i

I,

This is a llew technique that requires only [\,0

constants, plus the Reynolds number and filliug
diameter, to predict the head loss in an elbow,
valve or tee, It is accurate even for large-diameter
and alloy fittinzs, and at low Reynolds numbers.

Ii -----------
J1'illiam B. Hotlln,-T,JJ,:;.scr.to c
----
II
l - fo: i:.g a th::a i:h:vu:: , :l:J~U::C.l1': <.'(r;\_nv:.s en- \'\'ith :r.:s b~-ckg:- J:-,d consider a Mill.tn: :::~1':'1\"."Tr.e

i
II
c:;;- \"'hic:h is provided h);:: c:;~'P' in p~e~;U!c:ac-oss 'h~
f.t:ln~. This pressure C::O?-ur- h"41'!"t loss: :0: C;.'1,;,o bv
fricti(I[' belv.-eCrl UiC ~ui!.l and rhc ntttnl! \.,:a{t ;~nd bv
l"nlert~S?; fluid experiences a plptolil.r :"!"ic~:on::.~ head loss
as it moves r:o\,'n thr: tal~t le~. Ar the ru-n r:,t' no .."
sto':)S ~:"ru:>t1\' and starts in a !\~'.....c.i~(c:inn. Since the:
'I crt'-lrion of turbulence ir. the b,-,cy of !~~fluid. . ir:l~t v(.10<:[tyvector has 0.:'1 cornpnm.ru in the oude: di-
rccuon, :d! of the in~:-t kin('de 1.;:1;;~L,r'y i~ 1,l:-it Thus, :~"_~5
I The 10 due 1(; w"j friction is bes: k,.,d'd bl" treat-
ing the fiuillg a~ a piece of straihl pipe, of the ~:.:nc
ph\':sicnl lCIIC!rh as the 11t~jll!!.. :\H CClJr.mOIl j.lr,~di(.t)():'\
part {If the loss in ;1 sqcnrc elbow i!- close to one \"~J0C:: y
h~':ld, The re:1'1~ining ~(I:.ses. arc !he f:icti(.lna.l itl}~:;l'> ill
ntt/1hods, ilnd the rvvo-K m-ethud t do u.is, But cnch che turn ~nd the U:Jti('1 leg,
method prcrlicu I he 1 cmaining "excess head loss ;1 dij' The total hexd IO!'.i in thl ell, H\ h. 111(' surn uf the
t::rclH ,\',1\" :ri:;'iiona! and t!irccdo:!al !I.)!,:-"'J 'I'he -x !.!SS ;Jt'&ld L}'i~
I ~l} is !~~cthan ihe til' d lev UIC ~!;J(Junt :;--:t:!",:l.:.tl:Jr
I Equj\~lCl\1 length )055 that would be t'\'rt":""hrjc~dby sl.I;~io::ht J,ip'" of the
TIle qulV.l!cr.:.l:.:ngth ~e:hvd adds some h}'?Ol~:"~i. S~line p::', ..sical h::,~h. lOr i.ourve, -!:t a:;:.1;, jric::ti:1~l
cal le:tsrl. vi piyt' to the actua, le~gth of we til:ing, 10!-.)in tht" fil:::12 -\...HI b:: (li:rt~ent th:.t:1 :.he ios, ~:; ?
yiddin~ an "equivc..kat k"g:h 0: pipe L.l tbt :,," the ?ij>C-) TIl:; ~x,-~-It.~" in a "lung- is aC)nt:dll~ e--r~J:5.",ed
sarne tO~;l: loss 35 the fitting. The uafortunate c.r.l\o\b~\c~ bv ~ di~~nsi';):l~~S"K Iactor"
\1
to this simple approach is L'-:at t:l:; ~G:l!\'nl(!ntlcng:h fo!'" J.JI = Kif.

