L-R-C SERIES CIRCUIT Replacing with and solving the

equation:
Every real inductor has resistance in its windings; there may also be resistance in
the connecting wires.
Lets consider an inductor and resistor connected in series in the terminals of a
capacitor.
As before (LC circuit), the capacitor starts to discharge as soon as the
circuit is completed Where are constants
Because of the magnetic field energy acquired by the inductor when
the capacitor is completely discharged is less than the original electric field
energy of the capacitor.
Also, the energy of the capacitor when the magnetic field decreased to
zero is still small. ;
; becomes smaller and smaller;
damping increases.
; the quantity under the radical is
zero; the system no longer oscillates
Critical damping

Example 1:

What resistance is required (in terms of and ) to give an LRC circuit a frequency
Graphs of capacitor charge as a that is the undamped frequency?
function of time in an LRC series circuit
with initial charge .
Underdamped: If is small, the circuit
still oscillates
Critically Damped: if we increase the
the oscillations die out more rapidly. If
reaches a certain value, the circuit no
longer oscillates.
Overdamped: for large values of
the capacitor charge approaches zero
more slowly.

Analyzing LRC circuit using Figure 1.

Switch is closed in the upward direction: (capacitor acquires final charge)
At , switch is closed to the downward position
Example 2: Root mean square (rms) values
Useful way to describe a quantity that can either be positive or negative
An LRC circuit has , , and an angular frequency
. What is the resistance in the circuit?

The usual household power supply , has an rms voltage of . The

voltage amplitude is

Oscillates from

ALTERNATING CURRENT

ac source any device that supplies a sinusoidally varying voltage or current

Symbol:
Example 3: Current in a personal computer
Sinusoidal voltage: The plate of the back of a personal computer says that it draws 2.1 A from 120 V, 60
Hz line. For this computer, what are a) the average current b) the average of the
(lowercase) instantaneous square of the current and c) the current amplitude?
potential difference
(uppercase) maximum
potential difference, voltage
amplitude
angular frequency,

Sinusoidal current:

(lowercase) instantaneous
current
(uppercase) maximum current, current amplitude
 RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE The voltage and current are out of phase by a quarter-cycle. Since the voltage
peaks occur a quarter-cycle earlier than the current peaks = voltage leads the
A. Resistor in an AC circuit current by .

Unit of inductive reactance: Ohm (same with resistance)

Inductive Reactance - description of the self-induced emf that opposes any
change in the current through the inductor.

Example 4: An inductor in an ac circuit

Suppose you want the current amplitude in a pure inductor in a radio receiver to
be when the voltage amplitude is at a frequency of . a) what
inductive reactance is needed? b) If the voltage amplitude is kept constant,
what will be the current amplitude through this inductor at ? at ?

The maximum voltage , voltage amplitude

Current and voltage are both proportional to , so the current is in phase

with voltage.
B. Inductor in an AC circuit
 C. Capacitor in an AC circuit Example 5: A resistor and a capacitor in an ac circuit
A resistor is connected in series with a capacitor. The voltage across the
resistor is . a) Derive an expression for the circuit
current. B) Determine the capacitive reactance of the capacitor. c) Derive an
expression for the voltage across the capacitor.

LRC SERIES CIRCUIT

We consider a series circuit containing a resistor, an

inductor, a capacitor and an ac source:

The capacitor voltage and current are out of phase by a quarter-cycle. The
peaks of voltage occur a quarter cycle after corresponding current peaks =
voltage lags the current by .

Unit of capacitive reactance: Ohm (same with resistance)

Capacitive Reactance the greater the capacitance and the higher the
frequency, the smaller the capacitive reactance.

Circuit Elements with alternating current

Circuit Element Amplitude relation Circuit quantity Phase of
Resistor In phase with
Inductor Leads by
Capacitor Lags by
 Impedance of an ac circuit as the ratio of the voltage amplitude across the POWER IN AC CIRCUITS
circuit to the current amplitude in the circuit

Amplitude of voltage across an AC source:

Impedance of LRC series circuit:
Unit of : ohms
The angle by which the source voltage leads the current

Phase angle of an LRC series circuit:

If the current , then the source voltage is

RMS value:

Example 6: LRC circuit

In an LRC series circuit, suppose , , and
. Find the reactance and , the impedance , the current
amplitude , the phase angle , and the voltage amplitude across each element.
A. Power in PURE Resistors Example 8: Power in an LRC circuit

The power curve for a pure resistance is symmetrical about a value equal to one For the LRC circuit series circuit, suppose , ,
half its maximum value , so the average power is and . Calculate a) the power factor; b)the average power
delivered to the entire circuit and to each circuit element.

B. Power in Capacitors

Average power is zero: the voltage lags the current by . Energy is supplied to
charge the capacitor and is returned to the source when the capacitor
discharges. the net energy transfer over one cycle is again, zero.

C. Power in a general ac circuit

Instantaneous power:
Average power into a general power into a general ac circuit

When and (pure resistor)are in phase, so , the average power

equals
RESONANCE IN AC CIRCUITS
When and are out of phase (pure inductor or capacitor), , the
average power is zero
is the power factor

Example 7: Power in a hair dryer

At electric hair dryer is rated at at . The rated power of this hair dryer, or
of any other ac device, is the average power drawn by the device, and the rated
voltage is the rms voltage. Calculate a) the resistance, b) the rms current, and c)
the maximum instantaneous power. Assume that the hair dryer is a pure resistance
 The impedance depends on the frequency
As the frequency increases, increases and decreases. There is always
one frequency at which and are equal,
At this frequency, (smallest)
The maximum value of occurs at the frequency at which the impedance
is minimum
Resonance - peaking of the current amplitude at a certain frequency
Resonance angular frequency angular frequency at which the
resonance peak occurs.
Angular frequency the inductive and capacitive reactance are equal.

Example 9: Turning a radio

The series circuit below is similar to arrangements that are sometimes used in radio
tuning circuits. Thus circuit is connected to the terminals of an ac source with a
constant terminal voltage of and a variable frequency. Find a) the
resonance frequency; b) the inductive reactance, capacitive reactance, and the
impedance at the resonance frequency; c) the current at resonance; and d)
the voltage across each circuit element resonance.

-----------------------------------> Coverage of LT 3 ends here <-----------------------------------

-------------------------------> Coverage of 2nd Qtr. Exam ends here <-------------------------------

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