Materials and Design 87 (2015) 266271

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials and Design

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jmad

Study of inuence of gamma prime and eta phases on corrosion behaviour

of A286 superalloy by using electrochemical potentiokinetic techniques
scar Martn a,, Pilar De Tiedra b, Manuel San-Juan a
a
Ingeniera de los Procesos de Fabricacin, Departamento CMeIM/EGI/ICGF/IM/IPF, Universidad de Valladolid, Escuela de Ingenieras Industriales, Paseo del Cauce 59, Valladolid 47011, Spain
b
Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniera Metalrgica, Departamento CMeIM/EGI/ICGF/IM/IPF, Universidad de Valladolid, Escuela de Ingenieras Industriales, Paseo del Cauce 59, Valladolid 47011, Spain

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This work studies the inuence of gamma prime and eta phases, resulting from precipitation hardening, on the
Received 1 June 2015 corrosion behaviour of A286 superalloy by using electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) and double
Received in revised form 23 July 2015 loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DLEPR). The general trend is that Ir, Qr, Ir/Ia and Qr/Qa increase
Accepted 9 August 2015
with aging temperature and, for a given aging temperature, with aging time, which is consistent with the fact that
Available online 14 August 2015
gamma prime precipitate may cause discontinuities in the passive layer. Ir, Qr, Ir/Ia and Qr/Qa reach a peak, which
Keywords:
alters the general trend, for both aging temperatures (670 and 720 C), at the aging time from which there is
A286 superalloy evidence of the presence of eta phase at grain boundary (GB). Gamma prime and eta precipitates can cause
Precipitation hardening the passive layer that forms on them to become more unstable and, consequently, cause the current density
EPR through the passive layer and the susceptibility to localized corrosion attack to increase.
DLEPR 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
SEM

1. Introduction the hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity because the phase/matrix in-

A286 superalloy is a precipitation-hardenable austenitic stainless
steel which is widely used in gas turbine industry as gas turbine
transition-piece material, which connects the gas turbine to the power
turbine inlet, due to its good thermal resistance, superior mechanical
properties, and ease of fabrication [1]; it is also utilized, as indicated
by Savoie et al. [2], for reactor vessel internal bolting applications
in the nuclear industry because its thermal coefcient of expansion is
comparable to that of AISI 304 stainless steel.
A286 superalloy is strengthened by the precipitation of the ordered
fcc gamma prime () Ni3(Al,Ti) phase [3,4], which is coherent with
the matrix [5,6]. Since, according to Seifollahi et al. [7], the phase
is unstable, after a sufciently long aging treatment at sufciently
high temperature and dissolves to form the hcp eta () Ni3Ti phase. Li
et al. [8] indicated that, at aging temperatures in the range of 600
850 C, the phase precipitates at grain boundary (GB) by cellular
reaction [9].
The cellular phase precipitation at GBs may be detrimental to the
mechanical properties as evidenced by several authors: De Cicco et al.
[10] showed that degrades the creep behaviour; Brooks and Thompson
[11] demonstrated that gives rise to the increase in intergranular
fracture in the tensile test; Guo et al. [12] reported that aggravates
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: oml@eii.uva.es (. Martn).
terface is incoherent and, consequently, more prone to accumulate hy-
drogen during the plastic deformation, which enhances de-cohesion
and, hence, leads to fracture; and, Rho et al. [13] pointed out
that, since provides the site for the GB cavitation which promotes
the intergranular failures, induces the decrease in fatigue life.
Conversely, Li et al. [8] showed that the cellular phase improves the
high temperature ductility because its precipitation at GBs causes the
replacement of primary relatively smooth GBs by new jagged GBs,
which can restrain GB sliding and cracking during high temperature
deformation.
While the mechanism of precipitation strengthening has been
widely studied, the inuence of and phases on corrosion behaviour
of A286 has been much less studied.
The present work aims to study the inuence of and phases
formed during the precipitation hardening process on the corrosion
behaviour of A286 superalloy.
Electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) and double
loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DLEPR) are quasi
non-destructive tests which are much quicker, more sensitive and
more accurate than the conventional corrosion tests and that
have been primarily used to assess the degree of sensitization in
austenitic stainless steels [14,15]; nevertheless, as pointed out by
Prohaska et al. [16], they can also provide information on the general
corrosion behaviour and how this may be affected by microstructural
changes. Therefore, EPR and DLEPR techniques were used to assess the
effect of and phases on the current density through the passive
layer.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.08.041
0264-1275/ 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 . Martn et al. / Materials and Design 87 (2015) 266271 267

Table 1
Chemical composition of A286 superalloy (wt.%).

