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Single-Plate Connections
A single-plate connection is made with a plate as illustrated in Figure 9-15. The plate is
always welded to the support on both sides of the plate and bolted to the supported
member.
Design Checks
The design strengths of the bolts and/or welds and connected elements must be deter-
mined in accordance with the LRFD Specification; the applicable limit states are
discussed in Part 8. In all cases, the design strength Rn must equal or exceed the required
strength Ru.
Eccentricity must be considered in the design of the single-plate connection; the bolts
must be designed for the shear Ru and eccentric moment Rueb. The eccentricity on the
bolts eb depends upon the support condition present and whether standard or short-slotted
holes are used in the plate (Astaneh et al., 1989).
A flexible support possesses relatively low rotational stiffness and permits the adjacent
simply supported beam end rotation to be accommodated primarily through this support-
ing members rotation. Such an end condition may exist with one-sided beam-to-girder-
web connections or with deep beams connected to relatively light columns. For a flexible
support with standard holes:
x2.54
eb = (n 1) a a
where a is the distance between the bolt line and weld line (see Figure 9-15), in., and n
is the number of bolts.
For a flexible support with short-slotted holes:
eb = a a
2n
3
In contrast, a rigid support possesses relatively high rotational stiffness which constrains
the adjacent simply supported beam end rotation to occur primarily within the end
connection, such as a beam-to-column-flange connection or two concurrent beam-to-
girder-web connections. For a rigid support with standard holes:
x2.54
eb = (n 1) a
For a rigid support with short-slotted holes
eb = a
2n
3
When the support condition is intermediate between flexible and rigid or cannot be
readily classified as flexible or rigid, the larger value of eb may conservatively be taken
from the above equations.
For any combination of support condition and hole type, the 70 ksi electrode weld size
should be equal to three-quarters of the plate thickness tp for plate material with Fy = 36
ksi and Fu = 58 ksi. This ensures that the weld will not be the critical element in the
connection, i.e., the plate yields before the weld yields. 6<a<9 cm
The foregoing procedure is valid for single-plate connections with 212-in. a 312-in.
a L eh
n t p min, in.
1/
25 4=6 mm
L
5
67 /16 =8
3/
8 8
=9.5
16 =11
7/
9
1.6mm
db
tp max = + 116 in. tp min
2
where db is the bolt diameter, in.
Shop and Field Practices
Single-plate connections may be made to the webs of supporting girders and to the flanges
of supporting columns. Because of bolting clearances, field-bolted single-plate connections
may not be suitable for connections to the webs of supporting columns unless provision is
made to extend the plate to locate the bolt line a sufficient distance beyond the column flanges.
Such extension may require stiffening of the plate and the column web.
With the plate shop-attached to the support, side erection of the beam is permitted.
Play in the open holes usually compensates for mill variation in column flange supports
and other field adjustments. Thus, slotted holes are not normally required.
Bolted/Welded Single-Plate Connections
Tables 9-10 are design aids for single-plate connections welded to the support and bolted
to the supported beam. Separate tables are included for supported and supporting member
material with Fy = 36 ksi and Fu = 58 ksi and with Fy = 50 ksi and Fu = 65 ksi. Plate material
is assumed to have Fy = 36 ksi and Fu = 58 ksi.
Tabulated bolt and plate design strengths consider the limit states of bolt shear, bolt bearing
on the plate, shear yielding of the plate, shear rupture of the plate, block shear rupture of the
plate, and weld shear. Values are tabulated for two through nine rows of 34-in., 78-in., and 1
in. diameter A325 and A490 bolts at three inches spacing. For calculation purposes, plate
edge distances Lev and Leh are assumed to be 112-in. Weld sizes are tabulated equal to 34tp.
While the tabular values are based on a = 3 in., they may conservatively be used for
values of a between 212-in. and 3 in.; the designer may find it advantageous to recalculate
the design strength of this connection for values of a between 212-in. and 3 in. The
tabulated values are valid for laterally supported beams, in steel and composite construc-
tion, all types of loading, snug-tightened and fully-tensioned bolts, and for supported and
supporting members of all grades of steel.
Example 9-11