i a ;th:cn fitting is not constant, but depends 0:"'. Revnolds

number and rough.uess, as well as size and ~C0111'tr', The rwo-K method
Therefore, use or the equivalent-length method requires K is a dimensionless fdctOf U:.:!IIHd as the tx:rSJ h~~~d
I-, CtHI'iicl:;!(tltionof o.ll tht:.!it: f:lcrors.
F loss in a pipe fini::g.'-''''?!t:Si;('d in \'ClOClt\, ht'~~ds-.Tn <':1-
~rhc lXe(..{1 h~td ins!' in a fitting is due lTIosdy LOlurbll. cral, i( ooes Dol depend on the rc)ughnt'is ~Jf t:'.~ !'ltLi:1~
I'.] lcnc:(: cau\cd by a.brupt changes in the (.En:.c:~innand (or lhc a ..tttc:hed pipe) or the ~l7.(~or 101.::-ys\.cnL, but il is
sp~r.c!<Iino\\"oThu. it is to .. " (0 predict thi~ 10" by ",illl; n runclion oi Rcyaojds number and ()( 111<:ex;_~Ctgeomc
~
,j n vtlo(:it)'~JH:.I{.1 ;.:tpprnach4 t:)' of :hc 5tling. l"hc n,o-!{ :a"1hod lakr.s thcs.c c::-
I, \'elocil)' head
pendencies into aCCOUIH 111 1ht' rolh:)\..~n~ cqu ..,tion:
F. = ;;t A~(l ~ ! ID)
:! Tht .'lIl(1nnt of kinc1~C: cn::.:-gy co:'):aincd 1n a .IIl"t:.~n~ '1'-", -

Ls.lhl \'c)ol'ity head An r-qU!\'2!e.nt 5tatCm::(~t i~ :11::1 the

I \,,'h:,.'re:
\CIOCl~y ht;td i~ the :.nloun: 0: potcr:ti:11 C!left;) (hcouJ)
nC(e!~"If\' 10 acc.cicr.llC a flui~ to :.s BO\"'ing veloci:y.
,.
1\.1
'.. -0
= ~.1_
. ",.
~~cHlan..:t;:i
t ,.
~ Il,. =1
=
j

l(~ = A ;0: a laf"!{c ;~:I~:lg;.1 ,\fro" :0

for <\:lIl1plc: Pr:;.",,,,.., ~''''cs
on both sides of" sr.,d- iD = fmc,",,-,I C," or 3""ch<d p:!,", II.
u;~;, fri~!ionfr(.'C pipe c;~t:-d:'tce \,'ould sho,.., thi~: lhe I
pres.s~:-c in du: fhJ'\'ing :1utd is !o, ..'er l.~l'!n the ?rc$~\ut! How .YR lOcI fining size affect K
on tho fer.d tnnk !oj" onc vcloci;y head. (T!ois is wh) ~n
ductor works.) The potent,,,1 (pressure)
:!utd 1:'1the t?ollk is not los.t; It has been converted 10
kirlctic enel qy. 'l'hc nurnbtr of \'eJoci:y hC-~lcl:;{Ht{l in ;1
ene,S")' of Ihe
\\'hy t\,,',,, f.:s., ,,"hen the liltr;1tt.rc U'HJ;tlty r~p:>;..s n
,engle K ,aluc' Ml'M publi,""d _I" \"aluc5 ,,??J} to r,,]!l'-
d!'\'~IClO!.:dluibult:n~ flo....'. Thi.l; i~ COII\'('nient h!:cuusc il.
L!o ill<.i~pC11t1e.nt of :\:itl' wilen .,,~~ i~stJfRcicnll}' ~J;f!h,
iI

