elements.

To the product, only variable elements of cost, which constitute marginal cost, are
attached.

After the marginal cost & marginal contribution are taken into consideration; price
is fixed.

From the total contribution for any period, fixed cost for the period are deducted.

The profitability of a department or product is decided by the marginal contribution.

At variable production cost, the valuation of work-in-progress & finished product is

made.
 P a g e | 10

ADVANTAGES OF MARGINAL COSTING

As there is involvement of computation of variable costs only in Marginal costing, it

is easy to understand & operate the same.

Among different products or departments, arbitrary apportionment of fixed costs is

avoided & the under-recovery or over-recovery problems are eliminated.

Any attempt of measurement of relative profitability of different products or

different departments becomes complicated due to the arbitrary apportionment of
fixed costs.

Analysis of contribution, break even charts & analysis of cost-volume-profit-

analysis are resulted out of a Marginal costing system; for making short term
decisions all of these are important.

More uniform & realistic figures are resulted out of Marginal costing system
because fixed overhead costs are excluded from valuation of stock & work-in-
progress.

Apportionment of responsibility of control can be more easily done since to each

level of management only variable costs are presented over which they have
control.

The effects of their decisions can be more readily seen by all levels of management-
sometimes even before taking of an action.

DISAVANTAGES OF MARGINAL COSTING

The Marginal of separating semi-variable or semi-fixed costs into their variable & fixed
elements is an arbitrary exercise which at different levels of output may be subject to
 P a g e | 11

fluctuations & inaccuracy. Consequently, a substantial degree of error may be contained in

the basic cost information which is used in decision making Marginal.

When selling prices are based on marginal costs, great care need to be exercised, as
in the long run, all fixed overheads should be covered by the prices & a reasonable
margin over & above the total costs should be left.

Under many circumstances, the deduction of contribution made by some production

units may be difficult. Thereby the effectiveness of the system is lost.

Since on the basis of variable costs only the valuation of stock of finished goods &
work-in-progress is done, they are always understated. As result profit is also
understated.

More effective utilization of present resources or by expansion of resources or by

mechanization, increased production & sales may be effected. The disclosure of this
fact cannot be done by Marginal costing.

BASIC PRINCIPAL OF MARGINAL COST PRICING

For years economists have noted the benefits of marginal cost basedprices and have
advocated their use. Not until fairly recently, however,has the concept of marginal cost
pricing received widespread attention inelectric utility ratesetting in the United States.
Economic theory statesthat maximum economic benefits to society can be achieved if
prices are setequal to marginal costs. Marginal cost is the cost of producing one
additionalunit of an industry's output, other things remaining the same. Ifthe price of all
units sold is set equal to the marginal cost, the customerwill pay an amount that adequately
reflects the cost to society ofproducing the product. In this way, economic efficiency is
 P a g e | 12

achieved inthat society's scarce resources are used in productive Marginals where theprices
of finished goods and services adequately reflect the actual costsof producing them.

CONTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

Contribution is the most important concept in Marginal costing. It is, as seen above equal to Sales
Less
Variable Cost. Contribution is the profit before adjusting the fixed costs. Marginal costing is
concerned with the `product costs` rather than the `periods costs`. Contribution indicates the
Product profit = product Income product cost i.e.
Contribution = sale Value Variable cost.

Marginal costing assumes that ht excess of sales value over variable costs contributes to a fund
which will cover fixed costs as well as provide the concern`s profits. The amount of contribution is
credited to the marginal profit and loss account. The fixed costs are debited to the marginal profit
and loss account. If the contribution is equal to the fixed costs, the concern is said to break- even
profit. If the contribution is less than the fixed costs, there will be net loss. Thus, the fixed costs
which are period costs do not affect the product cost. Fixed costs are directly adjusted in the profit
and loss account prepared for the relevant period. The concept of contribution plays a key role in
assisting the management in taking many important decisions such as-
1. Deciding the break-even point,
2. Deciding which article to produce, or continue or discontinue to produce,
3. Deciding the quantity of each article to be produce or sold,
4. Fixing the selling price, especially in a trade depression, or for a special order.

The difference between contribution and accounting profit is explained below.