C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni V Ti Al B

0.032 0.50 1.24 0.011 b0.0003 14.98 1.18 24.74 0.29 2.30 0.16 0.0046

2. Experimental procedure [20], an electrochemical conditioning was performed. The electrolyte

2.1. Materials
The chemical composition of A286 superalloy is shown in Table 1. The
as-received material was in sheet form whose thickness was 2.2 mm.
2.2. Precipitation hardening process
There were 16 different precipitation hardening conditions which
were obtained by the processes detailed in Table 2.
was 0.5 M H2SO4 + 0.01 M KSCN and the test temperature was
30 C 1. The experimental procedure was the following: a delay of
5 min at open circuit (OC) potential, deaerated, an anodic attack at
220 mV(SCE) for 2 min, a delay of 2 min at VOC, a cathodic cleaning
at 600 mV(SCE) for 1 min and a delay of 5 min at VOC. Passivation
was accomplished by applying 200 mV(SCE) for 2 min. The reactivation
scan started at 200 mV until 50 mV below VOC at a rate of 100 mV/min.
The EPR parameters Ir (maximum reactivation current density) and
Qr (reactivation charge), were used to assess the corrosion behaviour
and are shown in Fig. 1.

2.3. Tensile tests

The tensile test was conducted, for each of the 16 precipitation
hardening conditions and also for the solution treatment condition, at
a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min and at room temperature, according
to ISO 6892-1:2009 [17]. The test piece used was at with an original
thickness (a0) of 2.2 mm, a parallel length (Lc) of 60 mm and an original
width of the parallel length (b0) of 12.5 mm.
2.4. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
SEM micrographs were obtained after mechanical polishing and
electrolytic etching with etchant No. 83 according to ASTM E407-07e1
(at 6 V for 60 s in a solution of 10 g CrO3 in 100 ml water) [18].
2.5.2. DLEPR test performance
DLEPR test was carried out according to conditions used in previous
works [15,20]. The electrolyte was 0.5 M H2SO4 + 0.01 M KSCN
[21] and the test temperature was 30 C 1. The three stages of
the test were: (i) a 5 min delay at VOC; (ii) an anodic polarization
scan from 50 mV below VOC to 300 mV(SCE) in the passive range at a
scan rate of 100 mV/min; and (iii) a cathodic reactivation scan from
300 mV(SCE) to 50 mV below VOC at the same scan rate.
The ratio between maximum reactivation current density during
reverse scan (Ir) and maximum activation current density during anodic
scan (Ia), Ir/Ia (%), and the ratio between charges in the reactivation scan
(Qr) and in the activation scan (Qa), Qr/Qa (%), were used to evaluate the
corrosion behaviour.

2.5. EPR and DLEPR tests

EPR and DLEPR tests were performed, for each of the 16 precipitation
hardening conditions and also for the solution treatment condition, by
using a large-scale electrochemical cell which had two high-purity
carbon auxiliary (counter) electrodes and a saturated calomel electrode
(SCE) positioned in front of the specimen at a distance of 4 mm.
2.5.1. EPR test performance
EPR test was conducted following ASTM Standard G108-92 [19] but,
since the results may be dependent on the degree of surface preparation
3. Results and discussion
The much higher yield strengths achieved by each of the 16
precipitation hardening conditions compared to that achieved by the
solution treatment condition (Fig. 2) are indicative of the strengthening
phase precipitation. According to Thompson and Brooks [4], phase
is precipitated early in aging and subsequent aging is basically a coars-
ening process where strength increases with increasing precipitate
size until a maximum strength is reached [2224]; hence, the results
of tensile tests are consistent with [4,22] and also with that of

Table 2
Each of the 16 precipitation hardening conditions consisted of the solution treatment
condition followed by one of the 16 aging conditions.