!1
HO\\'ine; Sll'carn is l;alclll::\t~.d cir~ct1r f:vm tJu' velocity t-l(l\vcvcr~ K SI:::r;zs to ri.st: U" J\'",. d<:ct'(:.I<i(":s to\\',!rd ] ,(}OO,
of ,he Slrr.~m ,): nnd ber.omt:S invc:si;!Y pr0portion.1I 1:.J;\',,:,. \'. hell :\'It~~s
below 100.
 Til:
:lIoss
Bow
e th~
ci di-
" r;h;s
.OClty
ses in
,f l
1 los,
ior.al
): d'J~
iona!
in a
t
:ts.Scc

b:_"
: gf:'-
n:1r.;
.. ;.!'
"
:cr:~"'-
;c
u..
de I
{

,
I
I

ens ;.
fuH'
I
~L:~
I:: j
I
\

f 97
 r
10"t
so
an
:0
.-
\0
~
> 5
-'
:::. ~
2
; 1.0
0.6
.;;
~
~ \)4
v
<
"' O.~J
0.'
10

The tVJoK method fits head-loss data for

Size of elbow affect. K fig. 2
laminar, transitiona1 and turhulent ftow ~F..:iyc.. _1.J

i
.-
I Constants rOt tWQK method.:..:._ _ Fig_ I i,,;~plot 0: I).' ,.\ . ""'jJ for s}tClil..radius c~:'(I\\r;.l:!).
Note thot :he rwo-K exp-essicn, \\jtb 800 (," ;,:, and
0.40 for Kit" fits. dn' point~ accurarelv In all flo w, revunes.

1--- -_._---------'"
In this case, }(1 has no -ffect on the ~rcrlh ..red K at '\'J!<-
Fitting tyl'lo ~ l5..::_ ~ above 10,1100; K. is lI~,hgihlc below an S/,-< of :'0.

I 90'
San::;;~d IRIO

'.~"rod
1'. s:::~
StarldJrd IRIO.:" 1). n~ng(.o(j/v..eld(!d
Lo~'f"""UI 'RID ao .5),., tvoes
I 1 V-~t!ld190'"
I 2 \Ve:d .45
,--~----~--~-
angle)
0
1.00:>
"'"'Sfesl
800
800
800

BO!)
0':0
0.25 _
0.20
1.15
0.35
Theorcucallv, ;; ~hou~d be ihe same for ~11I~tti~l~S
that arc: geo:ncl"'ically sirnil rr In rilet, smaller nlll;'g'~
:!.TC mort sensitive 10 surface roughness anci have more
abrupt changes in crnss-secuon, 'rhus 1< ls ereaicr for
smaller 1111in~ (.\( a given [ype.
I
The 1 ID cor-ecrion in the [\,'0 K expression ac-
.,:)("." I J \.cl~ 130 a..g .,1 800 0.30_
counts for she silt difr-~:cnc~s: 1\ is Li;hcr (or s::-:all sizes,
I (RIO"'1.511 4 \>\!eld(22:';" II;nglf:~) 800 0.?7
! ",p'." but nearly constaru for I"'rg<: sizes. fig. 2 is a plot of K
S Weld (IS'
I Sl;lI'dIHO (RID :- 1 t, 311 type,
800
SOO
0.25'
0.20 t
\"'S pipe !I:l~data for lor.g~i.jcii:Js H'D !.5) c:ibD\\'$ =
r 1,3,4]. TIlt solid line ~h(l'o\'show the rwo-K correl.uion
lot\g.lad,US IR /D , .5', Ilil tvpe~ 500 0.15
,
I! I hi te'l"d~ 1 ",,~d. 4ft a:'Jgie
f>,::uircd .. 2 WOld, 22V, anii1ef.
500
SOO
0.15 ~
O.lS i
fits these points: Ihe other Iines arc correlations [hal ,,ill
be discussed later.
-
, lS0e I S;.,"d~td tR.'D -= 1'. s:t"!'~..'!'d
Standard fR.'D = 1t. flot'ls:!dJwel(!ed
. Lang'adiu$ (RID = 1.5). 3111vpr~s
1~OOO
1.000
\,000
0.50.
0.35
O.:JO ~
~
Recommended values
The {"hie lists values or K, and K. derived from plot.$
---:-----s;~::Iard. SC/,wctf 500 0.70 r or A.' vs. IV}!r and size (!\inli!~;to fig. 1.2). 11:c reader is
e'''1cUIJ:2.g.:d [0 keep this and U~ it, 'x-cau\e !! U. the
',\J&~d ~ LOl'lg'ra:iiu$, o.C-1e'o"tKld 800 0.1.0 t heart of the two-K method.
3S. , Susl'\d)m, t""sec (W ....-eJdll'o SOO 0.80
r
l

clbO.\ Slub'ln-ry.p_e bran._ch T,000 1.00 Three special cases are not listed iu the table because
I j