No. Contribution Profit
1. It is a concept used in Marginal costing. It is an accounting concept.
2. It is before deducting Fixed Costs. It is after deducting Fixed Costs.
3. At break- over point, Contribution is equal to Profit arises only when Sales go beyond the
fixed cost. break- even point.

BREAK EVEN ANAYSIS

 P a g e | 13

Break even point means the point of no profit and no loss. BEP is the volume of output or sales at
which the total cost is exactly equal to the revenue. Below the BEP the concern makes losses, at the
BEP, the concern makes neither profit nor loss, above the BEP, the concern earns profits.

The focal point of this analysis is the determination of the sales volume (in pesos or in
units) that will equal its total revenues to its total costs, thus, where the profit equals zero.
As stated earlier, since direct connection of expenses to production cannot be conclusively
established under functional classification of costs, analysis under CVP, as well as BE
analysis, is directed towards cost behavior. Thus, if we reclassify our costs from functional
to behavioral, our income statement would look like this:

Sales Xx
Less: Variable Cost (VC) (xx)
Contribution Margin (CM) Xx
Less: Fixed Cost (xx)
Profit (loss) Xx

Contribution Margin (CM) is the excess of sales over variable cost or the excess from sales
when variable costs are deducted. It can be computed per unit or total. In computing for the
CM per unit, simply deduct the VC per unit from the selling price of each unit. This is also
synonymous with marginal income, marginal balance, profit contribution and others.
 P a g e | 14

Assumptions and Limitations Underlying

BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS

1. All costs are classified as either fixed or variable. If not impossible or impractical,
dividing costs into the variable and fixed cost elements as an extremely difficult job.
This is attributable to the inherent nature or characteristics of the cost per se.

2. Fixed costs remain constant within the relevant range. Fixed costs remain
unchanged at any level of activity within the relevant range, even at the zero level.

3. The behavior of total revenues and total costs will be linear over the relevant
range, i.e. will appear as a straight line on the BE chart. This is based on the idea
that variable costs vary in direct proportion to volume; the fixed costs remain
unchanged, hence drawn as a straight horizontal line on the graph within the
relevant range; and that selling price is constant.

4. In case of multiple product companies, the selling prices, costs and proportion of
units (sales mix) sold will not change. This cannot always be correct. Sales mix
ratio may be due to the change in the consuming habits of customers. Selling prices
of the individual products may likewise change due to competition, popularity and
salability of the products, etc.

5. There is no significant change in the inventory levels during the period under
review. Stated in another way, production volume is assumed to be almost (if not
exactly) equal to the sales volume, which causes an immaterial (or none at all)
difference between the beginning and ending inventories.

6. Other assumptions which have already been discussed in the preceding numbers,
are again credited and highlighted here as follows:

o Unit selling price will remain constant.

 P a g e | 15

o Unit variable cost will not change. (This may include

prices of the factors of production like material costs, labor costs etc.)

o There will be no change in efficiency and productivity.

o The design of the product will not change.(A change in the design of the
product may bring about a change in production costs, selling price and
production volume.

Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis

Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis analysis is defined as a systematic examination of

the relationships among costs, activity levels, or volume, and profit. CVP analysis
establishes the relationship of profit to level of sales. And one of these relationships is the
Break-even analysis.

Since direct connection of expenses to production cannot be conclusively established

under functional classification of costs, analysis under CVP is directed towards cost
behavior; the way costs behave or change with respect to a change in the activity level.
Costs can be classified according to its behavior as:

1. Fixed Costs
These are costs that do not change regardless of changes in the level of activity
within a relevant range. In other words, they remain constant regardless of the
change in the activity level per total; however, fixed cost per unit is inversely
proportional to the activity level

2. Variable Costs
In total, these costs change directly and proportionately with the level of activity.
 P a g e | 16

As the activity level increases, variable cost per total will also increase
proportionately to the increase in activity level. However, variable cost per unit
remains constant, within the relevant range.

3. Semi-Variable Costs

Costs that varies with the change of activity level but not proportionately, they are
called semi-variable costs. They may either increase at an increasing rate or
increase at a decreasing rate. A typical example of this is the cost of electricity
(increasing at an increasing rate) because it is subject to graduated brackets, thus,
the greater the consumption, the higher the rate per kilowatt hour as they will be
categorized in a higher bracket.