Solution treatment condition Aging conditions

Temperature (C) Time (h) Temperature (C) Time (h)

927 0.25 670 0.5

5
10
25
50
100
150
200
720 0.5
5
10
25
Fig. 1. EPR curves of: (A) solution treatment condition; (B) solution treatment followed by
50
aging treatment at 670 C for 150 h; (C) solution treatment followed by aging treatment at
100
670 C for 50 h; and (D) solution treatment followed by aging treatment at 670 C for
150
100 h, in this curve Ir (maximum reactivation current density, (Ir)D) and Qr (reactivation
200
charge, area under D1D2D3) are shown.
268 . Martn et al. / Materials and Design 87 (2015) 266271
Fig. 2. Yield strength (0.2% offset), obtained from each of the 16 precipitation hardening
conditions, as a function of aging time and aging temperature. The yield strength (0.2%
offset) obtained from solution treatment (ST) condition (aging time equal to 0 h) is also
provided as a reference value.
Fig. 3. Maximum reactivation current density, Ir (A/cm2), obtained from the EPR test
performed for each of the 16 precipitation hardening conditions and also for the solution
treatment (ST) condition (aging time equal to 0 h). The EPR tests performed for the
precipitation hardening conditions for which Ir reaches a peak were repeated four
times; the value shown is the mean value and the error bar is the standard deviation of
the four repeated tests.
Zhao et al. [25], which demonstrated that the growth kinetics of
precipitates is faster at higher aging temperatures.
The results obtained from EPR curves (Fig. 1) were analysed by using
Ir (Fig. 3) and Qr (Fig. 4) parameters, and the results obtained from
Fig. 4. Reactivation charge, Qr (C/cm2), obtained from the EPR test performed for each of the
16 precipitation hardening conditions and also for the solution treatment (ST) condition
(aging time equal to 0 h). The EPR tests performed for the precipitation hardening
conditions for which Qr reaches a peak were repeated four times; the value shown is the
mean value and the error bar is the standard deviation of the four repeated tests.
Fig. 5. DLEPR curves of: (A) Solution treatment condition; (B) solution treatment followed
by aging treatment at 720 C for 5 h; (C) solution treatment followed by aging treatment at
720 C for 50 h; (D) solution treatment followed by aging treatment at 720 C for 25 h.
Fig. 6. Ratio between maximum reactivation current density during reverse scan (Ir) and
maximum activation current density during anodic scan (Ia), Ir/Ia (%), obtained from the
DLEPR test performed for each of the 16 precipitation hardening conditions and also for
the solution treatment (ST) condition (aging time equal to 0 h). The DLEPR tests
performed for the precipitation hardening conditions for which Ir/Ia reaches a peak were
repeated four times; the value shown is the mean value and the error bar is the standard
deviation of the four repeated tests.
DLEPR curves (Fig. 5) were analysed by using Ir/Ia (Fig. 6) and Qr/Qa
(Fig. 7) parameters; the greater the value of Ir, Qr, Ir/Ia or Qr/Qa, the
higher the current density through the passive layer and, consequently,
Fig. 7. Ratio between charges in the reactivation scan (Qr) and in the activation scan (Qa),
Qr/Qa (%), obtained from the DLEPR test performed for each of the 16 precipitation
hardening conditions and also for the solution treatment (ST) condition (aging time
equal to 0 h). The DLEPR tests performed for the precipitation hardening conditions for
which Qr/Qa reaches a peak were repeated four times; the value shown is the mean
value and the error bar is the standard deviation of the four repeated tests.
 . Martn et al. / Materials and Design 87 (2015) 266271 269

Fig. 8. SEM micrographs of A286 superalloy subjected to solution treatment followed by (A) aging treatment at 720 C for 10 h, there is no cellular phase; and by (B) aging treatment at
720 C for 25 h, presence of cellular phase at GB. Electrolytic etching with etchant No. 83 according to ASTM E407-07 [18].