:
T"". Ru., $:.ttv.--cd
----.------ 200
"-r
O.')0 ,
lhf' size correction of thr. rwo-K equation does not apply
to them. The fcllowinq equation ~pi'lic$ to pip en-
;i ,htOunt,'l Ffano;,l!rlor \vela~ tSO 0.50'
'.1 lee St-ub,!n-tYPft branCh 100 0.00 (
rrances. exits and onfices,
?-_ ....
- -----.....
-----..
-t
." IG31e, fullllnC'SI:!".~=1.0 300 0.10. s / \'
~=l\l.'R~ .l."I,.
f!a,'",.d
~
~ tmll. I' ,';,n. p' 0.9
"I.
500 0.15 [
O.? I

I ".
8 1.000 '1 he constants art (K..: i~the "classic' K):
<, ~~t J3~. -:"':::::-_-:-;:::-
J
III
V,I....
GIO!'lG,$-~~:'Id:Jrd
! GloM. angle or Y~I\'~.
I Oi'''',9-.'''' ".".
j,500
1,000
1.000
4.00 ~:
2.00
2 00
r I. Pipe enu-auccs (fig. 3). K, = 160;
"normal' entrance, and 1.0 ft.)r "Borda"
= 0 ..;0 for
J,,',
cneroucc.

I B ' 800 0.25 2. Pipe exit: K I = 0; K~ = 1.0. _

ncr ~-
..Jf'
.-----,-.--.----.---
2.000
..- .....-.:
. 0.00 .'
3. Orifice: ,,', is var-iahlc: K,. =
l.~\1 (l - .Ii")
Che:::k I S..i!'l... 1,500 1.50:
1 fJ~) - 1). \,ht're fj i~
the rado or orifitc rEa. :l!pe III

l. I Ti!'jnO<lisic: ',000 O.!)O t. inside di:1.

I
Nota~ U:e RIO = 1.5 \I.lole-; for R/O 5 p.~(1:t.na.s, 4~

!O 180
~f
t T\\'o-K "5. (qui,alent kl1glh
i'
lJ~o llPproprlll:41 Ice \lAIVei lof '10\" UH~ush cron.DSC.
~ - __ -- -. ""i
\,,'h)' USC
iCfl,!;"fh D1'-lhOO
the t\voK m:.:L"od
is more f~:njljar? ~nd
\-,'ht'iI
F:?sie:'
Ihe cquivak:nt.
to U5C? 'Lllts l_
98
 N omenclature
rr /) Inaidc pipe dia
Moodv ::ic:tior.
n
L.L.tc)t U= C.";/.""'~~for lan.irsar
1.# Equivalcru 1t:II~tll of a I)itln~ it, t. t),,~r). f,
."'I,~ K:::::nohJ!. nurnbe for flow CA'k, _ I,D 1'1.l.
O.?,,,, p~,
" n Xu:nber of fllIHIt!\ (.If a given t)Pt'
"
ft "S "dud' (,,~:i.,. Isctc- h<><! I", C,,, III C."i~r ~,. =
P'!!$SUrt- oroI' :.P p~II.'I~"J' psi
l Accclcraticr, dee I gr~..-irv, :12.11 (t/,: I: [I Rene radnn of an {'Ion.....di vid..<! by insirl- d.c, or
H~ \:e]udt)' head, (lor Ruid pip"
!:.if J lead loss, Ft of (Iuid I' Fiuic vclucit)'. rl/s
tu ]Mldl' pipe dia., in f1 f.':':Hito (If orffic- din (0 pipe ill ..IUt tlia ..
J: Lxees. b:="ld lou (01 t1 otting. '\"c:nC;l~ h(;..I:J~ RoughoC'!:s (I( J'ipt' \".0l.1I.ft
J:J J: io~ ua:ng a: ~\'$.' = 1. VC:OCily !.~~rh p \ i\CQ.u:y III tluic. lb 'fl.-5
K. J: (or \'C::") h~rl=(; (HlH..~: at J)j,;;,. ::: 0: velocity If r)~.!".sn~0: fluid Ib/fI'
head.!
1 Length of pipe, lnch1ding phrS!C":ll 1r!llgtb of fit-
~D00
ting:'>, fl .