4. Semi-Fixed Costs
This kind of costs has the characteristics of both variable and fixed cost and is
usually known as the step function cost or step cost. Like semi-variable cost, semi-
fixed cost increases with activity level but not proportionately. And like fixed cost,
it is constant for some stretches of activity levels.

5. Mixed Costs
Costs that cannot be identified by a single cost behavior pattern are called mixed
costs. This kind of cost is composed of variable and fixed cost. We have concluded
earlier that costs are more meaningful when they are classified according to
behavior. When costs therefore are mixed, it is important that we know how to
segregate them. Some tools and techniques popularly used are the High-Low
Method, Scatter Graph Method, Regression Analysis, and Correlation

MARGINAL COSTING AND DECESSION MAKING

 P a g e | 17

The supreme goal of every management is to maximize profits. To achieve this goal, management
has to take several decisions regarding the marginal unit, the product mix, the pricing, making or
buying an Article and so on. It has also to ascertain the cost that are controllable and establish a
system to actually control them. Marginal costing is an effective policy decisions such as pricing,
product mix, special offers, discontinued a product, optimum level of production, cost control and
so on. It also help in profit planning`. Marginal costingenables the management to study different
scenarios (cost and revenue situations) under various alternatives. The management can plan its
short- term profits.

WHEN MARGINAL COSTING IS USEFUL FOR FIXING PRICE

Marginal costing helps the management in taking price decisions. In Absorption costing, the prices
are fixed so as to cover the total costs which include Fixed Costs as well as Variable Costs. In
Marginal costing the price can be fixed on the basis of only Variable Costs. This can be useful in the
following situations
when supply exceeds demand
pricing of new products
utility services
cut-throat competition in market
Export orders or special orders.

Techniques of Costing

Besides the methods of costing, following are the types of costing techniques which are
used by management only for controlling costs and making some important managerial
decisions. As a matter of fact, they are not independent methods of cost finding such as job
or Marginal costing but are basically costing techniques which can be used as an advantage
with any of the methods discussed above.
 P a g e | 18

1. Marginal costing
Marginal costing is a technique of costing in which allocation of expenditure to production
is restricted to those expenses which arise as a result of production, e.g., materials, labor,
direct expenses and variable overheads. Fixed overheads are excluded in cases where
production varies because it may give misleading results. The technique is useful in
manufacturing industries with varying levels of output.

2. Direct Costing
The practice of charging all direct costs to operations, Marginales or products and leaving
all indirect costs to be written off against profits in the period in which they arise is termed
as direct costing. The technique differs from Marginal costing because some fixed costs can
be considered as direct costs in appropriate circumstances.

3. Absorption or Full Costing

The practice of charging all costs both variable and fixed to operations, products or
Marginales is termed as absorption costing.

4. Uniform Costing
A technique where standardized principles and methods of cost accounting are employed
by a number of different companies and firms is termed as uniform costing. Standardization
may extend to the methods of costing, accounting classification including codes, methods
of defining costs and charging depreciation, methods of allocating or apportioning
overheads to cost centers or cost units. The system, thus, facilitates inter- firm comparisons,
establishment of realistic pricing policies, etc.

Systems of Costing
 P a g e | 19

It has already been stated that there are two main methods used to determine costs. These
are:
Job cost method Marginal cost method
It is possible to ascertain the costs under each of the above methods by two different ways:
Historical costing
Standard costing

Historical Costing
Historical costing can be of the following two types in nature:
Post costing
Continuous costing

Post Costing
Post costing means ascertainment of cost after the production is completed. This is done by
analyzing the financial accounts at the end of a period in such a way so as to disclose the
cost of the units which have been produced.
For instance, if the cost of product A is to be calculated on this basis, one will have to wait
till the materials are actually purchased and used, labor actually paid and overhead
expenditure actually incurred. This system is used only for ascertaining the costs but not
useful for exercising any control over costs, as one comes to know of things after they had
taken place. It can serve as
guidance for future production only when conditions in future continue to be the same.

Continuous Costing
In case of this method, cost is ascertained as soon as a job is completed or even when a job
is in progress. This is done usually before a job is over or product is made. In the Marginal,
actual expenditure on materials and wages and share of overheads are also estimated.
 P a g e | 20

Hence, the figure of cost ascertained in this case is not exact. But it has an advantage of
providing cost information to the management promptly, thereby enabling it to take
necessary corrective action on time. However, it neither provides any standard for judging
current efficiency nor does it disclose what the cost of a job ought to have been.