Fig. 9. SEM micrographs of A286 superalloy subjected to solution treatment followed by (A) aging treatment at 670 C for 50 h, there is no cellular phase; and by (B) aging treatment at
670 C for 100 h, presence of cellular phase, whose lamellar structure is shown in detail, at GB. Electrolytic etching with etchant No. 83 according to ASTM E407-07 [18].

the greater the susceptibility to localized corrosion attack. With the aim
of verifying the reproducibility of the results, the EPR tests performed
for the precipitation hardening conditions for which Ir and Qr parame-
ters reach a peak were repeated (three more times on the same sample
after the original test, i.e., four times); and in the same manner
the DLEPR tests performed for the precipitation hardening conditions
for which Ir/Ia and Qr/Qa parameters reach a peak were repeated
(three more times on the same sample after the original test, i.e., four
times).
As it is shown in Figs. 3 and 4, the general trend is that both Ir and Qr
increase with increasing aging time, but this trend is altered by a peak
that, for the aging temperatures of 720 C and 670 C, is reached at an

Fig. 10. SEM micrographs of A286 superalloy subjected to solution treatment followed by (A) aging treatment at 720 C for 25 h, no sign of intragranular localized corrosion attack can be
appreciated; and by (B) aging treatment at 720 C for 200 h, the arrows show the intragranular localized corrosion attack. The micrographs were taken after EPR test.
270 . Martn et al. / Materials and Design 87 (2015) 266271

Fig. 11. SEM micrograph of A286 superalloy subjected to solution treatment followed Fig. 13. EDX line scan (wt.%) for Cr and Ni across the GB. SEM micrograph of A286 super-
by aging treatment at 670 C for 200 h. The gure shows the and phases and the alloy subjected to solution treatment followed by aging treatment at 670 C for 200 h. The
-free zones surrounding phase. Electrolytic etching with etchant No. 83 according to micrograph was taken after EPR test.
ASTM E407-07 [18].

aging time of, respectively, 25 h and 100 h. The results obtained from
DLEPR (Figs. 6 and 7) are consistent with that from EPR and, hence,
the general trend is also that Ir/Ia and Qr/Qa increase with increasing
aging time, but this trend is altered by a peak that, for an aging temper-
ature of 720 C, is reached at an aging time of 25 h and, for an aging
temperature of 670 C, at an aging time of 100 h. At 720 C, 25 h is
the aging time from which there is evidence of the presence of
phase (Fig. 8) and at 670 C, 100 h is the aging time from which there
is evidence of the presence of phase (Fig. 9).
Therefore, Ir, Qr, Ir/Ia and Qr/Qa reach a peak, for both aging tempera-
tures (670 and 720 C), at the aging time from which there is evidence of
the presence of phase at GB.
The effect of precipitates on the corrosion behaviour, which is
shown is Figs. 3, 4, 6 and 7, was veried by a post-EPR microstructural
study which shows a localized corrosion attack homogeneously distrib-
uted into the grain which becomes more extensive as precipitates
grow, i.e., as the aging time increases (Fig. 10).
Therefore, the increase of Ir, Qr, Ir/Ia and Qr/Qa with aging tempera-
ture and, for a given aging temperature, with aging time (Fig. 10) is
consistent with the fact that, as pointed out by hal and tefec [26],
precipitate distributed throughout the matrix may cause discontinu-
ities in the passive layer.
The effect of phase on the corrosion behaviour and its relation to
the peak shown in Figs. 3, 4, 6 and 7 may be explained by (i) the fact
that phase grows at the expense of phase [27,28] and consequently
-free zones surrounding phase (Fig. 11), as demonstrated by
Seifollahi et al. [7] and by Zhao et al. [29]; and (ii) by a post-EPR
microstructural study that shows a localized corrosion attack at GB
which becomes more extensive and continuous as the aging time
increases (Fig. 12), this localized corrosion attack at GB, as it is shown
in Fig. 13, is not associated with chromium depletion but with the
precipitation of the nickel-rich phase at GB (its surrounding area is
nickel-depleted).
The results obtained from EPR are consistent with that from DLEPR,
but EPR allows a better appreciation of the differences between suscep-
tibilities to corrosion attack at different aging temperatures; this result
conrms that the sensitivity of EPR is greater than that of DLEPR at
lower intensities of corrosion attack [30].