.2
Two-K method K-facwr method [51
Fo-m: AN:: K H<;;: = "',//\'",+ K.(I + I/I/)} Form: I1H = (l}'I, III + f:) TId ,,
I,

rind K (or fitii:l~

Finines r. J: nA1 1\. nA'c Fit lings :.K

90 ~bows
1
.
90e
--
elbe ....
.,
11

6 0.22 ~
6 800 -i.SJQ 0.20 1.20 1.3:
Tees ,side: ou:ltt) 2 SIlO 1,&10 0.80 1.60 Tees ~,idrautit::) 2 0.11 !J.se
Gaec valves 2 ~llO 1,00J(I O.l~ 0.30 .Cat't valves 2 0.03 VOl>
Tot:J, 7 ,.~O(I 3.10 Exit I.(J 1.0(1

J: - i,4Nl/l,?W,OOO + 5.10, I + 1/!3.C~;) = ~.30j Tot;;l .12"

Find ;: for !.!!:It!!h pipe
Fn.d J: Icr exil anc sU:!.l&ht pipe:
ar- ~: fl./D = 0.937 (rive;;,
t; ';:"' 1.0 tor nC;'I1I.t1 o::xtt; }.. =fJ ..'lJ = (;.9J7 ror pipe
fi hd head !OS5
Find hend Ic,);s
sn J.: H.
t.h = j';' b'e. = (:1.26 + O.!.'3j)lI.~;1)
=
(3.305 - 1.0 ~ 0 93;): 1.5~;) = 6.5:! f1
= S.!; (.

10lS
r is
the
Old cquivalcnt-Jcngth method r 1] New Crane method [v]
Fo:m :uI:: (f L,Il) 11. Form f:>H = f1 I) - Xi lid
J-r fur- this sr~'C"n-.il. 0.013 (p A ...Uio
use F;l)d equivalent l=.ngtLs:
Find K for fi:ting) aud exir:
plv
en-
ViI; "If!' 11 t; ,;L t
Fittings n r.A~
:---
ge' <:lbo\\s G 41 2::'2 <)0 elbows K = zo (T O. :.!riO 6 1.:'.Ii;O
Tees (side outlet] '1 8!! 118 Tees (side nutlet) = 60fT ~ l_~tiO
G.3t.t" \~.t1\::1 '1 9 18 Gate valves
K
K = r;
0.'80
(ll(H .. O.~'lIl
F.xit Il9 89 Exit 1.00 1.00
Slr,~u'ht pipe !2Q
for Tot.1 '1,:~2g
']4.,11:11 L, ~37(,
f. !:H! )leola Ivss:
p-) ~I/ if I., Jj ,H.
'" ji ..'I) = 0.93' (i'm)
oipe = (O.()1~2 X G3i/l.301)Xl_'>~l) find h-:.ad los.1:
= 92<1 fl st: = '\.f/JD) + K)lId
\ (0.937 + 4.32r.)i 1.55;)

em
I = 11.18 ft
1'1::,

~
 ,. _:0 J.t. K.' , 0 '0-, ! vi 16 HO S:1,CS s.~a nlest'!;1 ! ttl:)(-
--, Ior.~(a I ,~11l 0: 1 5 e!:bOr.'.'3
:. ~~('l.,..CI..;tl!~ tees
-", II