Standard Costing
Standard costing is a system under which the cost of a product is determined in advance on
certain pre-determined standards. With reference to the example given in post costing, the
cost of product A can be calculated in advance if one is in a position to estimate in advance
the material labor and overheads that should be incurred over the product. All this requires
an efficient system of cost accounting. However, this system will not be useful if a vigorous
system of controlling costs and standard costs are not in force. Standard costing is
becoming more and more popular nowadays

Marginal costing Equations

Sales Variable Cost = Contribution

Contribution Fixed Cost = Profit
Sales Variable Cost = Fixed Cost + Profit
Profit Volume Ratio = Contribution / Sales
Contribution = Sales * PV Ratio
Sales = Contribution / PV Ratio
BEP (in units) = Fixed Cost / Contribution per unit
BEP (in rupees) = Fixed Cost / Contribution * Sales
BEP (in rupees) = Fixed Cost / PV ratio
Required Sales (in rupees) = Fixed Cost + Profit / PV ratio
Required Sales (in units) = Fixed Cost + Profit / Contribution per unit
Actual Sales = Fixed Cost + Profit / PV ratio
Margin of safety (in rupees) = Actual Sales BEP Sales
Margin of safety (in units) = Actual Sales (units) BEP Sales (units)
Profit = Margin of safety * PV ratio

Ascertaining Missing figures

 P a g e | 21

1. CONTRIBUTION

= Sales Variable Cost

= Fixed Cost + Profit
= Sales * PV Ratio
= (BE Sales in units * Contribution per units) + Profit
= (BE Sales in value * PVR ) + Profit
= Fixed Cost + (MS in units * Contribution per unit)
= Fixed Cost + (MS in value * PVR)
= Profit / MS in %
= Fixed Cost / BE sales in%

2. PROFIT VOLUME RATIO (PVR)

= Sales - Variable Cost / Sales * 100

= Contribution / Sales *100
= Fixed Cost + Profit / Sales *100
= Fixed Cost / BE Sales in value * 100
= Fixed Cost / BE Sales in units *100 / Selling price per unit
= Profit / Margin of safety in value *100
= Profit / Margin of safety in units *100 / Selling price per unit
= Change in profit / Change in sales *100
= 100 Variable cost to sales ratio

3. BE SALES IN UNITS
= Fixed Cost / Contribution per unit
= BE Sales / Selling price
= Fixed Cost / S.P. per unit Variable cost P.U
 P a g e | 22

= Actual Sales per unit Margin of safety in units

4. BE SALES IN VALUE

= Fixed Cost / PVR

= Actual Sales in value Margin of safety in value
= Fixed Cost / Contribution per unit * Selling price per unit
= BE Sales in units * Selling price per unit
= Fixed Cost / 1- Variable Cost / Sales
= Fixed Cost / % of Contribution to sales

5. BE SALES IN % OF SALES

= Fixed Cost / Contribution *100

= BE Sales / Actual Sales *100
= 100 margin of safety (in %)

6. MARGIN OF SAFETY IN UNITS

= Profit / Contribution per unit
= Actual Sales in units BE Sales in unit

7. MARGIN OF SAFETY IN VALUE

= Profit / PV Ratio
= Actual Sales in value BE Sales in value
= Profit / Contribution per unit * Selling price per unit
= Margin of Safety in units * Selling price per unit
 P a g e | 23

8. PROFIT

= Sales Total Cost

= Sales (Variable Cost + Fixed Cost)
= Contribution Fixed Cost
= Margin of Safety in Value * PVR
= Margin of Safety (% of sales) * Total Contribution
= (Margin of Safety in % of Sales * Actual Sales) * PVR

9. SALES

= Total Cost + Profit

= Variable Cost + Fixed Cost + Profit
= Variable Cost + Contribution
= Contribution / PV ratio * 100
= BE Sales + Margin of Safety

MARGINAL COSTING PRO-FORMA

Sales Revenue xxxxx
Less Marginal Cost of Sales
Opening Stock (Valued @ marginal cost) xxxx
 P a g e | 24

Add Production Cost (Valued @ marginal cost) xxxx

Total Production Cost xxxx
Less Closing Stock (Valued @ marginal cost) (xxx)
Marginal Cost of Production xxxx
Add Selling, Admin & Distribution Cost xxxx
Marginal Cost of Sales (xxxx)
Contribution xxxxx
Less Fixed Cost (xxxx)
Marginal costing Profit xxxxx

Problems
Q.1 TheVijay Electronic Co. furnishes you the following income information of the year
1995.
Year Sales in Rs Profit in Rs

First half .. 4,05,000 10,800

Second half .. 5,13,000 32,400

From the above table you are required to compute the following assuming that the fixed

cost remains the same in both the periods.