Fig. 12. SEM micrographs of A286 superalloy subjected to solution treatment followed by (A) aging treatment at 720 C for 25 h; and by (B) aging treatment at 720 C for 200 h. The gure
shows the localized corrosion attack at GB (more extensive and continuous in (B) than in (A)). The micrograph was taken after EPR test.
 . Martn et al. / Materials and Design 87 (2015) 266271
4. Conclusions
From the present work the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. The general trend is that Ir, Qr, Ir/Ia and Qr/Qa increase with aging
temperature and, for a given aging temperature, with aging time,
which is consistent with the fact that precipitate may cause
discontinuities in the passive layer.
2. Ir, Qr, Ir/Ia and Qr/Qa reach a peak, which alters the general trend, for
both aging temperatures (670 and 720 C), at the aging time from
which there is evidence of the presence of phase at GB.
3. and precipitates can cause the passive layer that forms on them
to become more unstable and, consequently, cause the current
density through the passive layer and the susceptibility to localized
corrosion attack to increase.
References
[1] A.H. Mustafa, M.S. Hashmi, B.S. Yilbas, M. Sunar, Investigation into thermal stresses in
gas turbine transition-piece: inuence of material properties on stress levels, J. Mater.
Process. Technol. 201 (2008) 369373, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.
11.264.
[2] M. Savoie, C. Esnouf, L. Fournier, D. Delafosse, Inuence of ageing heat treatment on
alloy A-286 microstructure and stress corrosion cracking behaviour in PWR primary
water, J. Nucl. Mater. 360 (2007) 222230, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.
2006.10.003.
[3] L.K. Singhal, J.W. Martin, The mechanism of tensile yield in an age-hardened
steel containing (ordered Ni3Ti) precipitates, Acta Metall. 16 (1968) 947953,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(68)90061-8.
[4] A.W. Thompson, J.A. Brooks, The mechanism of precipitation strengthening in an
iron-base superalloy, Acta Metall. 30 (1982) 21972203, http://dx.doi.org/10.
1016/0001-6160(82)90140-7.
[5] M.J. Zhao, Z.F. Guo, H. Liang, L.J. Rong, Effect of boron on the microstructure,
mechanical properties and hydrogen performance in a modied A286, Mater. Sci.
Eng. A 527 (2010) 58445851, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.05.070.
[6] P. Zhang, Q. Zhu, C. Hu, C. Wang, G. Chen, H. Qin, Cyclic deformation behavior of
a nickel-base superalloy under fatigue loading, Mater. Des. 69 (2015) 1221,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.12.047.
[7] M. Seifollahi, S.H. Razavi, Sh. Kheirandish, S.M. Abbasi, The mechanism of phase
precipitation in A286 superalloy during heat treatment, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 22
(2013) 30633069, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-013-0592-1.
[8] X. Li, J. Zhang, L. Rong, Y. Li, Cellular phase precipitation and its effect on the tensile
properties in an FeNiCr alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 488 (2008) 547553, http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.11.039.
[9] C.Y. Barlow, B. Ralph, Observations of cellular transformation products in nickel-
base superalloys, J. Mater. Sci. 14 (1979) 25002508, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/
BF00737041.
[10] H. De Cicco, M.I. Luppo, L.M. Gribaudo, J. Ovejero-Garca, Microstructural develop-
ment and creep behavior in A286 superalloy, Mater. Charact. 52 (2004) 8592,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2004.03.007.
[11] J.A. Brooks, A.W. Thompson, Microstructure and hydrogen effects on fracture in the
alloy A-286, Metall. Trans. A 24A (1993) 19831991, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/
BF02666333.
271
[12] Z. Guo, H. Liang, M. Zhao, L. Rong, Effect of boron addition on hydrogen embrittle-
ment sensitivity in FeNi based alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 527 (2010) 66206625,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.06.073.
[13] B.S. Rho, S.W. Nam, X. Xie, The effect of test temperature on the intergranular
cracking of Nb-A286 alloy in low cycle fatigue, J. Mater. Sci. 37 (2002) 203209,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013147319646.