-p
';l golle \'8I\1:!1
o

II:
11.(
~Ofl"'l', \QJiile-cufl(!d IO\'li!tU'fH:lIl:;:: '19
"'1tr4I1Ce (Borda e-ve-ice

Plpp.~ent(anco K values do
PIP!'!" Iavout for examples Fig. ~
not depe nd on dian,\ctet Fig.3
Th,
classic method, in \vhic:h each type- L)f htting :Ijl~ one JD = 15.62,1 in. for :icn llJS 0;,," for
"equl\';JI~':lt length," i~reliable Cor 1-(; in, carbon-steel D::: 1':'.b?l/J2 =
1.3(J~ fl .. anc
piping in nO::'Ja! runs \!.:."'" .r.!" d.uhcc line in Fig.:2 In SrI = (I0\(1.30~' G2.~; G.72 X 10 " l.~;O.(J(l~ =
I:t.rg(:~complex alloy 'iy~:<!"r.-t.s, the method could p:r:<lict ~t.[f! = t'::/'2g = 10:' 6-;.3'; !;: !.5j'; !t If fluid svst
head IOSSdi 1.5-3 Limes Iflo b!~h, That llH;;>.ns. oversized Given c ::: O.OLlVU5Ir for stair.less pipe, ",r (".m find_(
pumps and a large \\~a.':r:of tflt'q~"\'and C"..'!pllai. In larni- from the Colcbrnnk rqu,drm:.r =0 O.(I! 22. Thu.,f L J)
call
nat flow, on the other hand, it could p:ctiict head losses = (0.01 ~~ 1(0) \ 1.302: = 0.937 ,hi<;" the K value 111C'
a whole order of magnitude tOO 10\\'. for the pipe itself).
Tho equivalent-Iength CO"CCPI also contains a booby 'Inc four boxes (on p. 9~) .how how to calcul.ue thc she
trap for :he un"ary. Eve-,' equivalent lea~:h has a spe 1nta} hc..ad loss by the rwo-K mClhnri and 1h..ee :)1hr.r
ciflc friction factor (./1 associated with it. because the methods, The results:
cquivalem lengths were originllily developed from K I. Two-K method: :lH = 8,1':' fl.
factnrs by Ihe iormula L, = K D 'f This i, why tor lat- ~, Old cquh'"lonticng,h meihnd: :,.}[ -= 9.28 fl
est version of the equh-a1en,length method "the 1976 (I~c.; hieh).
edition of Crane Technical Paper nO [6]) properly rc- 3. Kff1ctor method: J.H - 652 ft (207. low),
quires [he usc of tWO friction factors, ','he first is tbe .1. Revised Cr:IIIC method: :J..fJ n.ls fl. =
actual f,;cti"::1 factor for lio'" in the s:mighl pipe (j), Note lh!l.1 Bo,.. \\':U fullv rurbulem )n this example. For
and the second is a "standard" friction factor for the laminar 0(.1\''', the eouivalem-Ienzth and K-:ac~or :::Jeth
particular litting (/r)' Thus tbe rwo-K method is tIS easy ods would have hL.en off col"I~id~rabl> more.
to use as the updated cqui\alcnt.lengtll method. And "Jeu): l.iJMu.';e, i!dlr~,
the results nrc as accurate, ~1
curre
\l'hat about the widely-used K-factor graphs pub-
References p:L.\'~
lished by the Hydraulic Institute? (See [5! for a good
I Frttmlln, J R., "Exr\'"IIJ<:nt~ upU!! I.)IoC Fir"", ur \"llter in l'IJ!(t rmd P.::,e Ao\\'
prescnrauon of these graphs.) The graphs are good [or Fitti:'lrs:' AuIl:tiU:l see, Q!" \1t-..1l;t.tl.I:';"'!.nSl:!.!Xn, 1'0 ...... "nrl, )44). lo r,!
I 8 in. p;pc in fuEl' turbulent fio'" (see doned line in 2 Kuuuf,tc.C P. ~..c! R4'Ioh.~.as ..k~i:~en.-bum:':' r...Lam :uz-=d
T Iln-mlent f .nw :hr<rugll I~ lndt V .. I\,;md Fil~''''n, 7r.:.-::. AS\,t -,;,~XOV, d"<ir
Fig. 2), but ex:rapolnlion to hilger sizes Can ca\lle cr
U!57).,P 11~9. nchit
'ors. For exatnpk:, Ihc K-factor line ill Fig. 2 shows a K 3 P1SOH. K IS., Preullrt i..t.I~..:"S in T ulJllli,. Pipe .lUd Fi.!TI!t,."t.7,alLl, ,($,'.(J;, Tf
of O.O'S for a 35-in. dbow, bUI the actual K is about :1 Uuh' )'s:'II) p. 67g ,
t. Pi!'O:~ p-J S_.l.Due ii, J';.pc.~ ."1 n~ Ti., AS-H'E,. 79 ~I)" )q~~j.? mini
0.200, Of course, these cham greatly undereslimate
l167, recr(:
lamillar head 10"'_', and should nOI bc used for N", ~, Simp~n.l. l,." St:.:.il~&plp'RI; fOI p"-o"X'r.1JpLant!. C"/II'~ E,,:,:.}JUllf 17.1~fh, p. s,c:n.
below 10,000. IQ2.
6, "Flow o!l1vld1~eb \':IIht!:S:'(:'~"r T~.CJI.I f>r.vC'4 IIl, 2"1/, !1.nul;:nt. \\jth
Example c.~ Ca., ~ 1,7t> dcsig
ClJru.id;:r ,I 16 in. Sch lOS st.tinl~s,sl(,:el syslcln as
o