 P a g e | 25

(a) P/V Ratio.

(b) Fixed cost.
(c) Break - even point.
(d) Variable cost for first and second half of the year.
(e) The amount of profit or loss where sales are Rs 3,24,00.
(f) The amount of sales required to earn a profit of Rs 54,000.

Solution:
Year Sales in Rs Profit in Rs

First half .. 4,05,000 10,800

Second half .. 5,13,000 32,400
Difference .. 1,08,000 21,600

(a) P/V Ratio = Change in Profit/ Change in Sales*100

= 21,600/1,08,000*100 =20%
(b) Fixed Cost
S*(S/V) = F+P
4,05,000*20/100 = F+10,800
Or 81,000 = F+10,800
Or 81,000-10,800 = Fixed Cost
Or Fixed Cost = Rs 70,200
Total Fixed Cost = 70,200*2= Rs 1,40,400
 P a g e | 26

(c) Break-even Point = Fixed Cost/P/V Ratio

= 1,04,400/20% = Rs 7,02,000

(d) Variable Cost

(i) For the 1st half
Sale Variable Cost = Fixed Cost + Profit
Or 4,05,000-V.C. = 70,200 + 10,800
Or 4,05,000 -V.C. = 81,000
Or 4,05,000-81,000 = VC
Or VC = Rs 3,24,000

(ii) For the 2nd half

Sales-Variable Cost = Fixed Cost+ Profit
5,13,000-VC = 70,200+32,400
5,13,000-VC = 1,02,600
5,13,000-1,02,600 = VC
VC = Rs 4,10,400

(e) The amount of profit/Loss where sales are Rs 3,24,000

Sales*(P/V) =Fixed Cost + Profit
3,24,000*20% = 1,40,400+Profit/Loss
64,800 = 1,40,400+Profit/Loss
Loss = Rs 75,600

(f) The amount of Sales required to earn a profit of Rs 54,000

Sales*(P/V) = Fixed Cost + Profit
Sales*(20%) = 1,40,400+54,000
Sales*20/100 = 1,94,400
20% of Sales = 1,94,400*100/20 = Rs 9,72,00
 P a g e | 27

Conclusions

When I thought of studying Marginal costing and Decision Making first things in my
mind is that, this is only one topic in our syllabus of Mcom part-1 but really the concept are
deep and hard and after doing this project I come to know that how the combine topic
which have give me 30 marks (Max) to score in writing exam is giving me knowledge of
variances analysis and its benefits to industry at different levels. It is really helpful to deal
with future topic of cost accounting.

The theoretical constructs of economics texts are of little use; the platitude that increasing
returns to scale cause marginal to fall below average costs being one example, since it
relates only to brand new built from scratch systems.

Marginal costs depend not only upon the timing of a postulated change in output but also
upon the timing of the decision to adapt to it. Marginal costs are forecasts, and forecasts are
 P a g e | 28

rarely accurate. However, all decisions are founded upon uncertain expectations about the
future effects of current choices.

Marginal costing and decision making are rarely important concept of cost accounting and
help full concept are future. I hope marginal costing and decision making is really good
topic of costing. The technically using marginal costing and decision making are helpful.

Here I conclude that this is very useful Project work given me by my project guide Mrs.
Babitakakkaremadam. Once again I would like to thank her for this great opportunity .

SOURCES

BIBLOGRAPHY:

Cost Accounting Ainapure&Ainapure

Cost Accounting Chaudhari, Chopade

WEBLOGRAPHY:

http: //dictionary.refrences.com
 P a g e | 29

http: //www.idadesal.org

http: //www.accountingcoach.com

http://www.accountingtools.com
P a g e | 30