[14] P. De Tiedra, . Martn, M. Lpez, M. San-Juan, Use of EPR test to study the degree of
sensitization in resistance spot welding joints of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel,
Corros. Sci. 53 (2011) 15631570, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2011.01.036.
[15] P. De Tiedra, . Martn, M. Lpez, Combined effect of resistance spot welding and
post-welding sensitization on the degree of sensitization of AISI 304 stainless
steel, Corros. Sci. 53 (2011) 26702675, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2011.05.
007.
[16] M. Prohaska, H. Kanduth, G. Mori, R. Grill, G. Tischler, On the substitution of
conventional corrosion tests by an electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation test,
Corros. Sci. 52 (2010) 15821592, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2010.01.017.
[17] ISO 68921:2009, Metallic materials. Tensile testing, Part 1: Method of Test at Room
Temperature. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2009.
[18] ASTM E407-07e1, Standard Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys, ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2007.
[19] ASTM Standard G108-92, Standard Test Method for Electrochemical Reactivation
(EPR) for Detecting Sensitization of AISI Type 304 and 304 L Stainless Steels,
ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1993.
[20] C. Garcia, M.P. de Tiedra, Y. Blanco, O. Martin, F. Martin, Intergranular corrosion of
welded joints of austenitic stainless steels studied by using an electrochemical
minicell, Corros. Sci. 50 (2008) 23902397, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2008.
06.016.
[21] C.A. Della Rovere, J.M. Aquino, C.R. Ribeiro, R. Silva, N.G. Alcntara, S.E. Kuri,
Corrosion behavior of radial friction welded supermartensitic stainless steel pipes,
Mater. Des. 65 (2015) 318327, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.09.003.
[22] K. Kusabiraki, Y. Takasawa, T. Ooka, Precipitation and growth of and phases in
53Fe26Ni15Cr alloy, ISIJ Int. 35 (1995) 542547, http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/
isijinternational.35.542.
[23] J.S. Van Sluytman, C.J. Moceri, T.M. Pollock, A Pt-modied Ni-base superalloy with
high temperature precipitate stability, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 639 (2015) 747754,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.05.023.
[24] Y.Z. Zhu, S.Z. Wang, B.L. Li, Z.M. Yin, Q. Wan, P. Liu, Grain growth and microstructure
evolution based mechanical property predicted by a modied HallPetch equation
in hot worked Ni76Cr19AlTiCo alloy, Mater. Des. 55 (2014) 456462, http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.10.023.
[25] S. Zhao, X. Xie, G.D. Smith, S.J. Patel, Research and improvement on structure
stability and corrosion resistance of nickel-base superalloy INCONEL alloy 740,
Mater. Des. 27 (2006) 11201127, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2005.03.015.
[26] V. hal, R. tefec, On the development of the electrochemical potentiokinetic
method, Electrochim. Acta 46 (2001) 38673877, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
S0013-4686(01)00674-0.
[27] J.P. Shingledecker, N.D. Evans, G.M. Pharr, Inuences of composition and grain size
on creep-rupture behavior of Inconel alloy 740, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 578 (2013)
277286, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.04.087.
[28] Z. Zhong, Y. Gu, Y. Yuan, Microstructural stability and mechanical properties of a
newly developed NiFe-base superalloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 622 (2015) 101107,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.11.010.
[29] J.-C. Zhao, V. Ravikumar, A.M. Beltran, Phase precipitation and phase stability in
Nimonic 263, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 32A (2001) 12711282, http://dx.doi.org/10.
1007/s11661-001-0217-4.
[30] P. De Tiedra, . Martn, Effect of welding on the stress corrosion cracking behaviour of
prior cold worked AISI 316L stainless steel studied by using the slow strain rate test,
Mater. Des. 49 (2013) 103109, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.02.009.