sho,\.'D in Fig. 4. The S\'Slcm l;{)nl2.ins 100 actual ft of Tilt: author Ht.;"
pipc t 6 long ..r-ctdius(nonnal for most sys:cms) c~ho,\"S; 2
O \, ..;1...... 6. J ""uz.r..r u ~ !l.lu: ..""",\Q '11
.r!.R" I~ 1MC"rJ "iH~f.r. : :ci:u; of:cc
sidc ..outlet IC.cS; 2 gate \'ah'es nnd an cXi1 into a tank. (kj:1I \Jf \:~u~1tllr, (=< 800 :-.'
The Ouid has a viscosit), of 1 cP. a ,pecific gr.. ,'hy of I, Lllldb ..r~h ~~Ivtl.~: Louii, M(') 631ni'! ~~;:"!1 r
and is flowin!: at 10 ills. What is the ;,o~d loss lhrnu!:h
H~rVhp:Orr .. pnll\lCi.:.~' a~ .., r.NX'~:a,
dC'fi~h l.r.!l.nJL~lIt in 'he \t,')I"o1t1tU
,',,!Iv
[his system? <=. r.l) In:''=lIot,,!i.1l, C.o "'.:un: f.e n
c rr".uh inv::ohe()in WIVU!'" Ir m:Lnt
Ll:t us first calcul:nc and convert the given data to get ;il hr11nd: p ..'.::t- l'.15t l\%tl~:n~IILI h!l~t:
11.::~\.tlfll a~)'l(lIlJlrilr. J,Nr-tl'l". lu:otll;t/I<,j
the needed informalion: ;,I,.! :th)i.u.t pl:\nh C>.1r !':h""11CtI.~ld,
Ii S d~'":'fC.-:- l!1 c!'if'm.aJ u,g","r:.lI!l fru,
!h.. l:npen;t' tr! : Id;:honu He-~
"= I X 62.43 = 62 ..;3 {O/(I' me~btr or ,,': e'l E.. ::..:td u 't>;c;:"'"''
p. = I X 5.72 X 10 = 5.72 X 1()-, Ib/f1-< prr'(Ot,or,al t:\$In.u::r- In ).~I~ "'~I

100